following

1

语言学学习在于理解掌握了图形就很容易了

树形图详细讲解

tethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingntences.

a)Theoldladysuddenlyleft.

DetANQualV

b)Thecarstoppedattheendoftheroad.

DetNVPDetNPDetN

c)Thesnowmighthaveblockedtheroad.

DetNAuxAuxVDetN

d)Heneverappearsquitemature.

NQualVDegA

lowingphrasincludeahead,acomplement,eappropriatetree

structureforeach.

a)fullofpeople

AP

APN

fullofpeople

b)astoryaboutantimentalgirl

NP

NPPP

DetNPNP

DetAN

astoryaboutantimentalgirl

c)oftenreaddetectivestories

VP

QualVNP

AN

oftenreaddetectivestories

2

d)theargumentagainsttheproposals

NP

NPPP

DetNPNP

DetN

theargumentagainsttheproposals

e)movetowardsthewindow

VP

VPP

PDetN

movetowardsthewindow

rastructuretreesforeachofthefollowingntences.

a)Thejetlanded.

InflP(=S)

NPInflVP

DetNPstV

Thejetlanded

b)Marybecameveryill.

InflP(=S)

NPInflVP

NPstVAP

DegA

Marybecameveryill

3

c)Whatwillyoutalkabout?

CP

NPCS

NInflNPInflVP

VPNP

VPN

Whatwillyouetalkaboute

d)Theapplemighthittheman.

S

NPVP

DetNAuxVNP

DetN

Theapplemighthittheman

OR

InflP(=S)

NPInflVP

DetNVNP

DetN

Theapplemighthittheman

4

e)Heoftenreadsdetectivestories.

S

NPVP

NQualVNP

AN

Heoftenreadtectivestories

OR

InflP(=S)

NPInflVP

Pres

NQualVNP

AN

Heoftenreadtectivestories

hntence,firstidentifythe

modifier(s),thendrawthetreestructures.

a)Afrightenedpasngerlandedthecrippledairplane.

InflP(=S)

NPInflVP

DetANPstVNP

DetAN

Afrightenedpasngerlandedthecrippledairplane

5

b)Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.

InflP(=S)

NPInflVP

DetANPstVPP

PNP

DetAN

Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky

c)Anunusualeventoccurredbeforethemeeting.

InflP(=S)

NPInflVP

DetANPstVPP

PNP

DetN

Anunusualeventoccurredbeforethemeeting

d)Aquaintoldhouappearedonthegrassyhill.

InflP(=S)

NPInflVP

DetANPPstVPP

ANPNP

DetAN

Aquaintoldhouappearedonthegrassyhill

reestructureforeachofthe

ntences.

6

a)Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.

InflP(=S)

NPVP

NAuxVNP

DetANP

NCONN

Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants

OR

InflP(=S)

NPVP

NInflVNP

DetANP

NCONN

Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants

b)Helenputonherclothesandwentout.

S

NPVP

NVPCONVP

VPNPVAdv

VPDetN

Helenputonherclothesandwentout

7

OR

InflP(=S)

NPInflVP

NPstVPCONVP

VPNPVAdv

VPDetN

Helenputonherclothesandwentout

c)Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.

S

NPVP

NVPCONVP

VPNPVPNP

VAPNVAPN

Maryisfondofliteraturebut(is)tiredofstatistics

OR

InflP(=S)

NPInflVP

NPresVPCONVP

VPNPVPNP

VAPNVAPN

Maryisfondofliteraturebut(is)tiredofstatistics

8

d)Thedetectivewentoutandthemysteriousmancamein.

S

SCONS

NPVPNPVP

DetNVAdvDetANVAdv

Thedetectivewentoutandthemysteriousmancamein

e)Crusoeknowsthatspringwillcomeandthesnowwillmelt.

S

NPVP

CP

NVCS

SCONS

NPVPNPVP

NAuxVDetNAuxV

Crusoeknowsthatspringwillcomeandthesnowwillmelt

lowingntencesallcontainembeddedclausthatfunctionascomplementsofaverb,

anadjective,reestructureforeachntence.

a)YouknowthatIhatewar.

S

NPVP

CP

NVCS

NPVP

NVNP

N

YouknowthatIhatewar

9

ORCP

CInflP(=S)

NPInflVP

CP

NPresVCS

NPVP

NVNP

N

YouknowthatIhatewar

b)HesaidthatTomaskedwhethertheclasswasover.

S

NPVP

CP

NVCS

NPVP

CP

NVCS

NPVP

DetNVLA

HesaidthatTomaskedwhethertheclasswasover

10

c)Gerrycan’tbelievethefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.

S

NPVP

NVPNP

CP

AuxNegVNPCS

DetNNPVP

NVNP

DetAN

GerrycannotbelievethefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam

11

d)ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Royce.

S

NPVP

CP

NVLACS

NPVP

DetNVNPNP

NDetN

ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Royce

e)Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.

S

NPVP

CP

DetNVPCS

VPNPVP

NVNP

N

Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings

edeepstructureandthe

surfacestructuretreesforeachofthentences.

12

a)Theessaythathewrotewastoolong.

Deepstructure

CP

CS

NPVP

DetNCPVAP

CSDegP

NPInflVP

NVNP

N

Theessayhewrotethatwastoolong

SurfaceStructure

CP

CS

NPVP

DetNCPVAP

CSDegP

NPNPInflVP

NNPstVNP

N

Theessaythathewroteewastoolong

13

b)Thedogthathekeepsbites.

Deepstructure

CP

CS

NPVP

DetNCPV

CInflS

PresNPVP

NVNP

N

Thedoghekeepsthatbites

SurfaceStructure

CP

CS

NPVP

DetNCPV

CS

NPNPInflVP

NNPresVNP

N

Thedogthathekeepbites

14

c)Herbertfoundthemansheloved.

Deepstructure

CP

CS

NPVP

NInflVNP

CP

DetNCS

NPInflVP

NP

NV

N

Herbertfoundthemanshelovedwho

SurfaceStructure

CP

CS

NPVP

NInflVNP

CP

DetNS

C

NPInflVP

NPNP

NV

NN

Herbertfoundtheman(whom)shelovede

15

d)Thegirlwhomheoftenquarrelswithmajorsinlinguistics.

Deepstructure

CP

CS

NPVP

DetNCPVPP

PNP

CInflS

N

NPVP

PP

NQualVPNP

VPN

Thegirlheoftenquarrelswithwhommajorsinlinguistics

SurfaceStructure

CP

CS

NPVP

DetNCPVPP

PNP

CS

N

NPNPInflVP

PP

NNQualVPNP

VPN

Thegirlwhomheoftenquarrelswithemajorsinlinguistics

16

iedeep

structureandthesurfacestructuretreesforeachofthentences.

a)Wouldyoucometomorrow?

Deepstructure

CP

CS

VP

NPAdvP

NInflVAdv

youwouldcometomorrow

Surfacestructure

CP

CS

VP

NPAdvP

Infl

NInflVAdv

wouldyouecometomorrow

17

b)Canyoupassmethenewspaper?

Deepstructure

CP

CS

VP

NPNPNP

NInflVNDetN

youcanpassmethenewspaper

Surfacestructure

CP

CS

VP

InflNPNPNP

NInflVNDetN

Canyouepassmethenewspaper

18

c)Shouldthestudentsreporttheincident?

Deepstructure

CP

CS

VP

NPNP

DetNInflVDetN

thestudentsshouldreporttheincident

Surfacestructure

CP

CS

VP

InflNPNP

DetNInflVDetN

shouldthestudentreporttheincident

19

d)Whatdidyoueatforlunch?

Deepstructure

CP

CS

VP

NPPP

NPNP

NInflVP

NN

youdideatwhatforlunch

Surfacestructure

CP

NPCS

VP

InflNPPP

NPNP

NNInflVP

NN

whatdidyoueeateforlunch

20

e)Whoshouldthisbereportedto?

Deepstructure

CP

CS

VP

NPPP

VPNP

NInflVVP

N

thisshouldbereportedtowhom

Surfacestructure

CP

NPCS

VP

NInflNPPP

VPNP

NInflVVP

N

whomshouldthibereportedtoe

21

f)WhatwasHelenbringingtotheparty?

Deepstructure

CP

CS

VP

NPPP

NPNP

NInflVP

NDetN

Helenwasbringingwhattotheparty

Surfacestructure

CP

NPCS

VP

NInflNPPP

NPNP

NInflVP

NDetN

whatwasHelenebringingetotheparty