ashome

AmericanandBritishparliamentarysystemcomparativeanalysis

(经管07级工商4班于少东20070506)

Abstract：Politicalinstitutions（t)belongtoPoliticalsuperstructureareas，generallyrefers

toitssocialQualitativeadaptationofthenationalauthoritiesandbasicsystem。”Politicalsystem

andhumansocietyasthevarioussystems,Isaproductofhistoricaldevelopment,withtimeand

spacemark。”1300yearsago,BritishbourgeoisrevolutionLater,thecapitalistcountriesgradually

establishandpracticeofthedemocraticpoliticsandpromulgatedtheconstitutionand

constitutionalism,makegraduallyimplementingCapitalisminthefieldsaredeveloped。

BothBritainandthepoliticalsystemhasthesametheoreticalbasis:"naturalrights"theoryand

"paration”Principle；Thespecificcontentofpoliticalsystemincludesparliamentarysystem，

theelectoralsystem,judicialsystem，thegovernmentsystem，Civilrvicesystemandpolitical

partysystem；unt”people'sdemocracy”,withthemainformsofthereprentativefor

democracy,Powersystemrunningintheparationofpowersandthecharacteristicsof"ruleby

law”principle。ThemostfundamentalcapitalistcountriesasHomepoliticalsystemoftwotypical

reprentative，BritainandtheUnitedKingdominthemaintenanceofbourgeoisinterests，

safeguardendowmentsocialistprivateownershipDegrees，carryoutthebourgeoisdictatorship

hasthesameesnce。ButinconcretepoliticalsystemlevelandthetwocountriesSincethe

prentdifferentcharacteristics.

KeyWords：parliamentarysystem，culture;difference

英美议会制度之比较

摘要:政治制度(PoliticalRegime）属于上层建筑范畴，一般是指与本国的社会性质相适应的国

家权利机构和基本制度。”政治制度与人类社会的各种制度一样，是历史发展的产物,带有时

间与空间的烙印。”1300多年前，英国资产阶级革命后,资本主义国家逐步建立和实践了民主

政治，颁布了宪法并逐步实行宪政，使资本主义在各个领域都得到了长足的发展.

英美两国政治制度具有相同的理论基础：”天赋人权”学说和"三权分立”

原则；政治制度的具体内容都包括议会制度、选举制度、司法制度、政府制度、

公务员制度和政党制度等;都标榜”人民民主"，以代议制为民主的主要形式；

政权体制都实行分权制衡和”法治"原则的特点。而最根本的是作为资本主义国

家政治制度的两个典型代表，英美两国在维护资产阶级利益、维护资主义私有制

度、实行资产阶级专政等方面具有相同的本质。但在具体政治制度层面两国又各

自呈现不同的特点。

关键词:议会制度文化差异

Britishparliamentarysystem

A，introduction

TheBritishparliamentisknownas"parliament'aintakestheleadincreating

capitalistmodeofproduction，andmeanwhiletakestheleadincreatingawiththeappropriate

Shouldtheconstitutionalsystem,whichistheparliamentforsubstantialpartofthe

parliamentarysystem。TheBritishparliamentasthemotherofparliament，reasonhasthe

followingtheitems.

Thelongesthistory。1。

Ifthe"modelin1295convenedforthebeginning,thenparliament",theBritishcontinuous

itain

Parliamentisconcerned,thehistoryofthelongworldnocountryparliamentcanwatchwith

admiration。

TheBritishparliamenthistory'spreciousnessisnotonlyliesinitstimelong，butbecauithas

experiencedthecontradictionofdeepandcomplex,liesinitsplace

Accumulateexperiencesandlessonsoftherich,liesintheparliamentarypracticecontainsven

hundredyearsofenlightenment.

2。Overthrowfeudalmonarchystruggleextremelyfullyandsuccess

Aswithmostcountries,Britainhadlongfeudalsocietyperiodandaccompaniedbythefeudal

monarchy。Howeverapartis，

Alsointhefeudalmonarchy，theBritishcouncilwilltenaciouslyspearedout，andhasbeen

indomitabletobindkingship,untilthekingshipresolutelyplaced

Parliamentbargaineesunder。

BritishKingsfeudalautocraticmanytendency，haveaplentyofdye-in—the—wooddespot，

andtheparliamentpowerbitterest。Therefore，theBritishparliament

Intheworldknowonlyhavekingshipanddisownparliamentaryauthorityeraofkingship，

erstokingplea

May,rightthemlves;Borrowtheking’staxadvice，attackingdemandsanddiscussthe

aceparliamentarystrugglecanstoptheking’sautocratic

through

Whenparliamentwithacommandarmy,wangjunJueSiwar。Parliamentwaventoabolish

themonarchyandrepublicanism。Afteraboutfivehundredyearsofinnumerableback

Clobattle，parliamentfinallyovercomethemonarchyandaerialkingship,willbetransformed

intoindependentmonarchywithoutabilityofconductnationalsymbol，andmakethemwork

forparliamentarysupremacy

Systemrvice.

TheBritishparliamentforothercountriesovercomemonarchyofsimilarrevolutionoffersrich

experience，oneofthemostvaluedis:uparliamentfinancial

Rightwithwarbeatfrettingkingship，king，withoverheadoperationtransformationkingship。

3。Createnewelectoralsystem

Britainfromfeudalsocietyperiodalreadyformedanateelectionsystems，andhavebeen

udtothe19thcenturypropha。Thefeudalmonarchyofparliament

Theelectoralsystemfacilitatesthekingcalledparliament,whichisbeneficialtotherulersand

pluterigelections。

Parliamentary—bad，1832onwards，the

Britishparliamentcontinuouxploration,establishnewCongressmanelectoral.

Tovoters'property，genderrequirementsgraduallyabolished，agerequirementreducedtothe

administrativedivisions，narrowbasisanddeterminetheconstituencybetweenpopulation。

Constituency

Differences。Results，therhand,tothenator

candidate’sproperty，gender,age。Qualificationcorrespondingabandoned

Lessrequirements。Thus，ecomes

campaignorganizers,ittplatform,nominatecandidates，

Raisingcampaignfunds,onintovotersaroundtheparty’spoliciesand

candidates，yofvoters，candidate

People，politicalpartyintheelectionbehavior，andtomakeastandardelectiondisputes

renderanarbitration。OneconstituencyelectionaCongressman，attainsthesimplemajority

candidate

Whowalected。TheBritishparliamentbeforeothermostcountriesparliamentgropingbuilt

abovenewelectoralsystem，oneofthemanypointsforoneanother

Anationalasmblyquoted.

4。Createmeltcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelreveal

Parliamentfromamonarchhandtakenaftertheexerciofsovereignty，howsovereignty?

Britainandotherafewcountriesfacingtheconstitutionalearlierissue

Thechallenge,andinitiallymadeanswer，namelycreateBritishmeltcertaintyequivalent

maximizationmodelreveal。

ThemaincharacteristicsofBritishmeltcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelrevealdisplays

in:governmentmembersbytheparliamentciviliancourtmajorityfrontatnatorand

companionsfrontatconcurrently；651zheng

Mansiontocivilianscourtyardbearthecollectiveresponsibilityandministerpersonal

responsibility;Thegovernmentarrangementthelegislationofparliament。Moltencertainty

equivalentmaximizationmodelrevealoriginallyintheBritishparliamentforoverheadking

Administrativepower，andbytheparliamentadoptedbytheexecutivepowercontrol,thus

ctedis，withmodernBritishgovernment

duty

Inflation，exercisingadministrativepowerofthegovernment,thelegislativecouncilgradually

manipulationoftheparliamentaryvotetolanguish。

PracticeshowedthatBritishmeltwithcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelrevealearlierit

createdtheUnitedStatestruly,convenientdecentralizedcomparedthegovernmentpolicyinto

legalandthenpush

Do，yetitexcessiveweakenedstateparliamentintheroleofdecision—makingproceduresin

parliament’simage,connection，decentralization

SystemundertheU。sstosafeguarditsaddressingintrepidlegislativepowerand

financialpower；ManycitedBritishparliamentarymeltcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodel

revealincreasinglyremindourlvesnottofallinto

Themotherofparliamentposition，theyareentitledtoulesstit-for—tatproposmust

strengthenparliamentinstateofthedecisionscontrolfunction.

5。Foundedmajoritywithoppositionmode

TheBritishparliamentfirstfrankrecognitioninparliamentarypartieswithintheexistence，and

pressthedelegatecounthowmanyirrelevanceatstoassignitsconstitutionalfunction。get

Civiliancourtmajorityatspartytoexerciadministrativepower，namelyform,butalso

obtainorganizationciviliancourtofthelegislationandtheotherprivileges.

Obtainciviliancourttimesmostatspartyledtobecomenamelymagnificenceopposition，

obtainedwithmajorityconsultationarrangementsciviliancourtagenda,andhavetheprivilegeof

Rightreprentingalloppositiondividesthemotion，thegovernmentshoulddeclareetc,also

hasthepowerparatearrangementciviliancourtparttimeBianTi,andleadershipinstituteof

veralcivilians

KeyADhoccommittee。Seatslessthanotherledtheoppositionpartiesoftheoppositionalso

enjoycertainrights。Overalllook，majorityleaderadministrativeandlegislation

Method,gthemajority

——oppositionrelationmode,theBritishparliamentMPStouthepursuitoffame，

Makethemaccordingtotheirpartiesundertakecorrespondingrelationshipbetweenconstitution

responsibilities,broketheformerpoliticalpartysystemperiodgovernment-parliamentagainst

relationship,changeandtheformationofthemajority

Thepartyandthegovernment—-theoppositionagainstrelations，politicalsituationand

ritishmeltcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelreveal

nationalparliamentsmostalsoprimers

WiththeBritishpioneeringmajority--theoppositionsystem.

parliament'sresponsibility

Thefeudalmonarchy,theBritishcouncilistheresponsibilityofthepetitionrightthemlves,

decidetocourt：finance，legislation,supervisionpalace，trialrespondentswhowereentitled

to.

Parliamentboardedthesupremestatus，themodernwelfarestateformation,meltingcertainty

equivalentmaximizationmodelrevealrole,allofthecontributetotheBritishparliament

reassdhisresponsibilities。

Modern,theBritishcouncilwillthefollowingasownduty：legislation,decidethestatefinance，

nominategovernment,supervisionandgovernmentwork，trialpublic

Complaints,debateforvotershandleaffairs，stateandtrialofrespondentswhowereentitled

to。Practiceshowthat，exceptforthehighestappealscourtoutside，themotherofparliament

liable

Responsibiore,

manycountriesparliamentwillalsotheforegoingledtohisresponsibilities。

ishedrules

Membersofparliament，fulfillitsmanymanyresponsibilities，musthavetheaidofparticular

wayandrules。TheBritishparliamentfromwhichthecenturybeginsfoundeddeliberation

practices,

Tograduallyexpresslyformulaterules，andtaketheleadhasformedacompletetof

deliberationandphysical。

Civiliancourtwithitspermanentrulesasmainbody，deliberationandpractices，thespeaker

cutting,suchasthedeliberationandcodeofauxiliarysystemrules，withinthegrand

sifygrounddeliberationstipulatedeachunitofcomposition,duty,complete

legislativeprocedures，andquestionedtheway,debateway,deliberation

Thetiming，meetingthefunctionofachairman，etc。

TheBritishparliamentdeliberationbill’sstructureincreasinglyunsuitedtomodernlegislative

proceduresofdemocracyandsciencerequest，bemanycountriesparliamentabandoned。

however

But,theBritishparliamentwasinitiatedbythedebatesystem,inquiringsystem,conference

systembutgetmanynationalcouncilofidentity.

8。Foundedparliamentprivilege

TheBritishparliamentwithamonarch'sstruggle，inordertoprotectyourlffromthethreat,

undisturbedmeeting,taketheleadinthecreationofparliamentprivilege。now

Generation，parliamentprivilegetopreventtheoutsideparliamentstrengthinterference，

destroyparliament,stillindispensable。Becauofthis,manycountriesparliamentemulated

TheBritishcouncil,ttherespectiveprivilege。

9。Exploreparliamentfull—timeglycosylated

MedievalEnglandcouncilalsojustpart—rtomaintaintheparliament's

supremestatus,effectivelyfulfillparliamentofmodernduties，theBritishparliament

Firstonfull-timechangepath。TheBritishparliamentfull—timeofconstructioninvolvessuch

,obtainspecialofficespaceandfacilities，and

Decidesitsdevelopment。Second，natorsalary,andobtaintheofficeexpens,equipped

,ttingacompleterangeofassistantandrviceagencies。

Fourth,equippedwiththenecessaryauxiliaryinstitutions。Fifth，executeconferencesystem.

TheBritishparliamentinfull—timeofexploration，ofofficespace，thetimeofthemeeting,etc

Importanceveryearlyhasknown，ator

salary,equippedwithassistantforparliamentequippedwiththenecessaryauxiliarymachine

Compoonissuessuchas，theBritishcounciltrudgedwithoutmeaning，eventuallyhadto

quotetheexperienceofothercountriesparliament。

Anyhow，theBritishparliamentasthemotherofparliament,andnotinthenthatit

providesusallsuccessfulexperience,butsaidittooktheleadinexploringthereprentative

Road。Itinexploringtimeearlierthantheinter-parliamentary,contentisverydeep，its

experienceorteachandthereforehavetofinalizethedesignstrength,availabletousorborrow

Jian，oroftheincident.

Moderncountries,mostexecutessimilarBritishmeltcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodel

,thoroughlyunderstandtheBritishparliament，weknowofthecountries

parliamentandits

Thewholeconstitutionsystem，untriesimplement，andveral

decentralizedstatepracticesbetweencertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelrevealand

decentralizedfusionbetweenprospectivepoints

Certaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelreveal。UnderstandtheBritishcouncil,willgreatlyhelp

ustounderstandthetwokindsofstatecouncil,andeventhewholeconstitutionsystem,for

theyareboth

ConsciouslyquotedBritishparliamentary—badlong,remedyitsshort,anddesignoftheir

respectiveconstitutionsystemandparliament。

Americanparliamentarysystem

Federalregulators—congress

America’edbythenateandthehouofreprentatives。Congress

neralafterputtingforward,committee

Thedeliberation，54%ispasd,totheother

hou,

AfterthePresidentsignedbythehouandnate，IfthePresidentdoesn'tveto，oriftheveto

butthenate2/3members，namelyformalintothroughagain

aredpower,

therighttoamendtheconstitutionetc。Housareequippedwithxu

Manycommittee,andtupbynatelawmakerscompodofjointcommittee,congresswork

mostlyineachcommittee。

Commissionisdividedinto：

（1）theSCMMeachssionofcongress,thenumberindlessandsame,termandeach

ssionofparliamentwithtenureastwoyears。Theinfluenceare：

Thehourules,tax，grant，military，judicialandforeignaffairscommittee，thenate

diplomatic，funding，finance，

Judicialandmilitaryaffairscommittee.

（2)specialinvestigationcommittee,forthetreatmentoftemporaryortupspecialproblems.

(3)jointcommittee,needtomakedecisionsaboutthecommonhouandnateisformed。

4themediationcommittee,itstaskistodrawupabipartisanbillacceptablefor。Congressalso

tsupthetotalauditroom,libraryofcongress

Suchastheagencies。

Thenate

ThePresidentwithforeignstatestreatiesandappointedbythePresidentoftheniorofficials

mustbeapprovedbythenate，thenateentitledimpeachmenttrial，

rdirectlyelectedbythestates

voters，eachstate2，implementstatereprentation

ctednatormustbeatleast30years

old，nsisfullalready9years，walected

6years,every2yearsre—electionl/3，evenfor

re—ePresidentofthenate,ofcourthespeaker。

Thehou

Thehoushallhavetherighttomakeafinancialcaandimpeachment，beentitledtounder

specialconditions,ingtothestatepopulationthanthenumberof

reprentatives

Patientswereallocated，ingtothe1929theatsallocationact,will

Congressmantotalfixedfor435name，andaccordingto

Thefederalministryofcommercebureauevery10years,providestatespopulationfluctuant

circumstance,tthe

Memberbydirectlyelected，mustbeaged25yearsold，astheU。S。citizensalreadyfilled

venyears,walectedalectedresidentsofthestates。let

Stage2years,maybere—electedconcutively。Houspeakerby54%personnelareelected

throughthemeeting.

Bothnatorlong—termre-electionphenomenonisverypopular。Membersshallnot

concurrentlyassumeothergovernmentpositions。

Bibliography

［1］Allan，K。&ism＆：OxfordUniversity

Press.1991。

[2］Ayto,:BloomsburyPublishingLed.1993。

[3]Kluckhohn，FlorenceandF。Strodtbeck。on,

OH:Row&Peterson.1961。

[4]Leech,G。。N＆M。H。Short。Styleinfiction。ALinguisticIntroductiontoEnglishFictional

Pro。London：Longman.1999。

［5]Leech，millanPressLTD。1982.

[6］Leech，G。ndsworth:PenguinBooks,Ltd.1985.

[7]Malinowski,B."TheProblemofMeaninginPrimitiveLanguage。”TheMeaningofMeaning.

Ed。rds。NewYork:HarcountBraceJovanovich。1923.

［8]Ayto,John,C.G。KindWords:AThesaurusofEuphemisms。NewYork:FactsOnFile,Inc.

1983