girlhood

史上最全的构词法用法详解

语言中词的总和构成词汇，但是词汇并不是一堆杂乱无章、互不相关的群体，而是一

个严密体系，在这个结构的体系中，词与词之间有着各种各样的联系。英语中的这些联系的

规律总结起来就是构词。英语中构词的方法就是构词法。构词法主要有合成法、转化法、派

生法和缩略法四种。掌握构词法是迅速扩大词汇量的重要方法之一。

第一节合成法

合成法就是指由两个或两个以上的单词合成的词叫合成词。这种构词方式主要有两种：

复合法、结合法。合成法主要是构成合成名词和合成形容词。

复合法构成的复合词，它们各个结合的部分相互间的语法关系是紧密相关的。如

blackboard和darkroom都是形容词和名词形成的结构，writingdesk是动词名词和名词形

式的结构。

结合法形成的词是形态合成词，它的结合是用一个起来连接作用的中缀来把两个或两

上以上的词根词素紧紧的连缀在一起。如，用辅音字母－s－来缀全两个词根词素构成的词

有：salesman,townspeople等。

合成的方式常见的有如下几种：

一、合成名词

1、名词／代词＋名词：

woman-doctor,women-doctors,workshop,spaceship,he-goat,coalfire,

motorcycle,gascooker,oilwell,powerplant,silkworm,goldmine,bottleneck,

pianokeys,telephonereceiver,televisionscreen,chairman,fireman,motorman,

police-officer,postman,pinetree,girlfriend,boyfriend,goldfish,raindrop,

birdcage,breakfasttime,flowerbed,tearoom,

;

2、动词＋名词：blowpipe,flashlight,watchdog,call-girl,archlight

3、形容词＋名词：

blacksmith,blackboard,supermarket,superman,darkroom,blackbird,

highchair,hothou,greenhou,madman

4、动名词＋名词：

reading-room,sitting-room,classroom,schoolroom,diningroom,building

materials,dancinggirl,cleaningwomen,flyingmachine,washingmachine,working

conditions,boildingpoint,drinkingwater,swimmingpool,drinkingcup,typing

paper,writingdesk,wingmachine,walkingstick,

5、名词＋动名词：

machine-building,shoe-making,paper-correcting,book-keeping,dressmaking,

letter-writing,story-telling,town-planning,handwriting,sun-bathing,hor

riding,churchgoing,daydreaming

6、动词＋副词：stand-by,take-off,cut-off,breakdown

7、副词＋名词：downfall,rainfall,outhou

8、现在分词＋名词：

！

runningdog,runningwater,flyingfish,risingsun,burningstick,

9、名词＋介词＋名词：man-of-war,editor-in-chief,

10、名词＋连词字母＋名词：handiwork,nowadays

11、介词／副词＋名词：afternoon,inland,overbalance

二、合成形容词

1、形容词＋名词＋ed：five-storeyed,one-eyed,double-faced,blue-eyed,

2、名词＋名词＋ed：honey-mouthed,

3、名词／代词＋分词：

man-made,heart-broken,lf-educated,snow-covered,man-eating,

peace-loving,paper-making,ocean-going,heartfelt,handmade,home-made,

sunburnt,weather-beaten

4、名词／代词＋形容词：

《

color-blind,ice-cool,asick,airsick,tax-free,grass-green,snow-white,

rock-hard,a-green

5、形容词／数词＋名词：full-time,high-grade,cond-hand,

6、形容词／数词＋分词：ready-made,sleepy-looking,good-looking,

7、副词＋分词：

far-reaching,so-called,hard-working,far-reaching,well-meaning,

newly-laid,well-meant,wide-spread

8、副词＋形容词：ever-green,under-ripe,

9、形容词＋形容词：dark-blue,red-hot,grey-green

10、介词＋名词：downhill,overnight

三、合成副词

—

1、形容词＋名词：sometimes,meanwhile

2、副词＋名词：oftentimes,indoors,outdoors,overhead

3、介词＋名词：alongside,beforehand

4、名词＋形容词：skyhigh,stonestill,

5、副词＋介词：nearby,upalong,

四、合成动词

1、名词＋动词：overhear,underline

2、形容词＋动词：moonwalk

3、副词＋动词：white-wash,safeguard

五、其它合成词

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1、合成代词：everybody,everyone,everything,anyone,anybody,anything

2、合成介词：outside,inside,throughout

第二节转化法

不用借助构词词缀，把一个单词从一种词类转化成另一种词类的方法就是转化法。由

于词类转化的结果，英语中就形成了大量外形相同但词类不同的词，即同形异类词。转化主

要有如下几种类型。

一、名词起定语作用（类似名词转化为形容词）：

spacetravel,televisionnetwork,stonetable,paperbag,waterpipe,history

teacher,collegestudents

二、名词转化为动词：

boatgoboating,dusttodustthedesk,filmtofilmthisstory,mail

tomail,shiptoshipthegoods,traintotrain

三、形容词转化为动词：

slowtoslowdownalittlebit,drytodryyourhands,wrongtowrong

sb,freetofreetheslaves,narrowtonarrowthestreet,

@

四、动词转化为名词：

toactanact,todressagooddress,todoubtwithoutanydoubt,to

guideusalocalguide,tosmellaterriblesmell,toloveloveofone’scountry,

totasteagoodtaste,todemandademandformoreequalrights

五、形容词转化为名词：

chemicaldangerouschemicals,dailyChinaDaily,finalamathsfinal,

nativeanative

第三节派生法

派生法又叫词缀法，即在一个单词前或其后加上词缀，构成新的单词。中学英语中以

派生法生成的词汇占整个中学词汇总量的25％。

一、前缀

一般说来前缀不会改变一个词的词性。

1、否定前缀

(1)un-

&

+形容词：unfit,unhappy,unfair,unlucky,unfortunate,unkind,

unimportant,unnecessary,uncomfortable,unlfish,unusual,uncommon,unexpected,

unknown,unthinkable,unbelievable,unen,unforgettable,unwi,unhealthy,

unpleasant,unable,untrue

+副词：undoubtedly,unexpectedly,unfortunately,unusually,unhappily,

unluckily

由un＋形容词构成的词除了unknown,unen,unfit等词之外，其它词都可变为加

-ly的副词（个别形容词尾需要变动）。

＋动词：uncover,untie,unlock,undress,undo,unpack

(2)im＋形容词：impossible,impolite

(3)in＋形容词：incorrect,incomplete,invisible,independent

(4)ir＋形容词：irregular

(5)mis＋动词：misspell,misunderstand,mistake

(6)dis-

＋名词：dishonour,dia,discomfort

&

＋形容词：dishonest,discouraged

＋动词：disappear,dislike,discover,disclo,disagree,discomfort,

dismiss

2、表示空间、位置关系的前缀

(1)a－，大多加在音节较少的名词或不及物动词上构成新词，表示“在……之上、

向……、处于……状态”：ahead,abroad,aside,alive,awake,above,about等。

(2)fore－，表示“在……前面”：forehead,foreground,forearm,foreleg

(3)in,il,im,ir表示“向……内在……内”：inside,include,import

(4)inter－，表示“在……间、相互”：international

(5)intro－，表示“在（向）……内”：introduce

(6)out－，表示“向外”：outside,outlook,outdoors,outflow

(7)over－，表示“在上面的、在外的”：overhead,overlook,overcoat,overcome,

overtime,overgrow

{

(8)pre－，表示“在前”：prefix,preposition

(9)pro－，表示“在（向）前”：progress,programme

(10)sur－，表示“在……上”：surface,surround

(11)trans＿，表示“转移”：translate

(12)under－，表示“在……下”：undergraound,underline

(13)up－，表示“向上”：upward,upt,upstairs

(14)be－，表示“在，靠近”：before,behind,below,between,beyond

(15)ex－，表示“向外，从……出来”：exchange,export

(16)tele－，表示“远”：telephone,television,telegram,telegraph

3、表示时间、序列关系的前缀

~

(1)fore－，表示“在前，预先”：foreword,foresight,foretell

(2)mid－，表示“中间”：midnight,midsummer,midautumn

(3)post－，表示“在……后”：postwar,postlistening

(4)re－，表示“重复”：review,retell,rewrite,replace,return,rebuild

(5)extra－，表示“格外、超越”：extraordinary

(6)over－，表示“超过”：overcome,overeat,overpass

(7)super－，表示“极、超”：supermarket,superpower,superman,superpower

4、表示共同、相等关系

(1)com－（在b,m,p前），col－，con－，cor－（com在g,l,r及其它辅音前）：

company,cnnect,correct

(2)co－：cooperate,coexist

^

(3)sym－：sympathy,symphony

5、表示整个、完全关系

(1)al－：alone,almost,altogether

(2)over－：overall,overflow,overfall

6、表示“离、离开”

(1)a－：ari,away,apart

(2)de－：depart,dewater,decolour

(3)－：parate,lect

(4)for－：forget,forgive

7、变换词类作用的前缀

$

(1)en－／em－：enable,enlarge,enrich,enclo,empower

(2)ad－，ac－，af－，ag－，an－，ap－，ar－，as－，at－，（ad－在c,f,g,

I,n,p,r,s,t前的变体）：adapt,across,affect,appear,arrange,assist,attend,

attract

8、表示加强意义

(1)a－：ashamed,arou,amu

(2)ad－：address,admire,advi,advance

(3)be－：belong,believe

9、表示特殊意义

(1)arch－，表示“首位、主要”：architect

(2)auto－，表示“自动”：automobile,autobiography

(3)magni－，表示“大”：maginificent

~

(4)micro－，表示“微小”：microscope,Microsoft,microcomputer

(5)bi－，表示“数量”：biweekly,bicycle,bimonthly

(6)mini－，表示“小型”：minibus,miniskirt,mini-factory,mini-market

二、后缀

后缀是指在一个词的尾部加上一个词缀构成新的词。后缀往往会改变一个词的词性。

常用后缀大约有96个，大致可分为五类。

1、名词后缀

(1)构成表示人的名词后缀

a.动词＋er表示人：traveller,hunter,reader,worker,keeper,driver,

listener,discoverer,reporter,owner,speaker,weaver,winner,buyer,leader,

runner,swimmer,ruler,viewer

b.名词＋er表示人或物：villager,prisoner,geographer,farmer,lawyer,

cooker

c.形容词＋er表示人：foreigner,stranger,southerner

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d.动词＋or表示人：actor,director,inventor,operator,governor,professor,

conductor,visitor,sailor

e.名词＋eer表示人：engineer,volunteer,mountaineer,pioneer

f.名词（动词）＋ress表示女性：actress,waitress,authouress,millionaires,

tailoress,tigeress

g.名词＋cian：mathematician,physician,politician,musician

h.名词＋e：Chine,Japane,Portuge,Taiwane,Cantane

i.名词＋an：American,Australian,Austrian,Canadian,Hungarian,Indian,

Italian,Russian

j.名词（或－al结尾的形容词）＋ist：artist,communist,novelist,physicist,

violinist,pianist,naturalist,socialist,scientist,typist

(2)构成抽象名词与集合名词的后缀

a.动词＋age：package,marriage,carriage,postage,storage,luggage,baggage,

percentage

b.动词＋ure：failure,pleasure,pressure,mixture,fixture

`

c.形容词＋ity：majority,electricity,activity,equality,possiblility,

ablility

d.动词＋ment：argument,judgement,achievement,astonishement,development,

excitement,encouragement,movement,government,punishment,treatment,statement,

department,enrichment

e.动词＋ion/sion/ation/action/cation/ition：education,graduation,

translation,paration,operation,celebration,congratulation,action,invention,

attraction,connection,election,collection,devotion,pollution,decision,

division,attention,description,production,redution,revision,permission,

examination,explanation,consideration,invitation,imagination,pronunciation,

satisfaction,addition,repetition,competition

f.名词／形容词／动词＋ery/ry：bravery,discovery,machinery,slavery,

chemistry

g.形容词／动词＋y：difficulty,honesty,safety,activity,injury,unity,

discovery

h.动词＋al：arrival,survival,burial,proposal,disapproval,refusal

i.名词／形容词＋ship：friendship,leadership,hardship,citizenship,

comradeship,professorship,warship,memberhip

j.名词＋hood：boyhood,girlhood,childhood,neighbourhood,manhood

k.动词＋ance/ence：appearance,entrance,guidance,difference,reference

l..形容词／动词＋th：truth,length,youth,strength,depth,wealth,warmth,

width,growth

￥

m.形容词／名词＋dom：wisdom,freedom,kingdom

n.形容词／名词＋ism：communism,socialism,Marxism,imperialism

o.动词＋ing：building,feeling,dancing,meeting

p.形容词＋ness：kindness,illness,sickness,brightness,lfness,

correctness,happiness,darkness,weakness,carelessness

2、形容词后缀

(1)名词／动词＋able/ible：valuable,reasonable,comfortable,countable,

enjoyable,horrible,terrible,responsible

(2)名词＋al/ia/ual：cultural,agricultural,natural,physical,musical,

practical,national,technical,industrial,material,actual

(3)名词＋ic/ical：electric,basic,electric,atomic,plastic,magic,

scientific,electrical,historical,medical,chemical,physical

(4)名词＋ish：foolish,childish,womanish,Spanish,British,English

(5)名词／动词＋ful：careful,powerful.,tearful,beautiful,hopeful,

wonderful,fearful,thankful,harmful,uful,frightful

)

(6)名词／动词＋less：careless,hopeless,uless,harmless,homeless,

wireless,endless,lfless,powerless,fearless,valueless

(7)名词＋ar：regular,particular,

(8)名词＋ary：revolutionary,extraordinary,contrary

(9)名词／形容词＋ly：friendly,motherly,brotherly,monthly,weakly,wooly,

lovely,lively,lonely

(10)名词＋en：wooden,woolen,golden,

(11)名词＋ern：eastern,western,northern,southern

(12)名词＋y：cloudly,sunny,shiny,windy,rainy,snowy,lucky,salty,hilly,

funny,healthy,sleepy,foggy,dusty,lucky,muddy,wealthy,noisy,easy,dirty,

thirsty,angry,hungry,smoky,sandy

(13)名词＋ous/ious：dangerous,famous,nervous,poisonous,rious,curious,

various,mountainous,homourous

(14)名词／动词＋some：handsome,troublesome,tiresome

(15)动词＋ant：pleasant,excellent

~

(16)动词＋ive(atove)：active,expensive,talkactive,comparative,relative

(17)动词＋ed：excited,learned,tired,interested,surprid,plead

(18)动词＋ing：interesting,moving,exciting,tiring,surprising

3、副词后缀

(1)形容词＋ly：badly,nearly,mostly,quickly,roughtly,quietly,sliently,

sadly,slowly,commonly,softly,frequently,rapidly,deeply,slightly,lightly,

fairly,smartly,certainly,excitedly,curiously,firmly,sliently,constantly,

riously,particularly,coldly,suddenly,freely,highly,lately,finely,politely,

completely,widely,immediately,unfortunately,surely,cloly,truly,wholly,

probably,simply,possibly,impossibly,getly,terribly,easily,busily,happily,

heavily,angrily,prettily,hungrily,shyly,dryly,carefully,finally,usually,

actually,really,naturally,beautifully,dully,fully,scientifically,phsically

(2)名词／介词＋ward/wards：northward,southward,eastward,westeward,

downward,upward,backward,forward,toward,afterwards

4、动词后缀

(1)形容词／名词＋en：

deepen,broaden,widen,darken,weaken,sharpen,blacken,redden,whiten,

tighten,stengthen,lengthen,heighten

(2)形容词／名词＋fy：beautify,satisfy,electrify,purify,terrify

…

(3)名词／形容词＋ize/i：realize,modernize

(4)－ate／由外来词构成：libreate,educate,operate,translate,graduate,

parate,celebrate,congratulate

(5)－ish／由外来词构成：finish,publish,astonish

(6)形容词＋en：enable,enlarge,enrich

5、数词后缀

(1)基数词＋teen：thirteen,fourteenkfifteen,sixteen,venteen,eighteen,

nineteen

(2)基数词＋ty：twenty,thirty,forty,fifty

(3)基数词＋th：fourth,fifth,sixth,eighth,ninth

三、中缀

在英语有些词在结合时，需要有一个中间的起连接作用的中缀，这类词汇不多，常见

的中缀是字母―s―。如：salesgirl,salesman,townspeople,townsman。

第四节缩略法

缩略法是把原有的词汇通过缩短，在读音和写法一呈现新的形式，这种构词方式用得

很普遍，特别是近几年来，随着科学技术的飞速发展，产生了很多新的缩略词。缩略法构词

主要有如下几种。

一、剪切法（clipping）

剪切法的含义是从某个词的完整形式中删除一个或更多音节，这种方法构成的词汇往

往认为是非正式的。

1、剪切原词的开始部分：omnibus---bus,bicycle---cycle,

airplane/aeroplane---plane,taxicab---cab,telephone---phone

2、剪切原词的末尾部分：advertisment---ad,examination---exam,photograph---

photo,taxicab---taxi,laboratory---lab,publichou---pub

(3)剪切原词的中间部分：foot/feet---ft,half---hf,Greek---GK,yard---yd,

year---yr,continued---contd

(4)剪切原词的两端部分,保留中间的部分字母：infludenza---flu,

refiderator---fridge

二、混成法(blending)

混成法是由两个词混合或紧缩而成为一个复合词的方法。这种复合词都保留了原来两

个词的一部分，其后半表示主体，前半部分表示属性。

breakfast＋luchbrunchsmoke＋fogsmogmotor＋hotelmotelboat＋

motorbotornews＋broadcastnewscasttelevision＋braodcasttelecast

chee＋hamburgercheeburgerbeef＋hamburgerbeefburger

European＋televisionEurovision

三、用首字母缩略（acronym）

大量的缩略语是其所含各个成分的第一个字母或多个字母构成的，由这种方式杨成的

词叫做首字母缩略语(acronym)。

(1)按首字母拼读的缩略语：BritishBroadcastingCorporation---BBC,European

EconomicCommunity---EEC,UnitedNations---UN,UnidentifiedFlyingObject---UFO,

VeryImportantPerson---VIP,Do-it-yourlf---DIY,WorldTreadOrganization---WTO

(2)象单词一样拼读的首字母缩略语：NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization---NATO,

theUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization---UNESCO,

lightwaveamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation---lar,acquired

immunitydeficiencysyndrome---AIDS

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