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状语从句用法详解
内容提要:
一、时间状语从句
二、地点状语从句
三、方式状语从句
四、程度状语从句
五、原因状语从句
六、结果状语从句
七、目的状语从句
八、条件状语从句
九、让步状语从句
十、比较状语从句
一、时间状语从句:
1、时间状语从句通常用下列从属连词来引导:after,before,as,
once,till,until,(ever)since,when,whenever,while,now
(that),aslongas,assoonas。如:
Now(that)you’vegrownup,youmuststopthischildish
behaviour.
Wheneverwemetwithdifficulties,theycametohelpus.
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Comeandeuswheneveryouhavetime.
Peopledonotknowthevalueofhealthtilltheyloit.
2、有些词,如immediately,directly,instantly等,当用于as
soonas意义时,也可以引导时间状语从句,如:
IgotintouchwithhimimmediatelyIreceivedhisletter.
Mysistercamedirectlyshegotmymessage.
Themachinewillstartinstantlyyoupressthebutton.
I’lltelephoneyoudirectlyIhearthenews.
Willyoulookforitimmediatelyyougetthere?
3.某些表示时间的名词词组,如the(very)moment(=assoon
as),theminute(=assoonas),theinstant(=assoonas),
theday,theyear,themorning,everytime,eachtime,next
time,thefirsttime等,也可以引导时间状语从句,如:
I’lltellyouaboutitthemomentyoucome.
IstartedtheinstantIheardthereport.
Theinstantshesawhimsheknewhewasherbrother.
EverytimeIcatchacold,Ihavepaininmyback.
I’mgoingtoehimnexttimehecomestoShenzhen.
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HeleftEuropetheyearWorldWarⅡbrokeout.
HehadimpresdmethatwaythefirsttimeImethim.
IstartedtheverymomentIgotyourletter.
I’lltellhimtheminute(that)hegetshere.
4.有些关联从属连词,如nosooner…than/hardly…when/
scarcely…when/barely…when等,也能引导时间状语从句。
△如果把nosooner,hardly,scarcely,barely置于句首,它
所连带的这部分就要倒装,如:
Shehadnosoonerheardthenewsthanshefainted.
=Nosoonerhadsheheardthenewsthanshefainted.
Theyhadhardlystartedtoworkwhenthetroublebegan.
=Hardlyhadtheystartedtoworkwhenthetroublebegan.
Hehadscarcelyenteredtheroomwhenthephonerang.
=Scarcelyhadheenteredtheroomwhenthephonerang.
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二、地点状语从句:
1、地点状语从句常用where,wherever来引导,如:
Wewillstaywhereyoustay.(where=intheplaceinwhich;
where既连接主句与从句,又在从句中作副词修饰谓语stay。)
IfoundmybookswhereIleftthem.
Whereverhehappenstobe,Johncanmakehimlfathome.
Hewillworkwhereverthepeopleneedhim.
Letmegowherever(=toanyplacetowhich)theylike(togo).
2、有时,-where构成的复合词也可以引导地点状语从句,如:
Everywheretheywent,theywerekindlyreceived/warmly
welcomed.
We’llgoanywherethePartydirectsus.
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三、方式状语从句:
1、方式状语从句通常由as,asif,asthough来引导,如:
YoumustdotheexercisasIshowyou.
Pleadoexactlyasyourdoctorsays.
Itlooksasifitmightsnow/isgoingtosnow.
Heactedasif/thoughnothinghadhappened.
Hewalkedasifhewas/weredrunk.
Marywasbehavingasthoughshehadn’tgrownup.
2、在非正式文体或口语中,也可用theway(that)(=as=inthe
wayinwhich),how,like等来引导,如:
Jeandoesn’tdoitthewayIdo.
SheisdoingherworkthewayIlikeitdone.
Youcandothejobhowyoulike.
Thelandlordwaswatchinghimlike(=justas)acatwatches
amou.
Doyoumakebreadlikeyoumakecakes?
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like作连词的用法补充说明:
1).Conjunction(informal)(非正式):inthesamewaythat;as
同…一样,如
Peoplewhochangecountriesliketheychangeclothes.
换国籍像换衣服一样的人。
2).asthough;asif好像,如同
IfeltlikeI'dbeenkickedbyacamel.我觉得好像被骆驼踢了
似的。
四、程度状语从句:
程度状语从句可用tosuchanextentthat…/tosuchadegree
that…,tothedegree/extentthat,insofaras(“在…
的范围内”)等来引导,如:
Thetemperaturerotosuchanextentthatthefiremenhadto
leavetheburningbuilding.
Thetemperatureloweredtosuchadegreethatthewaterfroze.
试比较:
Thetemperaturerosohighthatthefiremenhadtoleavethe
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burningbuilding.
Thetemperatureloweredsomuchthatthewaterfroze.
从以上例句可以看出,程度状语从句往往也表示达到某种程度时所引
出的结果,所以程度状语从句和结果状语从句在意义上有相通之处。
Atthattimepoliticianswerenotknowntothedegreethatthey
aretoday.那时政治家们并不像今天这样为人所知晓。
I'llhelpyouinsofarasIcan.我会尽我所能帮助你。
五、原因状语从句:
1、引导原因状语从句最常用的连词是becau,since,和as,所
引导的从句可以放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后。其中becau语
势最强,since次之,as又次之。
△becau通常表示说话人认为这种理由或原因是听话人所不知道
的,全句强调的重点在原因上,不在主句表示的结果上。回答why
提出的问题时,只能用becau;在强调句型中也只能用becau从
句,不能用since,as等,如:
BecauIcan’teverywell,Ihavetositnearthefront.
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Itwasbecauhewasillthathedidn’tgowithus.
Itwasbecauhewasillthathedidn’tcome.
△since和as引导的句子,重点在主句的内容,其原因或理由在说
话人看来已很明显,或已为听话人所熟悉,since和as只是一种附
带的说明原因,不是对原因进行强调,如:
Asheisworkinghard,heislikelytosucceed.
Sincehecan’tanswerthequestion,you’dbetterasksomeone
el.
As/Sincehewasnotathome,Ispoketohisbrother.
Sinceyouinsist,Iwillreconsiderthematter.
Ashewasinahurry,helefthisbagathome.
△for是并列连词,它引导的句子只能后置。表示因果关系时,可
以和becau换用;但当它用于对主句的内容加以解释或推断时,
不能用becau代替,如:
Hecouldn’thaveenme,becau/forIwasnothere.
Thegroundiswet,for/becauitrainedlastnight.
Itrainedlastnight,forthegroundiswetthismorning.
△becau之前可以加上simply,only,just等强调词,如:
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Youshouldn’tgetangryjustbecausomepeoplespeakillof
you.
2、复合连词也可以引导原因状语从句,这些连词有:now(that),
eing(that),considering(that),forthereasonthat,by
reasonthat,forfearthat,that等,如:
Now(that)(=Since)youmentionit,Idoremember.
Now(that)heisabnt,you’llhavetodotheworkbyyourlf.
Now(=Since)therainhasstopped,let’sstart.
Seeing(that)alltheguestshavearrived,let’shavedinner.
Shedidn’tgoforfearthatshewouldgetlost.
Hehasdoneverywell,considering(that)hehasnoexperience.
Ihaven’tfinishedwritingthereportyet,notthat(=not
becau)Idislikethework,butthat(=butbecau)Ihave
nottime.
Consideringthattheyarejustbeginners,theyaredoingquite
agoodjob.
3、在“主语+be+形容词+that”句型中,主语通常是人,形容
词通常为:glad,happy,plead,sorry等表示感情的形容词,
这时that可以看作原因状语从句,如:
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Wearegladthat(=becau)wehavereapedanotherbumper
harvest.
I’mglad(that)youareallright.
Wearesurethatourteamwillwin.
I’mpleadthatyouhavedecidedtocome.
六、结果状语从句
结果状语从句往往放在主句之后,通常主句是因,从句是果,这和原
因状语从句刚好相反,例如:
Hewasill,sothathedidn’tcome.
Hedidn’tcomebecauhewasill.
1、结果状语从句通常用下列连词引导:so…that,such(a)…that,
suchthat,sothat,that等,例如:
Hewassoangrythathelefttheroomwithoutsayingaword.
ThebookiswritteninsuchsimpleEnglishthatwebeginners
canunderstanditwithoutmuchdifficulty.
Itwassuchabadaccidentthatveralpeoplegotinjured.
Hisdiligencewassuchthathemadegreatprogress.
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Hedidn’tplanhistimewell,sothathedidn’tfinishthework
intime.
Sheworriedsothatshecouldhardlyeathersupper.
WhathaveIdonethatyoushouldbesoangrywithme?
2、应注意的几个问题:
①在非正式文体中,由so…that,such(a)…that引导的结果状
语从句,往往可以省略连词that,这时,从句之前往往用逗号与主
句隔开,在口语中则用停顿表示省略。
Hewassotired(,)(that)hecouldhardlystand.
Peterissuchagoodboy(,)(that)heislovedbyeverybody.
Youwalksofast(that)Ican’tkeeppacewithyou.
Weleftinsuchahurry(that)weforgottolockthedoor.
Hewassorude(that)sherefudtospeaktohim.
②当so修饰动词时,后面应稍停顿,如:
HisheartbeatsoΔthathecouldhardlybreathe.
SheworriedsoΔthatshecouldhardlyeathersupper.
③当so位于句首时,主句的语序应倒装,如:
Sobadlywasheinjuredthathehadtogotothehospital.
SosmallwasthemarkthatIcouldhardlyeit.
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七、目的状语从句
1、目的状语从句通常使用的连词有:sothat,inorderthat,that,
so。否定的句式常用lest,inca,forfearthat来引导。
△目的状语从句中一般要有can,may,could,might,will,would,
should等情态动词,如:
Bringitclor(so)thatImayeitbetter.
IputdownhisaddressforfearthatIshouldforgetit.
Theteachermustspeakclearlysothathisstudentscan/may
understandwell.
We’llsitnearerthefrontsowecanhearbetter.(非正式或
口语)
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Thedriverlookedovertheenginecarefullylestit(should)
gowrongontheway.
PlearemindmeofitagaintomorrowincaIforget.
Takeanumbrellawithyou,inca(=forfearthat)itrains
/itmayrain/itshouldrain.
Heleftearlyincaheshouldmissthetrain.
2、sothat/so既可以引导目的状语从句,又可以引导结果状语从
句,其区别可以根据上下文的意义来判断,也可以从其结构上来判断。
①凡在讲话时,sothat/so从句之前有停顿,在文字中sothat/
so从句之前有逗号,则为结果状语从句,否则为目的状语从句,如:
Weallarrivedateight,so(that)themeetingbeganpromptly.
(结果状语从句)
We’llcomeateightso(that)themeetingcanbeginearly.(目
的状语从句)
②有时,由sothat或so引导的结果状语从句之前并没有逗号,
这时,就要看从句中有没有can,may,could,might,will,would,
should等情态动词,如果有,多半是目的状语从句,如果没有,多
半是结果状语从句,如:
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IamgoingtothelectureearlysothatI’llgetagoodat.
(目的状语从句)
IwenttothelectureearlysothatIgotagoodat.(结果
状语从句)
③目的状语从句可以移至句首,而结果状语从句不能前移,如:
Sothathecouldbeheardineveryroom,Johnspokethrougha
microphone.(目的状语从句)
Johnspokethroughamicrophonesothathewasheardinevery
room.(结果状语从句)
八、条件状语从句
1、条件状语从句通常用下列连词引导:if,unless,supposing(that)
(仅在问句中使用),suppo(that),inca,so/aslongas,
sofaras,oncondition(that),provided(that)等,例如:
Incahecomes,letmeknow.
Youcangoout,as/solongasyoupromitobebackbefore
eleven.
Iwillcomeagaintomorrowprovided(that)Ihavetime.(=if)
Supposing(that)itrainstomorrow,whatshallwedo?(=if)
Unlessyoutellhimyourlf,he’lllofaithinyou
completely.
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We’llletyouutheroomonconditionthat/providedthat
youkeepitcleanandtidy.
2、有时可以把祈使句作为条件从句,祈使句后面要搭配and,如:
Cometomorrow,andIwilltellyou.
(=Ifyoucometomorrow,Iwilltellyou.)
Givehimaninchandhe’lltakeamile.
(=Ifyougivehimaninch,he’lltakeamile.)
注:当表示否定的条件时,可用连词or或otherwi,如:
Hurryup,or(el)you’llbelate.
Makeupyourmind,oryou’llmissthechance.
Startatonce,or/otherwiyou’llmissthetrain.
(=Ifyoudon’tstartatonce,you’llmissthetrain.)
(=Unlessyoustartatonce,you’llmissthetrain.)
3、ifonly是if的强调式,通常表示说话人强烈的愿望,“但愿,真
希望”,如:
Ifonlyitclearsup,we’llgo.
Ifonlysomebodyhadtoldus,wecouldhavewarnedyou.
如果有人告诉了我们,我们就会让你提防的。
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注:ifonly引导的状语从句有时可以不依附于主句而独立存在,表
示说话人的希望、愿望或遗憾等心情,如:
Ifonlyhecomesintime.(=Ihopehewillcomeintime.)
Ifonlyhedidn’tdrivesofast.(=Iwishhedidn’tdriveso
fast.)
IfonlyIhadn’tbeenlateforwork.
(=IwishIhadn’tbeenlateforwork.)
4、在真实条件句中,从句动词通常用一般现在时表示将来时间,主
句通常带有情态动词,如:
Ifyoumove,I’llshootyou.
IfIpressthisbutton,whatwillhappen?
Ifyoucome,youcaneit.
Ifyoufinishearly,youmaygo.
注①当从句表示将来已经完成或正在进行的动作时,动词用现在完
成时或现在进行时,如:
IwillreturnthebookonMondayifIhavereadit.
Thepolicewon’ttakeyourcarawayifyouaresittinginit.
注②如果从句表示现在的意图、意愿、决心等,则可以用will/
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shall,如:
Ifyouwillreadthebook,I’llletyouhaveit.
Ifyouwillhelpme,wecanfinishbysix.
Ifyouwillgiveupsmoking/drinking,yourhealthwill
improve.
5、有一种条件句,其从句动词不管主语的人称和数如何,一律用
“should+不定式”,主句动词可根据意义需要采取不同形式,如:
Ifheshouldhearofyourmarriage,hewouldbesurprid.
Ifyoushouldhearthenews,plealetusknow.
Ifyoushouldbeinterested,I’lltellyouthewholestory.
Ifitshouldrain,wehadbetterstayindoors.
Ifheshouldcometomorrow,Iwouldtellhimeverything.
注:在正式文体中,可用shouldI(we,youetc)代替IfI(we,
youetc.)should…,如:
ShouldIbefreetomorrow,Iwillcome.
ShouldyoueMike,willyouaskhimtoringmeup?
Shouldyouemymother,tellherIamquitewell.
6、非真实条件句:
①当从句表示与现在事实相反的条件时,从句动词用一般过去时或
were型虚拟式,主句动词用would/should/could/might+不
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定式,如:
IfIwereyou,Ishouldconsultadoctor.
IfIlivedinthetwenty-firstcentury,mylifemightbe
differentinanumberofways.
②当从句表示与过去事实相反的条件时,从句动词用过去完成时,
主句动词用would/should/could/might+不定式完成式,如:
Ifhehadtriedhardlastterm,hewouldhavesucceeded.
Ifhehadtakenhisdoctor’sadvice,hemightnothavedied.
③当从句表示将来不大可能实现的条件时,从句动词用一般过去时
或were/wasto+不定式,主句动词用would/should/could/
might+不定式,如:
Whatwouldyoudoifitsnowedtomorrow?
Hewouldn’tdoitunlessyouweretoorderhimto.
④在正式文体中可用“were+主语”等倒装结构代替“if+主语+
were”等结构;“had+主语+ed分词”代替“if+主语+had+ed
分词”结构,如:
WereIinyourplace,Iwouldbeveryworried.
WereJohntogototheuniversity,hewouldhavetoworkhard.
Hadthecaptainbeenmorecareful,hisshipwouldnothavebeen
sunk.
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Haditnotbeenfortheexpen,IshouldhavegonetoItaly.
7、unless与if…not的用法比较:
Ifyoudon’tstartatonce,youwillmissthetrain.
Unlessyoustartatonce,youwillmissthetrain.
unless在意义上相当于if…not,在有些场合两者可以交替使
用,但在有些场合又不可以互换,以下是不可互换的情况:
①当if…not引导非真实条件状语从句时,一般不可以改用unless,
例如:
Ifsheweren’tsosilly,shewouldunderstand.(事实上她很傻,
改成Unlesssheweresosilly…含义为她不傻)
IfIhadn’tstoppedher,shewouldhavejumpedintotheriver.
(事实上我阻止了她,改成UnlessIhadstoppedher…含义为我没
有阻止她。)
②unless表示除外的唯一条件,因此通常不能用and连接两个
unless从句,而if…not则不受此限,如:
Shewon’tloweightifshedoesnotkeepadietandifshe
doesnottakeexerciveryday.
Shewon’tloweightunlessshekeepsadietandtakexercis
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everyday.
(不说:unlessshekeepsadietandunlessshetakexercis
everyday.)
③unless从句中可用否定词,而if…not从句中不可再加否定
词,因此在unless引导的否定从句中,不可用if…not代替
unless,如:
Iwillgounlessnooneeldoes.
Iwillgoifnooneeldoesn’t.×
Don’taskmetoexplainunlessyoureallydon’tunderstand.
Don’taskmetoexplainifyoureallynotdon’tunderstand.×
④在if…not从句中通常用非肯定词,而在unless引导的肯定形
式的条件从句中,通常用肯定词,而不用非肯定词,如:
Iwillbeveryangryifyouhaven’tspokentoheryet.
Iwillbeveryangryunlessyouhavealreadyspokentoher.
九、让步状语从句
1.引导让步状语从句的主要连词有although,though,as,even
though/if等。
Heisunhappythoughhehasalotofmoney.
虽然他很有钱,但他不快乐。
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Theywillstandbyyouevenifyoufail.
即使你没成功,他们也会支持你。
注意:although/though不可与but连用,但可与yet,still等连
用。例如。
Thoughitwasraininghard,yettheywentonplayingfootball.
虽然雨下得很大,但他们仍然继续踢足球。
引导让步状语从句时,需倒装,从句中的表语和状语或动词原
形要置于句首;though引导时,倒装或不倒装皆可。如表语是名词,
不可加冠词;若动词原形前置,从句要有may或might。例如:
Childasheis,heknowsalot.尽管是个孩子,他却懂得很多。
Tryashemight,hecouldnotfindajob.
不管怎么努力,他还是找不到工作。
和while也可引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然”。例如:
Whiletheyaremyneighbors,Idonotknowthemwell.
虽然他们是我的邻居,但我并不很熟悉他们。
r…or…可引导让步状语从句,意为:不管是……还是……,
不论是否……。例如:
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Youwillhavetoattendtheceremonywhetheryouarefreeor
busy.不管你忙不忙,你都要参加这个典礼。
er,whoever,whichever,however,when-ever,wherever
等与nomatterwhat/who/which…等也可引导让步状语从句,意
为“不管……,不论……”。
Whatever/Nomatterwhatyousay,hewillnotbelieveyou.
不论你说什么,他都不会相信你。
5)其它引导短语:granted/grantingthat,admitting(that),in
spiteof/despitethefactthat
Granted(假定;就算)thathehanoughmoneytobuythehou,
itdoesn’tmeanhe’sgoingtodoso.
Hewentoutinspiteofthefactthathehadabadcold.
十、比较状语从句
比较状语从句一般由从属连词as或than来引导,这种从句常采用省
略句的句型,如:
Heworkedasfastasaskilledworker.
Theprojectwascompletedearlierthanwehadexpected.
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Heisasyoungasyou(areyoung).
Pleacomeassoonas(itis)possible.
区别:Weknowyoubetterthanhe(knowsyou).
Weknowyoubetterthan(weknow)him.
注①在否定句中,用as…as或so…as均可,但后者语气更强调,
如:
Heisnotas/soyoungasyou.
注②the…the…句型也是比较状语从句的一种,例如:
Theharderwework,thebetterweshallrvethepeople.
其中the为连接副词,既起连接作用,又修饰后面的副词。
注意省略:
Thesoonerhecomes,thebetter(itwillbe).
Thehighertheground(is),thecoolertheair(willbe).
十一、asfaras或sofaras可以引导状语从句,
有些语法书将其称之为“限制状语从句”。
asfaras/Sofaras表示“在……的范围内”,引导限制状语从句。
多用于下列结构:asfaras/sofarasIknow(据我所知),
asfaras/sofarasIcane,
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asfaras/sofarasI’mconcerned(依我看)。
例如:
Asfaras/SofarasIknow,thecouplehavebeenabroadfor
aboutfiveyears.据我所知,这对夫妇已经出国约五年了。
There’sonlyonethingtobedonenow,asfarasIcane.
依我看。现在只有一件事情要做。
Asfaras/SofarasIcane,thisisathorny(棘手的)problem.
。
。25
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