宣言英文

ManifestoofTheCommunistParty

KarlMarxandFrederickEngels

1848

1BourgeoisandProletarians

2ProletariansandCommunists

3SocialistandCommunistLiterature

4PositionoftheCommunistsinrelationtothevariouxistingoppositionparties

Aspectreishaunting（“haunt”指“鬼魂等反复出没于某地”。欧洲的反动势力视共产主义

为幽灵，怕得要死。此句用现在进行时，正活脱脱地表明了他们的这种心理状态，也显示出

共产主义方兴未艾，已成气候。）powersofold

Europehaveenteredintoaholyalliancetoexorcithisspectre:PopeandTsar,Metternichand

Guizot,FrenchRadicalsandGermanpolice-spies.

Whereisthepartyinopposition（theopposition指“反对党”，即，thepartyinopposition。）

thathasnotbeendecriedascommunisticbyitsopponentsinpower?Whereistheopposition

thathasnothurledbackthebrandingreproachofcommunism（reproach指“责骂或责备”，

branding指“玷辱或污辱”，brandingreproach则有“诬陷之词”的意思。注意：不能直接

将thebrandingreproachofcommunism翻译为“共产主义这个诬陷之词”，尽管介词前后两

部分属于同位关系，因为，“共产主义”，在包括马克思在内的共产党人看来，决非贬义之词。

可以将这个短语翻译为“将共产主义作为诬陷之词”。）,againstthemoreadvancedopposition

parties,aswellasagainstitsreactionaryadversaries?

Twothingsresultfromthisfact:

ismisalreadyacknowledgedbyallEuropeanpowerstobeitlfapower.

ghtimethatCommunistsshouldopenly,inthefaceofthewholeworld,publishtheir

views,theiraims,theirtendencies,andmeetthisnurrytaleofthespectreofcommunismwith

amanifestoofthepartyitlf.

Tothind,CommunistsofvariousnationalitieshaveasmbledinLondonandsketchedthe

followingmanifesto,tobepublishedintheEnglish,French,German,Italian,FlemishandDanish

languages.

I--BOURGEOISANDPROLETARIANS

Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsociety（hitherto为副词，指“迄今为止”，修饰形容词

existing，表示“迄今为止仍然存在的”。我们现在的这个社会已经存在了几千年，至今仍然

存在，所以，句中society用单数。）isthehistoryofclassstruggles.

Freemanandslave,patricianandplebian,lordandrf,guild-masterandjourneyman,inaword,

oppressorandoppresd,stoodinconstantoppositiontooneanother,carriedonan

uninterrupted,nowhidden,nowopenfight（an…fight这里的不定冠词不是指“一次”，而

是指“一种斗争”。这里将所有的阶级斗争视为一体。后面的同位语afight也是指“一种斗

争”。）,afightthateachtimeended,eitherinarevolutionaryreconstitutionofsocietyatlarge,or

inthecommonruinofthecontendingclass.

Intheearlierepochsofhistory,wefindalmosteverywhereacomplicatedarrangementofsociety

intovariousorders,entRomewehavepatricians,

knights,plebians,slaves;intheMiddleAges,feudallords,vassals,guild-masters,journeymen,

apprentices,rfs;inalmostalloftheclass,again,subordinategradations.（此句为省略句。

本句的主语和谓语与分号前的相同，都是wehave，故省去。）

Themodernbourgeoissocietythathassproutedfromtheruinsoffeudalsocietyhasnotdone

utestablishednewclass,newconditionsofoppression,

newformsofstruggleinplaceoftheoldones.

Ourepoch,theepochofthebourgeoisie,posss,however,thisdistinctfeature:ithas

yasawholeismoreandmoresplittingupintotwogreat

hostilecamps,intotwogreatclassdirectlyfacingeachother--bourgeoisieandproletariat.

Fromthes

theburgessthefirstelementsofthebourgeoisieweredeveloped.

ThediscoveryofAmerica,theroundingoftheCape（theCape指“开普敦港”，即，THECAPE

TOWN，位于非洲最南端。要绕道非洲航行，必经此地。）,openedupfreshgroundfortherising

t-IndianandChinemarkets,thecolonizationofAmerica,tradewiththe

colonies,theincreainthemeansofexchangeandincommoditiesgenerally,gavetocommerce,

tonavigation,toindustry,animpulneverbeforeknown,andthereby,to（gaveanimpulto指

“”推动或促进“。注意：此句将三个介词短语tocommerce,tonavigation,toindustry提前，

置于宾语animpul之前，因为宾语带有后置定语neverbeforeknown。）therevolutionary

elementinthetotteringfeudalsociety,arapiddevelopment.

Thefeudalsystemofindustry,inwhichindustrialproductionwasmonopolizedbyclodguilds,

ufacturingsystem

ld-masterswerepushedasidebythemanufacturingmiddleclass;division

oflaborbetweenthedifferentcorporateguildsvanishedinthefaceofdivisionoflaborineach

singleworkshop.

Meantime,themarketskeptevergrowing；thedemandeverrising.（此句由两个并列主句构

成。第二个主句为省略句，省去了谓语动词kept。补充完整这个主句应该是：thedemandkept

是副词，修饰动名词growing.）Evenmanufacturersnolongersufficed.

Thereupon,ceofmanufacture

wastakenbythegiant,MODERNINDUSTRY;theplaceoftheindustrialmiddleclassbyindustrial

millionaires,theleadersofthewholeindustrialarmies,themodernbourgeois.

Modernindustryhastablishedtheworldmarket,forwhichthediscoveryofAmericapavedthe

rkethasgivenanimmendevelopmenttocommerce,tonavigation,to

velopmenthas,inturn,reactedontheextensionofindustry;and

inproportionasindustry,commerce,navigation,railwayxtended,inthesameproportionthe

bourgeoisiedeveloped,increaditscapital,andpushedintothebackgroundeveryclasshanded

downfromtheMiddleAges.（intothebackground是地点状语。宾语everyclass被放在此状

语之后，因为宾语带有一个较长的后置定语handeddownfromtheMiddleAges.）

Wee,therefore,how（how是关系副词，引导一个宾语从句。它在宾语从句中用作状语，

表示方式。）themodernbourgeoisieisitlftheproductofalongcourofdevelopment,ofa

riesofrevolutionsinthemodesofproductionandofexchange.

Eachstepinthedevelopmentofthebourgeoisiewasaccompaniedbyacorrespondingpolitical

esdclassundertheswayofthefeudalnobility,anarmedand

lf-governingassociationofmedievalcommune:hereindependenturbanrepublic(asinItaly

andGermany);theretaxable"thirdestate"ofthemonarchy(asinFrance);afterward,inthe

periodofmanufacturingproper,rvingeitherthemi-feudalortheabsolutemonarchyasa

counterpoiagainstthenobility,and,infact,cornerstoneofthegreatmonarchiesingeneral--

thebourgeoisiehasatlast,sincetheestablishmentofModernIndustryandoftheworldmarket,

conqueredforitlf,inthemodernreprentativestate,exclusivepoliticalsway.（此句很长，主

语是thebourgeoisie，谓语动词是hasconquered，宾语是exclusivepoliticalsway。前面的

五个名词短语Anoppresdclass，an...association，independent...public，"thirdestate"和

cornerstone作游离定语，修饰主语thebourgeoisie。）Theexecutiveofthemodernstateisbut

acommitteeformanagingthecommonaffairsofthewholebourgeoisie.

Thebourgeoisie,historically,hasplayedamostrevolutionarypart.

Thebourgeoisie,whereverithasgottheupperhand（此句为地点状语从句，由关系副词

wherever引导出来。gottheupperhand意思是“得到支配权或占优势”。）,hasputanendto

allfeudal,patriarchal,itilesslytornasunderthemotleyfeudaltiesthat

boundmantohis"naturalsuperiors",andhasleftnoothernexusbetweenpeoplethannaked

lf-interest,thancallous"cashpayment".Ithasdrownedoutthemostheavenlyecstaciesof

religiousfervor,ofchivalrounthusiasm,ofphilistinentimentalism,intheicywaterof

esolvedpersonalworthintoexchangevalue,andinplaceofthe

numberlessindefeasiblecharteredfreedoms,hastupthatsingle,unconscionablefreedom--

ord,forexploitation,veiledbyreligiousandpoliticalillusions,ithas

substitutednaked,shameless,direct,brutalexploitation.

Thebourgeoisiehasstrippedofitshaloeveryoccupationhithertohonoredandlookeduptowith

onvertedthephysician,thelawyer,thepriest,thepoet,themanofscience,

intoitspaidwagelaborers.

Thebourgeoisiehastornawayfromthefamilyitsntimentalveil,andhasreducedthefamily

relationintoameremoneyrelation.

ThebourgeoisiehasdisclodhowitcametopassthatthebrutaldisplayofvigorintheMiddle

Ages,whichreactionariessomuchadmire,founditsfittingcomplementinthemostslothful

indolence.（注意代词it的使用。本句中it指“资产阶级”，后面的its不是指“资产阶级的”，

而意思是“展示匹夫之勇时的”。）Ithasbeenthefirsttoshowwhatman'sactivitycanbring

about（what是关系代词，在句中具有双重功能：做关系词，引导出一个宾语从句；在宾语

从句中，作谓语动词bringabout的宾语。）.IthasaccomplishedwondersfarsurpassingEgyptian

pyramids,Romanaqueducts,andGothiccathedrals;ithasconductedexpeditionsthatputinthe

shadeallformerexodusofnationsandcrusades.

Thebourgeoisiecannotexistwithoutconstantlyrevolutionizingtheinstrumentsofproduction,

andtherebytherelationsofproduction,andwiththem（them指前面的therelationsof

production生产关系。注意本句的由小而大的递进关系：生产工具theinstrumentsof

production,生产关系therelationsofproduction，社会关系thewholerelationsofsociety.）the

vationoftheoldmodesofproductioninunalteredform,was,

onthecontrary,nt

revolutionizingofproduction,uninterrupteddisturbanceofallsocialconditions,everlasting

uncerted,fast

frozenrelations,withtheirtrainofancientandvenerableprejudicesandopinions,areswept

away,tissolidmeltsinto

air,allthatisholyisprofaned,andmanisatlastcompelledtofacewithsobernshisreal

conditionoflifeandhisrelationswithhiskind.

Theneedofaconstantlyexpandingmarketforitsproductschasthebourgeoisieoverthe

nestleeverywhere,ttleeverywhere,establishconnections

everywhere.

Thebourgeoisiehas,throughitxploitationoftheworldmarket,givenacosmopolitancharacter

reatchagrinofreactionaries,ithas

-established

edislodgedbynew

industries,whointroductionbecomesalifeanddeathquestionforallcivilizednations,by

industries（本句中，有两个由by引导的状语。第二个industries与第一个industries同位，

都指前面的newindustries。）thatnolongerworkupindigenousrawmaterial,butrawmaterial

drawnfromtheremotestzones;industrieswhoproductsareconsumed,notonlyathome,but

eoftheoldwants,satisfiedbytheproductionofthecountry,

wefindnewwants,

placeoftheoldlocalandnationalclusionandlf-sufficiency,wehaveintercourinevery

direction,universalinter-dependenceofnations（本句有两个宾语intercour和

inter-dependence，两个宾语由逗号连接。）.Andasinmaterial,soalsoinintellectualproduction.

al

one-sidednessandnarrow-mindednessbecomemoreandmoreimpossible,andfromthe

numerousnationalandlocalliteratures,therearisaworldliterature.（therearis为thereis

的变体。其中there为引导词，真正的主语是放在后面，是aworldliterature.类似的变体再

比如：Long,longagotherelivedanoldmanwhohadthreedaughters.很久很久以前，有一个老

人，他有三个女儿。/Inhisopinion,thereemedtobethispossibility.在他看来，似乎有这种

可能。）

Thebourgeoisie,bytherapidimprovementofallinstrumentsofproduction,bytheimmenly

facilitatedmeansofcommunication,drawsall,eventhemostbarbarian,nationsintocivilization.

Thecheappricesofcommoditiesaretheheavyartillerywithwhichitforcesthebarbarians'

elsallnations,onpainofextinction

（onpainof意思是“如果违背……，即……”。再比如：Hewastoldtoleavethecountryonpain

ofdeath.他被勒令出境，违者处死。短语中的on可换成upon或under。比如：Underpain

oflosinghisdriver’slicen如果他违反，则吊销其驾驶执照。）,toadoptthebourgeoismode

ofproduction;itcompelsthemtointroducewhatitcallscivilizationintotheirmidst,i.e.,to

ord,itcreatesaworldafteritsownimage.

reatedenormous

cities,hasgreatlyincreadtheurbanpopulationascomparedwiththerural,andhasthus

ithasmadethe

countrydependentonthetowns,soithasmadebarbarianandmi-barbariancountries

dependentonthecivilizedones,nationsofpeasantsonnationsofbourgeois,theEastonthe

West.(如果将本句最后两个短语中省略的部分补出，就是：hasmadenationsofpeasants

dependentonnationsofbourgeoisie,hasmadetheEastdependentontheWest。theEast指

“东方”，美国英语多用theOrient.这是站在欧洲的角度来看亚洲等国家，所以才有theFar

East远东，theMiddleEast中东,theNearEast近东。)

Thebourgeoisiekeepsmoreandmoredoingawaywiththescatteredstateofthepopulation,of

themeansofproduction,gglomeratedpopulation,centralizedthemeans

ofproduction,essaryconquenceofthis

ndent,orbutloolyconnectedprovinces（or为并列连接词，

后面引导的部分省略掉了Independent。这个Independent和loolyconnected,又由并列连

接词but将它们连为一体，去修饰provinces。）,withparateinterests,laws,governments,and

systemsoftaxation,becamelumpedtogetherintoonenation,withonegovernment,onecodeof

laws,onenational，classinterest,onefrontier,andonecustomstariff.

Thebourgeoisie,duringitsruleofscarceonehundredyears,hascreatedmoremassiveandmore

tionofnature's

forcestoman,machinery,applicationofchemistrytoindustryandagriculture,steamnavigation,

railways,electrictelegraphs,clearingofwholecontinentsforcultivation,canalizationorrivers,

wholepopulationsconjuredoutoftheground--whatearliercenturyhadevenaprentiment

thatsuchproductiveforcesslumberedinthelapofsociallabor?（注意句中隐喻的用法。使用隐

喻时，不用as,like,em,asif之类的比喻词。句中的thelap指“膝，怀”，slumber指“安

睡”。两个隐喻前后一致，相辅相成，比喻那些生产力像人一样还睡在蕴藏着生产力的社会

劳动sociallabour的怀抱之中。）

Weethen:themeansofproductionandofexchange,onwhofoundationthebourgeoisie

builtitlfup,tainstageinthedevelopmentofthe

meansofproductionandofexchange,theconditionsunderwhichfeudalsocietyproducedand

exchanged,thefeudalorganizationofagricultureandmanufacturingindustry,inoneword,the

feudalrelationsofpropertybecamenolongercompatiblewiththealreadydevelopedproductive

forces;dtobeburstasunder;theywereburstasunder.

Intotheirplacesteppedfreecompetition,accompaniedbyasocialandpoliticalconstitution

adaptedinit,andtheeconomicandpoliticalswayofthebourgeoisclass.

bourgeoissociety,withitsrelations

ofproduction,ofexchangeandofproperty,asociety（asociety是Modernbourgeoissociety

的同位语。这个同位语又带有自己的定语从句，由关系代词that引出。）thathasconjuredup

suchgiganticmeansofproductionandofexchange,islikethesorcererwhoisnolongerableto

controlthepowersofthenetherworld（netherworld指“阴间，来世”。）whomhehascalled

yadecadepast,thehistoryofindustryandcommerceisbutthehistory

oftherevoltofmodernproductiveforcesagainstmodernconditionsofproduction,againstthe

propertyrelatio

enoughtomentionthecommercialcristhat,bytheirperiodicalreturn,puttheexistenceofthe

entirebourgeoissocietyonitstrial,eachtimemorethreateningly（本句的It是形式主语，真正

的主语是后面的不定式短语tomentionthecommercialcris。这个cris带有一个定语从句

‘在这个定语从句中，关系代词that是主语，put是谓语动词，宾语是theexistenceofthe

entirebourgeoissociety。注意：在定语从句中，一个比较长的状语bytheirperiodicalreturn...

onitstrial,eachtimemorethreateningly穿插其中，使句子有点复杂难解。）.Inthecris,a

greatpartnotonlyoftheexistingproducts,butalsoofthepreviouslycreatedproductiveforces,

ecris,therebreaksoutanepidemicthat,inallearlierepochs,

ysuddenlyfindsitlf

putbackintoastateofmomentarybarbarism;itappearsasifafamine,auniversalwarof

devastation,hadcutoffthesupplyofeverymeansofsubsistence;industryandcommerceem

?Becauthereistoomuchcivilization,toomuchmeansof

subsistence,toomuchindustry,ductiveforcesatthedisposalof

societynolongertendtofurtherthedevelopmentoftheconditionsofbourgeoisproperty;on

thecontrary,theyhavebecometoopowerfulfortheconditions,bywhichtheyarefettered,

andsosoonastheyovercomethefetters,theybringdisorderintothewholeofbourgeois

society,ditionsofbourgeoissocietyare

doesthebourgeoisiegetover

thecris?Ontheonehand,byenforceddestructionofamassofproductiveforces;onthe

other,bytheconquestofnewmarkets,andbythemorethoroughexploitationoftheoldones.

Thatistosay（此是插入语。）,bypavingthewayformoreextensiveandmoredestructivecris,

andbydiminishingthemeanswherebycrisareprevented.（本句中的两个by引导的短语，

与上句的三个by短语，从内容上讲是同位的。）

Theweaponswithwhichthebourgeoisiefelledfeudalismtothegroundarenowturnedagainst

thebourgeoisieitlf.

Butnotonlyhasthebourgeoisieforgedtheweaponsthatbringdeathtoitlf;ithasalsocalled

intoexistencethemenwhoaretowieldthoweapons--themodernworkingclass--the

proletarians.

Inproportionasthebourgeoisie,i.e.,capital,isdeveloped,inthesameproportionisthe

proletariat,themodernworkingclass,developed--aclassoflaborers,wholiveonlysolongas

theyfindwork,aborers,

whomustllthemlvespiecemeal,areacommodity,likeeveryotherarticleofcommerce,and

areconquentlyexpodtoallthevicissitudesofcompetition,toallthefluctuationsofthe

market.

Owingtotheextensiveuofmachinery,andtothedivisionoflabor,theworkofthe

proletarianshaslostallindividualcharacter,and,conquently,

becomesanappendageofthemachine,anditisonlythemostsimple,mostmonotonous,and

mosteasilyacquiredknack,thatisrequiredofhim（这是一个强调式结构句型：it+be+强调部

分+that/who/which+句子强调的部分。本句强调的是knack，it没有什么意思。如果不强

调，本句就是：onlythemostsimple,mostmonotonous,andmosteasilyacquiredknackare

requiredofhim.类似结构再比如：Itisthroughstrugglethatwelearnedthistruth.我们是通过斗

争，才懂得这个真理。/Whowasitthatcalledmethisafternoon?今天下午，是谁来找我？注

意：在口语中，常常省去that。比如：WasitinNewYorkhefirstmetyou?他第一次见到你是

在纽约吗？/Whatisityouweretoldtodo?要你干的是什么？）.Hence,thecostofproduction

ofaworkmanisrestricted,almostentirely,tothemeansofsubsistencethatherequiresfor

maintenance,priceofacommodity,andtherefore

alsooflabor,ortion,therefore,astherepulsivenessof

theworkincreas,more,inproportionastheuofmachineryand

divisionoflaborincreas,inthesameproportiontheburdenoftoilalsoincreas,whetherby

prolongationoftheworkinghours,bytheincreaoftheworkexactedinagiventime,orby

increadspeedofmachinery,etc.（本句的三个由by引导的状语短语，表示手段，用以修饰

谓语动词increas，说明怎样加重劳动的负担。这三个状语由复合连接词whether…or…

连为一体。）

ModernIndustryhasconvertedthelittleworkshopofthepatriarchalmasterintothegreat

oflaborers,crowdedintothefactory,areorganizedlike

atesoftheindustrialarmy,theyareplacedunderthecommandofaperfect

yaretheyslavesofthebourgeoisclass,andofthe

bourgeoisstate;theyaredailyandhourlyenslavedbythemachine,bytheoverlooker,and,

aboveall,eopenlythisdespotism

proclaimsgaintobeitndandaim,themorepetty,themorehatefulandthemoreembittering

itis.（注意句型Themore…themore…在本句中的使用。前一句为从句，相当于一个条件从

句，表示“越。。。。。。”；后一句为主句，表示“就越。。。。。。”。这种句型用来表示两种事物的

相应变化。注意主句中有三themore，而且没有使用倒装语序。）

Thelesstheskillandexertionofstrengthimpliedinmanuallabor,inotherwords,themore

modernindustrybecomesdeveloped,themoreisthelaborofmensuperdedbythatof

encesofageandxhavenolongeranydistinctivesocialvalidityfortheworking

instrumentsoflabor,moreorlesxpensivetou,（moreorlesxpensivetou

在句中做后置定语，修饰instrumentsoflabor。）accordingtotheirageandx.

Nosooneristheexploitationofthelaborerbythemanufacturer,sofaratanend,thathe

receiveshiswagesincash,than（Nosooner…than…这个句型表示“一……就……”。注意No

sooner置于句首时，用倒装语序。That所引导的是同位语从句，补充说明上文的内容，即，

theexploitation....is...atanend的意思是whenhereceiveshiswagesincash。）heistupon

bytheotherportionofthebourgeoisie,thelandlord,theshopkeeper,thepawnbroker,etc.

Thelowerstrataofthemiddleclass--thesmalltradespeople,shopkeepers,andretired

tradesmengenerally,thehandicraftsmenandpeasants--allthesinkgraduallyintothe

proletariat,partlybecautheirdiminutivecapitaldoesnotsufficeforthescaleonwhich

ModernIndustryiscarriedon,andisswampedinthecompetitionwiththelargecapitalists,

partlybecaut,

theproletariatisrecruitedfromallclassofthepopulation.

sbirthbeginsitsstruggle

t,thecontestiscarriedonbyindividuallaborers,thenbytheworkof

peopleofafactory,thenbytheoperativeofonetrade,inonelocality,againsttheindividual

recttheirattacksnotagainstthebourgeois

conditionofproduction,butagainsttheinstrumentsofproductionthemlves;theydestroy

importedwaresthatcompetewiththeirlabor,theysmashtopiecesmachinery,theytfactories

ablaze,theyektorestorebyforcethevanishedstatusoftheworkmanoftheMiddleAges.

Atthisstage,thelaborersstillformanincoherentmassscatteredoverthewholecountry,and

heretheyunitetoformmorecompactbodies,

thisisnotyettheconquenceoftheirownactiveunion,butoftheunionofthebourgeoisie,

whichclass,inordertoattainitsownpoliticalends,iscompelledtotthewholeproletariatin

motion,andismoreoveryet,foratime,stage,therefore,theproletarians

donotfighttheirenemies,buttheenemiesoftheirenemies,theremnantsofabsolutemonarchy,

thelandowners,thenon-industrialbourgeois,,thewholehistorical

movementisconcentratedinthehandsofthebourgeoisie;everyvictorysoobtainedisavictory

forthebourgeoisie.

Butwiththedevelopmentofindustry,theproletariatnotonlyincreasinnumber;itbecomes

concentratedingreatermass,itsstrengthgrows,ious

interestsandconditionsoflifewithintheranksoftheproletariataremoreandmoreequalized,

inproportionasmachineryobliteratesalldistinctionsoflabor,andnearlyeverywherereduces

wingcompetitionamongthebourgeois,andtheresulting

commercialcris,reasing

improvementofmachinery,evermorerapidlydeveloping,makestheirlivelihoodmoreandmore

precarious;thecollisionsbetweenindividualworkmenandindividualbourgeoistakemoreand

pon,theworkersbegintoform

combinations(tradeunions)againstthebourgeois;theyclubtogetherinordertokeepupthe

rateofwages;theyfoundpermanentassociationsinordertomakeprovisionbeforehandfor

dthere,thecontestbreaksoutintoriots.

Nowandthentheworkersarevictorious,lfruitoftheirbattleslienot

intheimmediateresult,ionishelpedon

bytheimprovedmeansofcommunicationthatarecreatedbyModernIndustry,andthatplace

ustthiscontact(本句为强

调式结构。It没有什么意思，强调的部分是justthiscontact。句子后面的all是struggles的

同位语，后面带有一个由介词of引导的定语；整个短语对struggles作补充说明。)thatwas

neededtocentralizethenumerouslocalstruggles,allofthesamecharacter,intoonenational

tunion,toattain

whichtheburghersoftheMiddleAges,withtheirmirablehighways,requiredcenturies,the

modernproletarian,thankstorailways,achieveinafewyears.

Thisorganizationoftheproletariansintoaclass,and,conquently,intoapoliticalparty,is

continver

risupagain,stronger,firmer,elslegislativerecognitionofparticularinterests

oftheworkers,,the

Ten-HoursBillinEnglandwascarried.

Altogether,collisionsbetweentheclassoftheoldsocietyfurtherinmanywaysthecourof

t

withthearistocracy;lateron,withthoportionsofthebourgeoisieitlf,whointerestshave

becomeantagonistictotheprogressofindustry;atalltimewiththebourgeoisieofforeign

hebattles,itesitlfcompelledtoappealtotheproletariat,toaskforhelp,

rgeoisieitlf,therefore,suppliesthe

proletariatwithitsownelementsofpoliticalandgeneraleducation,inotherwords,itfurnishes

theproletariatwithweaponsforfightingthebourgeoisie.

Further,aswehavealreadyen,（aswehavealreadyen是定语从句，其中的as为关系代词，

应到这个定语从句，并字从中作宾语，它所代表的是后面主句所表达的全部内容。）entire

ctionsoftherulingclassare,bytheadvanceofindustry,precipitatedintotheproletariat,or

lsosupplytheproletariatwith

freshelementsofenlightenmentandprogress.

Finally,intimeswhentheclassstrugglenearsthedecisivehour,（由关系副词引导的定语从句

whentheclassstrugglenearsthedecisivehour修饰times。这里的times不是“时代”，是“时

期”的意思，相当于periods。注意：near是及物动词。）theprogressofdissolutiongoingon

withintherulingclass,infactwithinthewholerangeofoldsociety,assumessuchaviolent,

glaringcharacter,that（在suchaviolent,glaringcharacter,that中，such是副词，表示程度，；

后面的由连词that引导的状语从句，表示结果，修饰前面的such。）asmallctionoftheruling

classcutsitlfadrift,andjoinstherevolutionaryclass,theclassthatholdsthefutureinitshands.

Justas,therefore,atanearlierperiod,actionofthenobilitywentovertothebourgeoisie,so

nowaportionofthebourgeoisiegoesovertotheproletariat,andinparticular,aportionofthe

bourgeoisideologists,whohaveraidthemlvestothelevelofcomprehendingtheoretically

thehistoricalmovementasawhole.

Ofalltheclassthatstandfacetofacewiththebourgeoisietoday,theproletariataloneisa

erclassdecayandfinallydisappearinthefaceofModern

Industry;theproletariatisitsspecialandesntialproduct.

Thelowermiddleclass,thesmallmanufacturer,theshopkeeper,theartisan,thepeasant,all

thefightagainstthebourgeoisie,tosavefromextinctiontheirexistenceasfractionsofthe

ethereforenotrevolutionary,,more,（Nay为古英语，

是副词，表示“不；不但如此”。Nay,more指“不仅。。。。。。甚至。。。。。。”）theyarereactionary,

,bychance,theyarerevolutionary,theyareonlyso

inviewoftheirimpendingtransferintotheproletariat;theythusdefendnottheirprent,but

theirfutureinterests;theyderttheirownstandpointtoplacethemlvesatthatofthe

proletariat.

The"dangerousclass",thesocialscum,thatpassivelyrottingmassthrownoffbythelowest

layersoftheoldsociety,（本句中的thesocialscum和thatpassivelyrottingmass都是The

"dangerousclass"的同位语。过去分词短语thrownoffbythelowestlayersoftheoldsociety作

后置定语，修饰mass。）may,hereandthere,besweptintothemovementbyaproletarian

revolution;itsconditionsoflife,however,prepareitfarmoreforthepartofabribedtoolof

reactionaryintrigue.

Intheconditionoftheproletariat,thoofoldsocietyatlargearealreadyvirtuallyswamped.

Theproletarianiswithoutproperty;hisrelationtohiswifeandchildrenhasnolongeranythingin

commonwiththebourgeoisfamilyrelations;modernindustrylabor,modernsubjectionto

capital,thesameinEnglandasinFrance,inAmericaasinGermany,hasstrippedhimofevery

,morality,religion,aretohimsomanybourgeoisprejudices,

behindwhichlurkinambushjustasmanybourgeoisinterests.（在behindwhichlurkinambush

justasmanybourgeoisinterests中，主语是interests，谓语动词是lurk。形容词many为justas

修饰，与前面的somany相呼应，表示同级比较。）

Alltheprecedingclassthatgottheupperhandsoughttofortifytheiralreadyacquiredstatus

letarianscannot

becomemastersoftheproductiveforcesofsociety,exceptbyabolishingtheirownprevious

modeofappropriation,ve

nothingoftheirowntocureandtofortify;theirmissionistodestroyallpreviouscuritiesfor,

andinsurancesof,individualproperty.（在todestroyallpreviouscuritiesfor,andinsurancesof,

individualproperty中，curities和insurances都是具体的可数名词，用复数。因为它们后面

需要连接不同的介词，所以在for与of后面加逗号。整个不定式短语作表语使用。）

Allprevioushistoricalmovementsweremovementsofminorities,orintheinterestofminorities.

Theproletarianmovementisthelf-conscious,independentmovementoftheimmen

majority,letariat,theloweststratumofour

prentsociety,cannotstir,cannotraiitlfup,withoutthewholesuperincumbentstrataof

officialsocietybeingsprungintotheair.

Thoughnotinsubstance,yetinform,thestruggleoftheproletariatwiththebourgeoisieisat

letariatofeachcountrymust,ofcour,firstofallttlematters

withitsownbourgeoisie.

Indepictingthemostgeneralphasofthedevelopmentoftheproletariat,wetracedthemore

orlessveiledcivilwar,ragingwithinexistingsociety,uptothepoint（uptothepoint是表示程

度的状语，指前面的谓语动词traced到什么程度。thepoint后面带有两个定语从句，均由

关系副词where引导。）wherethatwarbreaksoutintoopenrevolution,andwheretheviolent

overthrowofthebourgeoisielaysthefoundationfortheswayoftheproletariat.

Hitherto,everyformofsocietyhasbeenbad,aswehavealreadyen,ontheantagonismof

rdertooppressaclass,certainconditionsmustbe

assuredtoitunderwhichitcan,atleast,f,intheperiodof

rfdom,raidhimlftomembershipinthecommune,justasthepettybourgeois,underthe

yokeofthefeudalabsolutism,ernlaborer,onthe

contrary,insteadofrisingwiththeprocessofindustry,sinksdeeperanddeeperbelowthe

mesapauper,andpauperismdevelopsmore

eitbecomevidentthatthebourgeoisieisunfitany

longertobetherulingclassinsociety,andtoimpoitsconditionsofexistenceuponsocietyas

fittorulebecauitisincompetenttoassureanexistencetoitsslave

withinhisslavery,becauitcannothelplettinghimsinkintosuchastate,thatithastofeedhim,

ycannolongerliveunderthisbourgeoisie,inotherwords,its

existenceisnolongercompatiblewithsociety.（注意本段中频繁地使用代词it和him。It指“资

产阶级”。itsslave指“资产阶级的奴”。Him指“现代工人”，hisslavery指现代工人的

奴般的生活。）

Theesntialconditionsfortheexistenceandfortheswayofthebourgeoisclassistheformation

andaugmentationofcapital;borrestxclusively

anceofindustry,whoinvoluntarypromoteris

thebourgeoisie,replacestheisolationofthelaborers,duetocompetition,bytherevolutionary

combination,elopmentofModernIndustry,therefore,cutsfrom

underitsfeettheveryfoundationonwhichthebourgeoisieproducesandappropriatesproducts.

Whatthebourgeoisiethereforeproduces,aboveall,landthe

victoryoftheproletariatareequallyinevitable.

II--PROLETARIANSANDCOMMUNISTS

InwhatrelationdotheCommunistsstandtotheproletariansasawhole?TheCommunistsdo

notformaparatepartyoppodtotheotherworking-classparties.（本句中的oppodto即

notoppodto不反对，而不是否定form，要不就成了notformaparateparty不组成一个

独立的党。oppodtotheotherworking-classparties是形容词短语，修饰前面的party。）

Theyhavenointerestsparateandapartfromthooftheproletariatasawhole.（本句中的

paratefrom和apartfrom作状语，修饰havenointerests。前一个状语指“离开了工人阶

级的整体利益，他们就没有什么利益可谈”，强调“离不开”。第二个状语指“除了工人阶级

的整体利益，他们…”强调“相一致”。）

Theydonottupanyctarianprinciplesoftheirown,bywhichtoshapeandmoldthe

proletarianmovement.

TheCommunistsaredistinguishedfromtheotherworking-classpartiesbythisonly:

(1)Inthenationalstrugglesoftheproletariansofthedifferentcountries,theypointoutand

bringtothefrontthecommoninterestsoftheentireproletariat,independentlyofallnationality.

(2)Inthevariousstagesofdevelopmentwhichthestruggleoftheworkingclassagainstthe

bourgeoisiehastopassthrough,（本句中的关系代词which引导的定语从句修饰stages，并

在定语从句中作谓语动词has的宾语。topassthrough是宾语补足语，与which一起构成复

合宾语。）theyalwaysandeverywherereprenttheinterestsofthemovementasawhole.

TheCommunists,therefore,areontheonehandpractically,themostadvancedandresolute

ctionoftheworking-classpartiesofeverycountry,thatctionwhichpushesforwardall

others;（这个定语从句指其他所有派别不断向前的那部分人士。其中的ction指由共产党

人构成的团体。在这个定语从中，allothers指allotherctions,即“除共产党人而外的所有

其他党派”。）ontheotherhand,theoretically,theyhaveoverthegreatmassoftheproletariat

theadvantageofclearlyunderstandingthelinesofmarch,theconditions,andtheultimate

generalresultsoftheproletarianmovement.

TheimmediateaimoftheCommunistsisthesameasthatofallotherproletarianparties:

Formationoftheproletariatintoaclass,overthrowofthebourgeoissupremacy,conquestof

politicalpowerbytheproletariat.

ThetheoreticalconclusionsoftheCommunistsareinnowaybadonideasorprinciplesthat

havebeeninvented,ordiscovered,bythisorthatwould-beuniversalreformer.

Theymerelyexpress,ingeneralterms,actualrelationsspringingfromanexistingclassstruggle,

litionofexistingproperty

relationsisnotatalladistinctivefeatureofcommunism.

Allpropertyrelationsinthepasthavecontinuallybeensubjecttohistoricalchangeconquent

uponthechangeinhistoricalconditions.（这个短语的意思是“因历史条件饿变化而出现的历

史变更。”conquent是形容词，和后面的upon引导的短语一起，表示“用…而起的”，用

以修饰前面的change。）

TheFrenchRevolution,forexample,abolishedfeudalpropertyinfavorofbourgeoisproperty.

Thedistinguishingfeatureofcommunismisnottheabolitionofpropertygenerally,butthe

ernbourgeoisprivatepropertyisthefinalandmost

completeexpressionofthesystemofproducingandappropriatingproductsthatisbadonclass

antagonisms,ontheexploitationofthemanybythefew.

Inthisn,thetheoryoftheCommunistsmaybesummedupinthesinglentence:Abolition

ofprivateproperty.

WeCommunistshavebeenreproachedwiththedesireofabolishingtherightofpersonally

acquiringpropertyasthefruitofaman'sownlabor,whichpropertyisallegedtobethe

groundworkofallpersonalfreedom,activityandindependence.

Hard-won,lf-acquired,lf-earnedproperty!Doyoumeanthepropertyofpettyartisanandof

thesmallpeasant,aformofpropertythatprecededthebourgeoisform?Thereisnoneedto

abolishthat;（本句的意思是“没有必要去消灭那种财产。That是代词，表示“thatproperty”.）

thedevelopmentofindustryhastoagreatextentalreadydestroyedit,andisstilldestroyingit

daily.

Ordoyoumeanthemodernbourgeoisprivateproperty?

Butdoeswagelaborcreateanypropertyforthelaborer?tescapital,i.e.,that

kindofpropertywhichexploitswagelabor,andwhichcannotincreaexceptuponconditionsof

ty,initsprentform,isbad

xaminebothsidesofthisantagonism.

Tobeacapitalist,istohavenotonlyapurelypersonal,l

isacollectiveproduct,andonlybytheunitedactionofmanymembers,nay,inthelastresort,

onlybytheunitedactionofallmembersofsociety,canitbetinmotion.(本句中，前面有两

个由onlyby引导的状语，所以，使用倒装语序。这类句型为：only+副词或副词短语或副词

引导的从句+助动词be+主语+主动词+其他部分。例如：OnlyafterthataccidentdidIgotovisit

hi,.我只是在那次事故之后，才去拜访他。/OnlyslowlydidIcometoknowhim.我只是慢慢地

才认识了他。/Onlywhenhelosthisfreedomdidheknowitsvalue.他只是在失去自由时，才认

识到自由的可贵。)

Capitalisthereforenotonlypersonal;itisasocialpower.

When,therefore,capitalisconvertedintocommonproperty,intothepropertyofallmembersof

society,lythesocial

characterofthepropertythatischanged.（这是一个强调句型。强调部分是socialcharacter。

后面的that引导的从句，在这里有点像定语从句。全句可以翻译为：“被改变了的是财产的

社会制度。”）Itlositsclasscharacter.

Letusnowtakewagelabor.

Theaveragepriceofwagelaboristheminimumwage,i.e.,thatquantumofthemeansof

subsistencewhic,

therefore,thewagelaborerappropriatesbymeansofhislabormerelysufficestoprolongand

reproduceabareexistence.（What是关系代词，引导出一个主语从句。在这个主语从句中，

主语是thewagelaborer，谓语是appropriates，宾语是关系代词What。suffices有“满足”

的意思。全句可以翻译为：“工资劳动者…所占有的东西，仅只能使人苟延残喘和复制出一

个苟延残喘的生活。”）Webynomeansintendtoabolishthispersonalappropriationofthe

productsoflabor,anappropriationthatismadeforthemaintenanceandreproductionofhuman

life,andthatleavesnosurpluswherewithtocommandthelaborofothers.（本句中第二个an

appropriation是personalappropriation的同位与，带有两个定语从就，分别由两个关系代词

引导出来。自在语法上，这是一个带定语从句同位语。但是，在逻辑上，它是一个表示原因

的带定语从句的单词。本句可以翻译:“这是一种维持和繁殖人类生命的占有，这是一种不

会留下可以用来指探别人劳动的东西的占有。”）Allthatwewanttodoawaywithisthe

mirablecharacterofthisappropriation,underwhichthelaborerlivesmerelytoincreacapital,

andisallowedtoliveonlyinsofarastheinterestoftherulingclassrequiresit.

Inbourgeoissociety,unist

society,accumulatedlaborisbutameanstowiden,toenrich,topromotetheexistenceofthe

laborer.

Inbourgeoissociety,therefore,thepastdominatestheprent;incommunistsociety,the

geoissociety,capitalisindependentandhasindividuality,

whilethelivingpersonisdependentandhasnoindividuality.

Andtheabolitionofthisstateofthingsiscalledbythebourgeois,abolitionofindividualityand

freedom!litionofbourgeoisindividuality,bourgeoisindependence,and

bourgeoisfreedomisundoubtedlyaimedat.

Byfreedomismeant,undertheprentbourgeoisconditionsofproduction,freetrade,free

llingandbuying.

Butifllingandbuyingdisappears,lkaboutfree

llingandbuying,andalltheother"bravewords"ofourbourgeoisaboutfreedomingeneral,

haveameaning,ifany,only（本句中，ifany是省略的条件状语从句。如果将省略掉的部分

补充出，就可能是：iftheyhaveanymeaningatall如果他们真的有什么意义的话。注意：这

种插入的省略句，常应用在口语中，使其更加靠近谓语，因而使动作发生的条件、原因等更

早地为读者所明确。再例如：Ifourpronunciation,ifnotgood,isatleasttolerable.我们的发音，

如果不算好，也还是过得去。/Itisdifficult,ifnotimpassible,toaskhimforhelp.要求助于他，

如果不是不可能的话，也是非常困难的。）incontrastwithrestrictedllingandbuying,withthe

fetteredtradersoftheMiddleAges,buthavenomeaningwhenoppodtothecommunist

abolitionofbuyingandlling,orthebourgeoisconditionsofproduction,andofthebourgeoisie

itlf.

ourexistingsociety,

privatepropertyisalreadydoneawaywithfornine-tenthsofthepopulation;（本句的被动语态，

谓语动词是isdoneawaywith。使用时，注意不要丢掉了动词词组后面的副词与介词。再比

如：Forhim,nothingcouldbelookedforwardto.对于他来说，已经没有什么可企盼的了。注

意：本句中的thepopulation指“总人口”或“”资产阶级现存社会中的所有成员。注意该

词前面有个定冠词，意味着“所有”的意思。）itxistenceforthefewissolelyduetoits

roachus,therefore,withintendingtodo

awaywithaformofproperty,thenecessaryconditionforwhoexistenceisthenon-existence

ofanypropertyfortheimmenmajorityofsociety.（本句可以翻译为：……消灭一种所有制

形式，这种所有制存在的必要条件是，社会的绝大多数人没有任何财产。本句的定语从句由

关系代词WHO的所有格WHOSE引导出来。WHOSE在定语从句中作定语，修饰existence。

和forwhoexistence一起又去修饰thenecessarycondition，构成定语从句的主语。定语从

句的先行词是property。）

Inoneword,elyso;thatis

justwhatweintend.

Fromthemomentwhenlaborcannolongerbeconvertedintocapital,money,orrent,intoa

socialpowercapableofbeingmonopolized,i.e.,fromthemomentwhenindividualpropertycan

nolongerbetransformedintobourgeoisproperty,intocapital,fromthatmoment,yousay,

individualityvanishes.

Youmust,therefore,confessthatby"individual"youmeannootherpersonthanthebourgeois,

rsonmust,indeed,besweptoutoftheway,and

madeimpossible.

Communismdeprivesnomanofthepowertoappropriatetheproductsofsociety;allthatitdoes

istodeprivehimofthepowertosubjugatethelaborofothersbymeansofsuchappropriations.

Ithasbeenobjectedthatupontheabolitionofprivateproperty,allworkwillcea,anduniversal

lazinesswillovertakeus.

Accordingtothis,bourgeoissocietyoughtlongagotohavegonetothedogsthroughsheer

idleness;forthowhoacquireanything,leofthisobjectionisbutanother

expressionofthetautology:Therecannolongerbeanywagelaborwhenthereisnolongerany

capital.

Allobjectionsurgedagainstthecommunisticmodeofproducingandappropriatingmaterial

products,have,inthesameway,beenurgedagainstthecommunisticmodeofproducingand

tothebourgeois,thedisappearanceofclassproperty

isthedisappearanceofproductionitlf,sothedisappearanceofclasscultureistohimidentical

withthedisappearanceofallculture.

Thatculture,thelossofwhichhelaments,is,fortheenormousmajority,ameretrainingtoactas

amachine.

Butdon'twranglewithussolongasyouapply,toourintendedabolitionofbourgeoisproperty,

thestandardofyourbourgeoisnotionsoffreedom,culture,law,ryideasarebutthe

outgrowthoftheconditionsofyourbourgeoisproductionandbourgeoisproperty,justasyour

jurisprudenceisbutthewillofyourclassmadeintoalawforall,awillwhoesntialcharacter

anddirectionaredeterminedbytheeconomicalconditionsofexistenceofyourclass.（这是一个

表示比较的状语从句。由过去分词made引导的后置定语修饰thewill。后面的awill是前面

的thewill的同位语。awill本身又带有一个非限定性的定语从句，由关系代词who的所有

格who引导出。）

Thelfishmisconceptionthatinducesyoutotransformintoeternallawsofnatureandofreason

thesocialformsstringingfromyourprentmodeofproductionandformofproperty--

historicalrelationsthatrianddisappearintheprogressofproduction--thismisconceptionyou

sharewitheveryrulingclassthathasprecededyou.（本句可以翻译为：“这种自私的错误观念

诱使你们将……社会形式和所有制形式，即生产发展中的历史关系，转变为……永恒的规律

—你们和你们以前的所有统治阶级都有这种错误。”这个长句的主语在第二个破折号之后的

句子中，是you。谓语是share。宾语提前在句首，是Thelfishmisconception。整个句首的

Thelfishmisconception可以看成是第二个Thelfishmisconception的同位语，带上一个长

长的定语从句。在这个定语从句中，状语intoeternallaws提前到宾语thesocialforms…and

formofproperty之前。）Whatyoueclearlyinthecaofancientproperty,whatyouadmitin

thecaoffeudalproperty,youareofcourforbiddentoadmitinthecaofyourown

bourgeoisformofproperty.

Abolitionofthefamily!Eventhemostradicalflareupatthisinfamousproposalofthe

Communists.

Onwhatfoundationistheprentfamily,thebourgeoisfamily,bad?Oncapital,onprivategain.

Initscompletelydevelopedform,sstateof

thingsfindsitscomplementinthepracticalabnceofthefamilyamongproletarians,andin

publicprostitution.

Thebourgeoisfamilywillvanishasamatterofcourwhenitscomplementvanishes,andboth

willvanishwiththevanishingofcapital.

Doyouchargeuswithwantingtostoptheexploitationofchildrenbytheirparents?Tothiscrime

wepleadguilty.

But,yousay,wedestroythemosthallowedofrelations,whenwereplacehomeeducationby

social.

Andyoureducation!Isnotthatalsosocial,anddeterminedbythesocialconditionsunderwhich

youeducate,bytheinterventiondirectorindirect,ofsociety,bymeansofschools,etc.?The

Communistshavenotintendedtheinterventionofsocietyineducation;theydobutektoalter

thecharacterofthatintervention,andtorescueeducationfromtheinfluenceoftherulingclass.

Thebourgeoisclaptrapaboutthefamilyandeducation,aboutthehallowedcorrelationof

parentsandchild,becomesallthemoredisgusting,themore,bytheactionofModernIndustry,

allthefamilytiesamongtheproletariansaretornasunder,andtheirchildrentransformedinto

simplearticlesofcommerceandinstrumentsoflabor.

ButyouCommunistswouldintroducecommunityofwomen,screamsthebourgeoisieinchorus.

sthattheinstrumentsof

productionaretobeexploitedincommon,and,naturally,cancometonootherconclusionthat

thelotofbeingcommontoallwilllikewifalltothewomen.

Hehasnotevenasuspicionthattherealpointaimedatistodoawaywiththestatusofwomen

asmereinstrumentsofproduction.

Fortherest,nothingismoreridiculousthanthevirtuousindignationofourbourgeoisatthe

communityofwomenwhich,theypretend,istobeopenlyandofficiallyestablishedbythe

munistshavenoneedtointroducefreelove;ithaxistedalmostfrom

timeimmemorial.

Ourbourgeois,notcontentwithhavingwivesanddaughtersoftheirproletariansattheirdisposal,

nottospeakofcommonprostitutes,takethegreatestpleasureinducingeachother'swives.

(Ah,thowerethedays!)

Bourgeoismarriageis,inreality,asystemofwivesincommonandthus,atthemost,whatthe

Communistsmightpossiblybereproachedwithisthattheydesiretointroduce,insubstitution

forahypocriticallyconcealed,rest,itis

lf-evidentthattheabolitionoftheprentsystemofproductionmustbringwithitthe

abolitionoffreelovespringingfromthatsystem,i.e.,ofprostitutionbothpublicandprivate.

TheCommunistsarefurtherreproachedwithdesiringtoabolishcountriesandnationality.

he

proletariatmustfirstofallacquirepoliticalsupremacy,mustritobetheleadingclassofthe

nation,mustconstituteitlfthenation,itis,sofar,itlfnational,thoughnotinthebourgeois

noftheword.

Nationaldifferencesandantagonismbetweenpeoplesaredailymoreandmorevanishing,owing

tothedevelopmentofthebourgeoisie,tofreedomofcommerce,totheworldmarket,to

uniformityinthemodeofproductionandintheconditionsoflifecorrespondingthereto.

actionofthe

leadingcivilizedcountriesatleastisoneofthefirstconditionsfortheemancipationofthe

proletariat.

Inproportionastheexploitationofoneindividualbyanotherwillalsobeputanendto,the

ortionastheantagonism

betweenclasswithinthenationvanishes,thehostilityofonenationtoanotherwillcometoan

end.

Thechargesagainstcommunismmadefromareligious,aphilosophicaland,generally,froman

ideologicalstandpoint,arenotdervingofriouxamination.

Doesitrequiredeepintuitiontocomprehendthatman'sideas,views,andconception,inone

word,man'sconsciousness,changeswitheverychangeintheconditionsofhismaterialexistence,

inhissocialrelationsandinhissociallife?

Whateldoesthehistoryofideasprove,thanthatintellectualproductionchangesitscharacter

inproportionasmaterialproductionischanged?Therulingideasofeachagehaveeverbeenthe

ideasofitsrulingclass.

Whenpeoplespeakoftheideasthatrevolutionizesociety,theydobutexpressthatfactthat

withintheoldsocietytheelementsofanewonehavebeencreated,andthatthedissolutionof

theoldideaskeepvenpacewiththedissolutionoftheoldconditionsofexistence.

Whentheancientworldwasinitslastthroes,theancientreligionswereovercomebyChristianity.

WhenChristianideassuccumbedintheeighteenthcenturytorationalistideas,feudalsociety

asofreligiouslibertyand

freedomofconsciencemerelygaveexpressiontotheswayoffreecompetitionwithinthe

domainofknowledge.

"Undoubtedly,"itwillbesaid,"religious,moral,philosophical,andjuridicialideashavebeen

igion,morality,philosophy,political

science,andlaw,constantlysurvivedthischange."

"Thereare,besides,eternaltruths,suchasFreedom,Justice,etc.,thatarecommontoallstates

munismabolisheternaltruths,itabolishesallreligion,andallmorality,

insteadofconstitutingthemonanewbasis;itthereforeactsincontradictiontoallpasthistorical

experience."

Whatdoesthisaccusationreduceitlfto?Thehistoryofallpastsocietyhasconsistedinthe

developmentofclassantagonisms,antagonismsthatassumeddifferentformsatdifferent

epochs.

Butwhateverformtheymayhavetaken,onefactiscommontoallpastages,viz.,the

er,then,thatthesocialconsciousnessof

pastages,despiteallthemultiplicityandvarietyitdisplays,moveswithincertaincommonforms,

orgeneralideas,whichcannotcompletelyvanishexceptwiththetotaldisappearanceofclass

antagonisms.

Thecommunistrevolutionisthemostradicalrupturewithtraditionalrelations;nowonderthat

itsdevelopmentinvolvedthemostradicalrupturewithtraditionalideas.

Butletushavedonewiththebourgeoisobjectionstocommunism.

Wehaveenabovethatthefirststepintherevolutionbytheworkingclassistoraithe

proletariattothepositionofrulingclasstowinthebattleofdemocracy.

Theproletariatwilluitspoliticalsupremacytowrest,bydegree,allcapitalfromthe

bourgeoisie,tocentralizeallinstrumentsofproductioninthehandsofthestate,i.e.,ofthe

proletariatorganizedastherulingclass;andtoincreathetotalproductiveforcesasrapidlyas

possible.

Ofcour,inthebeginning,thiscannotbeeffectedexceptbymeansofdespoticinroadsonthe

rightsofproperty,andontheconditionsofbourgeoisproduction;bymeansofmeasures,

therefore,whichappeareconomicallyinsufficientanduntenable,butwhich,inthecourofthe

movement,outstripthemlves,necessitatefurtherinroadsupontheoldsocialorder,andare

unavoidableasameansofentirelyrevolutionizingthemodeofproduction.

Themeasureswill,ofcour,bedifferentindifferentcountries.

Nevertheless,inmostadvancedcountries,thefollowingwillbeprettygenerallyapplicable.

ionofpropertyinlandandapplicationofallrentsoflandtopublicpurpos.

progressiveorgraduatedincometax.

ionofallrightsofinheritance.

cationofthepropertyofallemigrantsandrebels.

lizationofcreditinthebanksofthestate,bymeans

ofanationalbankwithstatecapitalandanexclusivemonopoly.

lizationofthemeansofcommunicationandtransportinthehandsofthestate.

ionoffactoriesandinstrumentsofproductionownedbythestate;thebringinginto

cultivationofwastelands,andtheimprovementofthesoilgenerallyinaccordancewitha

commonplan.

ishmentofindustrialarmies,especiallyforagriculture.

ationofagriculturewithmanufacturingindustries;gradualabolitionofallthe

distinctionbetweentownandcountrybyamoreequabledistributionofthepopulaceoverthe

country.

ionofchildren'sfactorylaborinits

ationofeducationwithindustrialproduction,etc.

When,inthecourofdevelopment,classdistinctionshavedisappeared,andallproductionhas

beenconcentratedinthehandsofavastassociationofthewholenation,thepublicpowerwill

calpower,properlysocalled,ismerelytheorganizedpowerof

roletariatduringitscontestwiththebourgeoisieis

compelled,bytheforceofcircumstances,toorganizeitlfasaclass;if,bymeansofarevolution,

itmakesitlftherulingclass,and,assuch,sweepsawaybyforcetheoldconditionsof

production,thenitwill,alongwiththeconditions,havesweptawaytheconditionsforthe

existenceofclassantagonismsandofclassgenerally,andwilltherebyhaveabolisheditsown

supremacyasaclass.

Inplaceoftheoldbourgeoissociety,withitsclassandclassantagonisms,weshallhavean

associationinwhichthefreedevelopmentofeachistheconditionforthefreedevelopmentof

all.

III--SOCIALISTANDCOMMUNISTLITERATURE

ONARYSOCIALISM

Socialism

Owingtotheirhistoricalposition,itbecamethevocationofthearistocraciesofFranceand

renchRevolutionofJuly

1830,andintheEnglishreformagitation,thearistocraciesagainsuccumbedtothehateful

forth,ary

ninthedomainofliterature,theoldcriesofthe

restorationperiodhadbecomeimpossible.[1]

Inordertoarousympathy,thearistocracywasobligedtolosight,apparently,ofitsown

interests,andtoformulateitsindictmentagainstthebourgeoisieintheinterestoftheexploited

,thearistocracytooktheirrevengebysinginglampoonsontheirnew

mastersandwhisperinginhiarssinisterprophesiesofcomingcatastrophe.

Inthiswayarofeudalsocialism:halflamentation,halflampoon;halfanechoofthepast,half

menaceofthefuture;attimes,byitsbitter,wittyandincisivecriticism,strikingthebourgeoisie

totheveryheart'score,butalwaysludicrousinitffect,throughtotalincapacitytocomprehend

themarchofmodernhistory.

Thearistocracy,inordertorallythepeopletothem,wavedtheproletarianalms-baginfrontfora

people,sooftenasitjoinedthem,sawontheirhindquarterstheoldfeudalcoats

ofarms,anddertedwithloudandirreverentlaughter.

OnectionoftheFrenchLegitimistsand"YoungEngland"exhibitedthisspectacle:

Inpointingoutthattheirmodeofexploitationwasdifferenttothatofthebourgeoisie,the

feudalistsforgetthattheyexploitedundercircumstancesandconditionsthatwerequitedifferent

ingthat,undertheirrule,themodernproletariatnever

existed,theyforgetthatthemodernbourgeoisieisthenecessaryoffspringoftheirownformof

society.

Fortherest,solittledotheyconcealthereactionarycharacteroftheircriticismthattheirchief

accusationagainstthebourgeoisamountstothis:thatunderthebourgeoisregimeaclassis

beingdevelopedwhichisdestinedtocutup,rootandbranch,theoldorderofsociety.

Whattheyupbraidthebourgeoisiewithisnotsomuchthatitcreatesaproletariatasthatit

createsa_revolutionary_proletariat.

Inpoliticalpractice,therefore,theyjoininallcorrectivemeasuresagainsttheworkingclass;and

inordinarylife,despitetheirhighfalutin'phras,theystooptopickupthegoldenapples

droppedfromthetreeofindustry,andtobartertruth,love,andhonor,fortrafficinwool,

beetroot-sugar,andpotatospirits.[2]

Astheparsonhavergonehandinhandwiththelandlord,sohasclericalsocialismwithfeudal

socialism.

Christianitydeclaimed

againstprivateproperty,againstmarriage,againstthestate?Hasitnotpreachedintheplaceof

the,charityandpoverty,celibacyandmortificationoftheflesh,monasticlifeandMother

Church?Christiansocialismisbuttheholywaterwithwhichthepriestconcratesthe

heart-burningsofthearistocrat.

-BourgeoisSocialism

Thefeudalaristocracywasnottheonlyclassthatwasruinedbythebourgeoisie,nottheonly

classwhoconditionsofexistencepinedandperishedintheatmosphereofmodernbourgeois

ievalburgessandthesmallpeasantproprietorsweretheprecursorsofthe

ecountrieswhicharebutlittledeveloped,industriallyand

commercially,thetwoclassstillvegetatesidebysidewiththerisingbourgeoisie.

Incountrieswheremoderncivilizationhasbecomefullydeveloped,anewclassofpetty

bourgeoishasbeenformed,fluctuatingbetweenproletariatandbourgeoisie,andeverrenewing

ividualmembersofthisclass,however,

asbeingconstantlyhurleddownintotheproletariatbytheactionofcompetition,and,as

ModernIndustrydevelops,theyevenethemomentapproachingwhentheywillcompletely

disappearasanindependentctionofmodernsociety,tobereplacedinmanufactures,

agricultureandcommerce,byoverlookers,bailiffsandshopmen.

IncountrieslikeFrance,wherethepeasantsconstitutefarmorethanhalfofthepopulation,it

wasnaturalthatwriterswhosidedwiththeproletariatagainstthebourgeoisieshouldu,in

theircriticismofthebourgeoisregime,thestandardofthepeasantandpettybourgeois,and

fromthestandpointoftheintermediateclass,shouldtakeupthecudgelsfortheworking

diwastheheadofthisschool,notonlyin

FrancebutalsoinEngland.

Thisschoolofsocialismdisctedwithgreatacutenessthecontradictionsintheconditionsof

ed,

incontrovertibly,thedisastrouffectsofmachineryanddivisionoflabor;theconcentrationof

capitalandlandinafewhands;overproductionandcris;itpointedouttheinevitableruinof

thepettybourgeoisandpeasant,themiryoftheproletariat,theanarchyinproduction,the

cryinginequalitiesinthedistributionofwealth,theindustrialwarofexterminationbetween

nations,thedissolutionofoldmoralbonds,oftheoldfamilyrelations,oftheoldnationalities.

Initpositiveaims,however,thisformofsocialismaspireithertorestoringtheoldmeansof

productionandofexchange,andwiththemtheoldpropertyrelations,andtheoldsociety,orto

crampingthemodernmeansofproductionandofexchangewithintheframeworkoftheold

propertyrelationsthathavebeen,andwereboundtobe,er

ca,itisbothreactionaryandUtopian.

Itslastwordsare:corporateguildsformanufacture;patriarchalrelationsinagriculture.

Ultimately,whenstubbornhistoricalfactshaddisperdallintoxicatingeffectsoflf-deception,

thisformofsocialismendedinamirablehangover.

or"True"Socialism

ThesocialistandcommunistliteratureofFrance,aliteraturethatoriginatedunderthepressure

ofabourgeoisieinpower,andthatwastheexpressionsofthestruggleagainstthispower,was

introducedintoGermanyatatimewhenthebourgeoisieinthatcountryhadjustbegunits

contestwithfeudalabsolutism.

Germanphilosophers,would-bephilosophers,andbeauxesprits(menofletters),eagerlyized

onthisliterature,onlyforgettingthatwhenthewritingsimmigratedfromFranceintoGermany,

actwithGermansocial

conditions,thisFrenchliteraturelostallitsimmediatepracticalsignificanceandassumedapurely

,totheGermanphilosophersoftheeighteenthcentury,thedemandsofthe

firstFrenchRevolutionwerenothingmorethanthedemandsof"PracticalReason"ingeneral,

andtheutteranceofthewilloftherevolutionaryFrenchbourgeoisiesignified,intheireyes,the

lawsofpurewill,ofwillasitwasboundtobe,oftruehumanwillgenerally.

TheworkoftheGermanliteraticonsistedsolelyinbringingthenewFrenchideasintoharmony

withtheirancientphilosophicalconscience,orrather,inannexingtheFrenchideaswithout

dertingtheirownphilosophicpointofview.

Thisannexationtookplaceinthesamewayinwhichaforeignlanguageisappropriated,namely,

bytranslation.

ItiswellknownhowthemonkswrotesillylivesofCatholicsaints_over_themanuscriptson

manliteratireverd

otetheirphilosophicalnonnbeneath

tance,beneaththeFrenchcriticismoftheeconomicfunctionsof

money,theywrote"alienationofhumanity",andbeneaththeFrenchcriticismofthebourgeois

statetheywrote"dethronementofthecategoryofthegeneral",andsoforth.

TheintroductionofthephilosophicalphrasatthebackoftheFrenchhistoricalcriticisms,

theydubbed"PhilosophyofAction","TrueSocialism","GermanScienceofSocialism",

"PhilosophicalFoundationofSocialism",andsoon.

TheFr,sinceit

cead,inthehandsoftheGerman,toexpressthestruggleofoneclasswiththeother,hefelt

consciousofhavingovercome"Frenchone-sidedness"andofreprenting,nottrue

requirements,buttherequirementsoftruth;nottheinterestsoftheproletariat,buttheinterests

ofhumannature,ofmaningeneral,whobelongstonoclass,hasnoreality,whoexistsonlyin

themistyrealmofphilosophicalfantasy.

ThisGermansocialism,whichtookitsschoolboytasksoriouslyandsolemnly,andextolledits

poorstock-in-tradeinsuchamountebankfashion,meanwhilegraduallylostitspedantic

innocence.

ThefightoftheGermans,andespeciallyofthePrussianbourgeoisie,againstfeudalaristocracy

andabsolutemonarchy,inotherwords,theliberalmovement,becamemoreearnest.

Bythis,thelong-wishedforopportunitywasofferedto"True"Socialismofconfrontingthe

politicalmovementwiththesocialisticdemands,ofhurlingthetraditionalanathemasagainst

liberalism,againstreprentativegovernment,againstbourgeoiscompetition,bourgeois

freedomofthepress,bourgeoislegislation,bourgeoislibertyandequality,andofpreachingto

themassthattheyhadnothingtogain,andeverythingtolo,bythisbourgeoismovement.

Germansocialismforgot,inthenickoftime,thattheFrenchcriticism,whosillyechoitwas,

presuppodtheexistenceofmodernbourgeoissociety,withitscorrespondingeconomic

conditionsofexistence,andthepoliticalconstitutionadaptedthereto,theverythingswho

attainmentwastheobjectofthependingstruggleinGermany.

Totheabsolutegovernments,withtheirfollowingofparsons,professors,countrysquires,and

officials,itrvedasawelcomescarecrowagainstthethreateningbourgeoisie.

Itwasasweetfinish,afterthebitterpillsoffloggingandbullets,withwhichthesame

governments,justatthattime,dodtheGermanworking-classrisings.

Whilethis"True"SocialismthusrvedthegovernmentasaweaponforfightingtheGerman

bourgeoisie,it,atthesametime,directlyreprentedareactionaryinterest,theinterestof

any,thepetty-bourgeoisclass,arelicofthesixteenthcentury,and

sincethenconstantlycroppingupagainunderthevariousforms,istherealsocialbasisofthe

existingstateofthings.

Tustrialand

politicalsupremacyofthebourgeoisiethreatensitwithcertaindestruction--ontheonehand,

fromtheconcentrationofcapital;ontheother,fromtheriofarevolutionaryproletariat.

"True"adlikeanepidemic.

Therobeofspeculativecobwebs,embroideredwithflowersofrhetoric,steepedinthedewof

sicklyntiment,thistranscendentalrobeinwhichtheGermanSocialistswrappedtheirsorry

"eternaltruths",allskinandbone,rvedtowonderfullyincreathesaleoftheirgoods

tspartGermansocialismrecognized,moreandmore,itsown

callingasthebombasticreprentativeofthepetty-bourgeoisphilistine.

ItproclaimedtheGermannationtobethemodelnation,andtheGermanpettyphilistinetobe

yvillainousmeannessofthismodelman,itgaveahidden,higher,

socialisticinterpretation,totheextremelengthof

directlyopposingthe"brutallydestructive"tendencyofcommunism,andofproclaimingits

ryfewexceptions,alltheso-called

socialistandcommunistpublicationsthatnow(1847)circulateinGermanybelongtothedomain

ofthisfoulandenervatingliterature.[3]

VATIVEORBOURGEOISSOCIALISM

Apartofthebourgeoisieisdesirousofredressingsocialgrievancesinordertocurethe

continuedexistenceofbourgeoissociety.

Tothisctionbelongeconomists,philanthropists,humanitarians,improversoftheconditionof

theworkingclass,organizersofcharity,membersofsocietiesforthepreventionofcrueltyto

animals,temperancefanatics,rmof

socialismhas,moreover,beenworkedoutintocompletesystems.

WemayciteProudhon'sPhilosophyofPovertyasanexampleofthisform.

Thesocialisticbourgeoiswantalltheadvantagesofmodernsocialconditionswithoutthe

siretheexistingstateofsociety,

shforabourgeoisiewithouta

rgeoisienaturallyconceivestheworldinwhichitissupremetobethebest;

andbourgeoissocialismdevelopsthiscomfortableconceptionintovariousmoreorlesscomplete

iringtheproletariattocarryoutsuchasystem,andtherebytomarch

straightawayintothesocialNewJerusalem,itbutrequiresinrealitythattheproletariatshould

remainwithintheboundsofexistingsociety,butshouldcastawayallitshatefulideasconcerning

thebourgeoisie.

Acond,andmorepractical,butlesssystematic,formofthissocialismsoughttodepreciate

everyrevolutionarymovementintheeyesoftheworkingclassbyshowingthatnomerepolitical

reform,butonlyachangeinthematerialconditionsofexistence,ineconomicalrelations,could

gesinthematerialconditionsofexistence,thisformof

socialism,however,bynomeansunderstandsabolitionofthebourgeoisrelationsofproduction,

anabolitionthatcanbeaffectedonlybyarevolution,butadministrativereforms,badonthe

continuedexistenceoftherelations;reforms,therefore,thatinnorespectaffecttherelations

betweencapitalandlabor,but,atthebest,lesnthecost,andsimplifytheadministrativework

ofbourgeoisgovernment.

Bourgeoissocialismattainsadequateexpressionwhen,andonlywhen,itbecomesamerefigure

ofspeech.

Freetrade:tiveduties:forthebenefitoftheworking

reform:thelastwordandtheonly

riouslymeantwordofbourgeoissocialism.

Itissummedupinthephra:thebourgeoisisabourgeois--forthebenefitoftheworkingclass.

AL-UTOPIANSOCIALISMANDCOMMUNISM

Wedonothererefertothatliteraturewhich,ineverygreatmodernrevolution,hasalwaysgiven

voicetothedemandsoftheproletariat,suchasthewritingsofBabeuf[4]andothers.

Thefirstdirectattemptsoftheproletariattoattainitsownends,madeintimesofuniversal

excitement,whenfeudalsocietywasbeingoverthrown,necessarilyfailed,owingtothethen

undevelopedstateoftheproletariat,aswellastotheabnceoftheeconomicconditionsforits

emancipation,conditionsthathadyettobeproduced,andcouldbeproducedbytheimpending

olutionaryliteraturethataccompaniedthefirstmovementsof

lcateduniversalasceticismand

sociallevellinginitscrudestform.

Thesocialistandcommunistsystems,properlysocalled,thoofSaint-Simon[5],Fourier[6],

Owen[7],andothers,springintoexistenceintheearlyundevelopedperiod,describedabove,of

thestrugglebetweenproletariatandbourgeoisie(oisandProletarians).

Thefoundersofthesystemse,indeed,theclassantagonisms,aswellastheactionofthe

proletariat,asyetinitsinfancy,

offerstothemthespectacleofaclasswithoutanyhistoricalinitiativeoranyindependent

politicalmovement.

Sincethedevelopmentofclassantagonismkeepvenpacewiththedevelopmentofindustry,

theeconomicsituation,astheyfindit,doesnotasyetoffertothemthematerialconditionsfor

ereforearchafteranewsocialscience,afternew

sociallaws,thataretocreatetheconditions.

Historicalactionistoyieldtotheirpersonalinventiveaction;historicallycreatedconditionsof

emancipationtofantasticones;andthegradual,spontaneousclassorganizationofthe

proletarhistory

resolvesitlf,intheireyes,intothepropagandaandthepracticalcarryingoutoftheirsocial

plans.

Intheformationoftheirplans,theyareconsciousofcaringchieflyfortheinterestsofthe

workingclass,omthepointofviewofbeingthemost

sufferingclassdoestheproletariatexistforthem.

Theundevelopedstateoftheclassstruggle,aswellastheirownsurroundings,causSocialists

nttoimprove

theconditionofeverymemberofsociety,,theyhabitually

appealtosocietyatlarge,withoutthedistinctionofclass;nay,bypreference,totherulingclass.

Forhowcanpeoplewhenoncetheyunderstandtheirsystem,failtoeinitthebestpossible

planofthebestpossiblestateofsociety?

Hence,theyrejectallpolitical,andespeciallyallrevolutionaryaction;theywishtoattaintheir

endsbypeacefulmeans,necessarilydoomedtofailure,andbytheforceofexample,topavethe

wayforthenewsocialgospel.

Suchfantasticpicturesoffuturesociety,paintedatatimewhentheproletariatisstillinavery

undevelopedstateandhasbutafantasticconceptionofitsownposition,correspondwiththe

firstinstinctiveyearningsofthatclassforageneralreconstructionofsociety.

Butthtackevery

,theyarefullofthemostvaluablematerialsforthe

cticalmeasurespropodinthem--suchasthe

abolitionofthedistinctionbetweentownandcountry,ofthefamily,ofthecarryingonof

industriesfortheaccountofprivateindividuals,andofthewagesystem,theproclamationof

socialharmony,theconversionofthefunctionofthestateintoamoresuperintendenceof

production--alltheproposalspointsolelytothedisappearanceofclassantagonismswhich

were,atthattime,onlyjustcroppingup,andwhich,inthepublications,arerecognizedintheir

roposals,therefore,areofapurelyutopian

character.

Thesignificanceofcritical-utopiansocialismandcommunismbearsaninverrelationto

ortionasthemodernclassstruggledevelopsandtakesdefinite

shape,thisfantasticstandingapartfromthecontest,thefantasticattacksonit,loall

ore,althoughtheoriginatorsofthe

systemswere,inmanyrespects,revolutionary,theirdiscipleshave,ineveryca,formedmere

ldfastbytheoriginalviewsoftheirmasters,inoppositiontothe

,therefore,endeavor,andthat

consistently,illdream

ofexperimentalrealizationoftheirsocialutopias,offoundingisolatedphalansteres,of

establishing"HomeColonies",orttingupa"LittleIcaria"[8]--pocketeditionsoftheNew

Jerusalem--andtorealizeallthecastlesintheair,theyarecompelledtoappealtothefeelings

ees,theysinkintothecategoryofthereactionary

conrvativesocialistsdepictedabove,differingfromtheonlybymoresystematicpedantry,

andbytheirfanaticalandsuperstitiousbeliefinthemiraculouffectsoftheirsocialscience.

They,therefore,violentlyoppoallpoliticalactiononthepartoftheworkingclass;suchaction,

accordingtothem,canonlyresultfromblindunbeliefinthenewgospel.

TheOwenitesinEngland,andtheFourieristsinFrance,respectively,oppotheChartistsandthe

Reformistes.

IV--POSITIONOFTHECOMMUNISTSINRELATIONTO

THEVARIOUSEXISTINGOPPOSITIONPARTIES

SectionIIhasmadecleartherelationsoftheCommuniststotheexistingworking-classparties,

suchastheChartistsinEnglandandtheAgrarianReformersinAmerica.

TheCommunistsfightfortheattainmentoftheimmediateaims,fortheenforcementofthe

momentaryinterestsoftheworkingclass;butinthemovementoftheprent,theyalso

ce,theCommunistsallywiththe

SocialDemocrats*againsttheconrvativeandradicalbourgeoisie,rerving,however,theright

totakeupacriticalpositioninregardtophasandillusionstraditionallyhandeddownfromthe

GreatRevolution.

InSwitzerland,theysupporttheRadicals,withoutlosingsightofthefactthatthispartyconsists

ofantagonisticelements,partlyofDemocraticSocialists,intheFrenchn,partlyofradical

bourgeois.

InPoland,theysupportthepartythatinsistsonanagrarianrevolutionastheprimeconditionfor

nationalemancipation,thatpartywhichfomentedtheinsurrectionofKrakowin1846.

InGermany,theyfightwiththebourgeoisiewheneveritactsinarevolutionaryway,againstthe

absolutemonarchy,thefeudalsquirearchy,andthepetty-bourgeoisie.

Buttheynevercea,forasingleinstant,toinstillintotheworkingclasstheclearestpossible

recognitionofthehostileantagonismbetweenbourgeoisieandproletariat,inorderthatthe

Germanworkersmaystraightwayu,assomanyweaponsagainstthebourgeoisie,thesocial

andpoliticalconditionsthatthebourgeoisiemustnecessarilyintroducealongwithitssupremacy,

andinorderthat,afterthefallofthereactionaryclassinGermany,thefightagainstthe

bourgeoisieitlfmayimmediatelybegin.

TheCommuniststurntheirattentionchieflytoGermany,becauthatcountryisontheeveofa

bourgeoisrevolutionthatisboundtobecarriedoutundermoreadvancedconditionsof

EuropeancivilizationandwithamuchmoredevelopedproletariatthanthatofEnglandwasin

theventeenth,andFranceintheeighteenthcentury,andbecauthebourgeoisrevolutionin

Germanywillbebutthepreludetoanimmediatelyfollowingproletarianrevolution.

Inshort,theCommunistverywheresupporteveryrevolutionarymovementagainsttheexisting

socialandpoliticalorderofthings.

Inallthemovements,theybringtothefront,astheleadingquestionineach,theproperty

question,nomatterwhatitsdegreeofdevelopmentatthetime.

Finally,theylaboreverywherefortheunionandagreementofthedemocraticpartiesofall

countries.

enlydeclarethattheirendscan

berulingclass

haveaworldtowin.

Proletariansofallcountries,unite!