explain

EXPLAIN

GWD-5-Q8:

Whenanewrestaurant,Martin’sCafe,openedinRivervillelastyear,manypeople

predictedthatbusinessattheWildflowerInn,Riverville’sonlyotherrestaurant,would

singly,however,intheyearsinceMartin’sCafe

opened,theaveragenumberofmealspernightrvedattheWildflowerInnhas

increadsignificantly.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplaintheincrea?

theWildflowerInn,Martin’sCafervesconsiderablymoremealson

weekendsthanitdoesonweekdays.以偏概全

thecustomersofMartin’sCafehadneverdinedinRivervillebefore

thisrestaurantopened,andonmostdaysMartin’sCafeattractsmore

customersthanitcanat.

fitpermealishigher,onaverage,formealsrvedatMartin’sCafethan

forthorvedattheWildflowerInn.

dflowerInnisnotopenonSundays,andthereforeRivervilleresidents

whochootodineoutonthatdaymusteithereatatMartin’sCafeorgoto

neighboringtownstoeat.无关选项！当时看反了

ficantproportionofthestaffatMartin’sCafearepeoplewhoformerly

workedattheWildflowerInnandwerehiredawaybytheownerofMartin’s

Cafe.[B]

B说M店就餐的人在M店开张之前大多都没在R地吃过饭（说明M的开张增

加了总的吃饭人数），而且M店总是有人抢不到位置吃饭（说明增加人数有部分

没吃到饭）——》只好到W店去吃了

GWD-5-Q16:

Maizecontainsthevitaminniacin,raisa

izewasintroducedintosouthern

EuropefromtheAmericasintheeighteenthcentury,itquicklybecameadietarystaple,

andmanyEuropeanswhocametosubsistprimarilyonmaizedevelopedpellagra指因为

欧洲人常吃M，但是M里面的Niacin不能被吸收.Pellagrawasvirtuallyunknownatthat

timeintheAmericas在美国没有P病,however,evenamongpeoplewhosubsisted

primarilyonmaize.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplainthecontrastingincidenceof

pellagradescribedabove?

troducedintosouthernEurope,maizebecamepopularwithlandowners

becauofitshighyieldsrelativetoothercerealcrops.

rownintheAmericascontainedmoreniacinthanmaizegrowninEurope

did.

ionalwaysofpreparingmaizeintheAmericasconvertmaize’sniacin

intoanutritionallyufulform.

hernEuropemanyofthepeoplewhoconsumedmaizealsoateniacin-rich

foods.

thediscoveryofpellagra’slinkwithniacin,itwaswidelybelievedthat

thediawasaninfectionthatcouldbetransmittedfrompersontoperson.[C]

GWD-5-Q33:

sreason,domesticsheep,though

esntiallyeasypreyforwolves,ntiapriorto

1910,farmersneverthelesslostconsiderablenumbersofsheeptowolveachyear.

Attributingthistothelargenumberforwolves,in1910thegovernmentbeganoffering

1910to1915,largenumbersofwolveswere

fattacksonsheepincreadsignificantly.

狼数量减少，domestic羊反而减少了

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplaintheincreainwolfattackson

sheep?

tionsofdeerandotherwildanimalsthatwolvestypicallypreyon

increadsignificantlyinnumbersfrom1910to1915.

o1910,therewerenolegalrestrictionsinHylantiaonthehuntingof

wolves.

1910huntersshotandwoundedasubstantialnumberofwolves,

therebygreatlydiminishingthewolves’abilitytopreyonwildanimals.

icsheeparesignificantlylessablethanmostwildanimalstodefend

themlvesagainstwolfattacks.

tematichuntingofwolvencouragedbytheprogramdrovemanywolves

inHylantiatomigratetoremotemountainareasuninhabitedbyhumans.[C]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-

GWD-5-Q38:

ticconverters,devices

designedtoreducenitrogendioxideemissions,havebeenrequiredinallnewcarsin

Doniasince1993,andasaresult,nitrogendioxideemissionshavebeensignificantly

houghtheproportionofnewcarsin

Donia’scapitalcityhasalwaysbeencomparativelyhigh,nitrogendioxideemissions

therehaveshowedonlyaninsignificantdeclinesince1993.

1993年起Donia所有新车要求CC。Donia大多数地方因此尾气排放减少。但是在D

的首都，虽然新车比例很高，但是1993年以来尾气排放没有明显减低

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplaintheinsignificantdeclineinnitrogen

dioxideemissionsinDonia’scapitalcity?

thecarsinDonia’scapitalcityweremadebefore1993thanafter1993.

berofnewcarssoldperyearinDoniahasdeclinedslightlysince1993.

antsotherthannitrogendioxidethatareemittedbyautomobileshavealso

beensignificantlyreducedinDoniasince1993.

nianswhoowncarsmadebefore1993havehadcatalyticconverters

installedintheircars.

rtripsinDonia’scapitalcityaretooshortforthecatalyticconverter

toreachitffectiveworkingtemperature.[E]

A错：比如1993年前11万辆，1993后10万辆。那末要求1993年后的车装CONVERTER，肯定污

染会明显减少。A解释不了原文的现象

GWD-8-Q33***:注意找同一名词下的不同现象

Inordertowithstandtidalcurrents,juvenilehorshoecrabsfrequentlyburrowinthe

lly

grown,however,thecrabscanreadilywithstandtidalcurrentswithoutburrowing,and

singly,inareaswheretidal

currentsareveryweak,juvenilehorshoecrabsarefoundnottohavesignificant

barnaclepopulations,eventhoughtheyldomburrow.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplainthesurprisingfinding?

关键，找影响Barnacle的因素。

1Burrow，越埋越不会有Barnacles。

2grown了，不埋，Barnacles多

3Barnacles和shell

urrentsdonotthemlvesdislodgebarnaclesfromtheshellsofhorshoecrabs.

与画线部分矛盾

lesmostreadilyattachthemlvestohorshoecrabsinareaswheretidal

currentsareweakest.

engthofthetidalcurrentsinagivenlocationvarieswidelyoverthecourofa

day.

argebarnaclepopulationcansignificantlydecreatheabilityofahorshoe

crabtofindfood.

heyarefullygrown,horshoecrabsshedtheirshellsandgrownewones

veraltimesayear.[E]

这是解释矛盾题（或解释现象），要先找到矛盾（或奇怪现象）。

奇怪现象：Suchburrowingdiscouragesbarnaclesfromclingingtotheirshells即一

般juvenilehorshoecrabs会附着barnacles。但是，juvenilehorshoecra

bsarefoundnottohavesignificantbarnaclepopulations,eventhoughthey

ldomburrow（这排除BURROW使它们没有附着barnacle的原因）。所以你要

找另外原因解释foundnottohavesignificantbarnacle。E的意思为juvenile

horshoecrabs（Untiltheyarefullygrown指在他们长大前）一年有几次脱

旧壳，长新壳。所以上面的barnacle都给脱掉了，当然没发现barnacle。

排除法：A和原文第二句话矛盾，Tidalcurrents无法去掉crabs的barnacles。

GWD-9-Q12:

Amosquitobitecantransmittoapersontheparasitethatcausmalaria,andtheuof

mosquitonetsoverchildren’sbedscansignificantlyreducetheincidenceofmalarial

lichealthofficialsare

reluctanttorecommendtheuofmosquitonetsoverchildren’sbedsinsuchareas.

蚊网虽然能够减少疟疾感染小孩，但是健康专家不推荐小孩使用蚊网

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldprovidethestrongestgroundsforthepublichealth

officials’reluctance?

xposuretomalariaincreasthebody’sresistancetoitandresultsina

lesrlikelihoodofverelife-threateningepisodesofmalaria.

tobitescantransmittopeoplediasotherthanmalaria.削弱

tonetsprovideprotectionfromsomeinctpestsotherthanmosquitoes.削弱

ghtherearevaccinesavailableformanychildhooddias,novaccinehas

beendevelopedthatiffectiveagainstmalaria.无关

ticidesthataremosteffectiveagainstmosquitoesinregionswheremalariais

commonhavesignificantdetrimentaleffectsonhumanhealth.[A]无关

GWD-9-Q16:

Adiethighinsaturatedfatsincreasaperson’sriskofdevelopingheartdia.

-capitaconsumptionofsaturated

fatsiscurrentlyaboutthesameinFranceasintheUnitedStates,butthereislessheart

diatherethanintheUnitedStatesbecauconsumptionofredwineishigherin

ferenceinregularred-wineconsumptionhasbeennarrowing,butno

similarconvergenceinheart-diarateshasoccurred.

红酒降低心脏病并发危险。

美国比法国和红酒的少，美国比法国心脏病多。

红酒消费差距在减少，心脏病并发率没有变化。

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoaccountforthelackofconvergencenoted

above?

ptionofsaturatedfatsisrelatedmorestronglytothegrowthoffattydeposits

onarterywalls,whichreducebloodflowtotheheart,thanitistoheartdia

directly.

epast30years,per-capitaconsumptionofsaturatedfatshasremained

esntiallyunchangedintheUnitedStatesbuthasincreadsomewhatinFrance.

softhehealthbenefitsofredwinehaveledmanypeopleintheUnitedStates

todrinkredwineregularly.前提的原因

ttesmoking,whichcanalsocontributetoheartdia,isonlyslightlymore

commoninFrancethanintheUnitedStates.没有解释为何美国仍旧比法国心脏病多

rconsumptionofredwineisdecliningdramaticallyamongyoungadultsin

France,andheartdiatypicallydoesnotmanifestitlfuntilmiddleage.[E]

如果如B所说，即法国的per-capitaconsumptionofsaturatedfats增加，则heartdia会增

加，合美国的CONVERGENCE就有可能，解释不了lackofconvergencenoted。

原文给两个规律：FAT高HEARTDISEASE也高。WINE低HEARTDISEASE也低。

过去：法国（FAT一样，WINE高，HEARTDISEASE低）

美国（FAT一样，WINE低，HEARTDISEASE高）

现在：WINE的差别已缩小，却HEARTDISEASE没缩小。

B说美国的FAT没变，法国的FAT增加点，既然法国的FAT增加，HEARTDISEASE也应增加，它和美国

在HEARTDISEASE方面的差距应缩小。但原文要你解释的是没缩小。

GWD-11-Q27:

Mayor:Migratingshorebirdsstopatourbeachjusttofeedonhorshoe-crabeggs,a

gmoretourists,thetowncouncilplansto

undertakeabeachreclamationprojecttodoubletheareaavailabletocrabsfornesting.

Birdwatcher:Withoutahighdensityofcrabsonabeach,migratingshorebirdswillgo

hungrybecaushorebirdsonlyeateggsthatacrabhappenstouncoverwhenitis

diggingitsownnest.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldprovidethemayorwiththestrongestcounterto

thebirdwatcher’sobjection?

earacertainpercentageofcrabsarecaughtbyfishermenasbaitforeel

traps.

hoecrabsaresoprolificthatgivenfavorablecircumstancestheir

numbersincrearapidly.

age,touristswhocometothetowninordertowatchbirdsspendmore

moneytherethantouristswhocomeforotherpurpos.

itionallandmadeavailablebythereclamationprojectwillgive

migratingshorebirdsmorespace.

themigratingshorebirdsmakeonlyonestopduringtheirmigrationform

SouthAmericatoCanada.

GWD-12-Q22*

Denoma,amajorconsumer-electronicsmaker,hadasizeabledeclineinsalesrevenue

sultappearssurprising,becauelectronics

retailersreportthatalthoughtheir是指零售商的销售overallsaleswereconsiderably

lowerthaninthepreviousyear,theirsalesrevenuefromDenomamodelsactuallygrew,

largelythankstosomeinnovativeandpopularmodelsthatDenomaintroduced.

D的销售收入下降

零售商总体销售下降，来自于D的销售收入增加，因为D引进了新的受欢迎的Models

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,doesmosttoexplaintheapparentlysurprisingresult?

eoftheneedtoeducatethepublicaboutitsnewmodels’capabilities,

Denoma’sadvertisingspendingwashigherthannormalovertheperiod.

periodatissue,Denoma’smajorcompetitorsreporteddeclinesin

revenuethatwere,inpercentageterms,greaterthanDenoma’s.

ficantproportionofDenoma’srevenuecomesfrommakingcomponents

forotherconsumer-electronicsmanufacturers.D公司销给零售商部分增加，而这部

分对D公司是很少部分，故其总销售额还是降，而零售商销D公司部分销售额增加，而整体部分

还是减少。从而解释了原文这状况。另外，从零售商总体销售下降可以得出其他生产者销售收入

不佳，也就部分说明了D除了销给零售商所得的那部分收入以外的收入是下降的。

someofitsmajorcompetitors,Denomahasnolinesofbusinessoutside

consumerelectronicstoproviderevenuewhenretailsalesofconsumer

electronicsareweak.

theperiod,consumer-electronicsretailerssoldremainingunitsof

Denoma’ssuperdedmodelsatpricesthatweredeeplydiscountedfromtho

models’originalprices.。E只能解释零售商利润增加，不能解释D公司和零售商销售额下

降。

原文要解释的是：D公司销售额大幅度下降。零售商总的销售额大幅度下降，而D公司产品的销售额却由

于D公司的新产品而实际增加。正确选项要和这情况相符合C说明整体销售额是下降的（零售商和D公司）

T-4-Q28

InBerinia,1990,in

anattempttoreducealcoholconsumptionandtherebytoreducealcohol-relatedtrafficdeaths

amongBeriniansunder21,l-relatedtrafficdeaths

heless,surveysshowthat

peopleinthatage-groupdrinkjustasmuchalcoholastheydidbefore1990.u

法定喝酒年龄18---21

目的：减少21岁以下喝酒consumption+酒后驾车事故

结果：酒后驾车事故减少了，但是21岁以下的人喝酒数量没有减少

Whichofthefollowing,iftrueofBerinia,mosthelptoresolvetheapparentdiscrepancy?

populationasawhole,annualalcoholconsumptionisnolowernowthanitwasin

1990

lconsumptionawayfromhome,forexampleinbarsandrestaurants,ismuch

loweramongpeopleunder21thanitwasin1990意思就是在家里面喝酒就不出去开车了。

portionofpeopleunder21whoownacarishighernowthanitwasin1990

lconsumptionisloweramongpeopleunder21thanamongadultsinmostother

age-groups.

l-relatedtrafficdeathsamongpeopleover21haveincreadslightlysince1990.

文章没有在说比率，Alcohol-relatedtrafficdeathsamongpeopleunder21havedecreadsignificant

lysince1990，是说绝对值哦

TheproblemwithCisthat:

X=totalnumberofpeopleunder21inBerinia

Y%=totalpercentofpeoplewhodrinks(remainsrelativelyconstant)

A%=totalpercentofcarownersunderthe21BEFOREthechangeinlegaldrinkingage

B%=totalpercentofcarownersunderthe21AFTERthechange

Theamountofpeoplewhocandrinkanddrivebefore:X*Y*A

Theamountofpeoplewhocandrinkanddriveafter:X*Y*B

BadontheconditionthatB>Awecanconcludethatafter>before,doesn'texplainthedecrea

inalcohol-relatedtrafficdeath.

Ialwaysfigureouttheconstantfactorsfirst,stoppayingattentiontothemandthenfocusonwhat's

tlistingouttheformulas,

focusontheonlythingthatchanged(carowners)andehowitaffectstheoverallresult

(accidents).

T-4-Q2注意数学题是词汇。比如这里就是平均的概念

Twentyyearsago,Balzaniaputinplaceregulationsrequiringoperatorsofsurfaceminestopayfor

hen,,the

averagereclamationcostforasurfacecoalminebeingreclaimedtodayisonlyfourdollarsperton

ofcoalthatthemineproduced,lessthanhalfwhatitcosttoreclaimsurfaceminesintheyears

immediatelyaftertheregulationstookeffect.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoaccountforthedropinreclamationcostsdescribed?

terBalzaniabeganrequiringsurfacemineoperatorstopayreclamationcosts,coal

minesinBalzaniacontinuedtobelesxpensivetooperatethancoalminesinalmostany

othercountry.

wentyyearssincetheregulationstookeffect,theuofcoalasafuelhasdeclined

和开采之间还是需要补充说明

不能自己推断

eratorshavegenerallyceadsurfacemininginthemountainousareasof

Balzaniabecaureclamationcostspertonofcoalproducedareparticularlyhighfor

minesinsuchareas.

terBalzaniabeganrequiringsurfacemineoperatorstopayreclamationcosts,

surfaceminescontinuedtoproducecoalatalowertotalcostthanundergroundmines.

aredtotwentyyearsago,agreaterpercentageofthecoalminedinBalzania

todaycomesfromsurfacemines.

选C,因为矿主差不多都停止了开采,所以Balzania收的钱的总数就少了,导致平均每吨的成本也就低了.