王位继承法
王位继承法
总说:现在世界上的国王几乎都是终身制,王位的继承也是世袭
制。但王位继承法却因国而异。嫡长子孙继承法是很多国家采用的方
法,这种继承法和中国古代皇家的继承法相类似。如果皇帝无子,则
从皇室近亲过继,继承大统。现在日本、不丹、尼泊尔、西班牙的皇
位继承大致都是这样。英国实行的王位继承法是男女都有继承权,但
规定先男后女,先长后幼的原则。现在英国女王伊丽莎白二世就是因
为老王乔治只生下她们姐妹俩,她是姐姐,所以登上了国王的宝座。
而王储必须等到现任国王驾崩才有资格登基。至于要等多长时间,那
就很难预测了。如挪威国王奥拉夫五世今年已80多岁了,王储也逾
花甲之年,但还得等下去。
英国王位继承法
1701年英国王位继承法(一七OO年制订,一七O一年公布)
第一条当今国王无嗣,死后其王位由安妮公主(Anne)继承,
安妮公主无嗣,死后其王位由国王詹姆士一世的孙女、已故波希米王
后的女儿、汉诺威选侯索菲亚公主及其信仰新教的后裔继承。
当今国王陛下及丹麦安娜公主都无后嗣时,英格兰、法兰西、爱
尔兰领土以及所属自治领的王位与尊号,由已故国王詹姆士一世的孙
女、已故波希米王后伊丽莎白公主的女儿、汉诺威选侯索菲亚公主继
承。当今国王陛下及丹麦安娜公主死后,如果都无后嗣,英格兰、法
兰西、爱尔兰领土以及所属自治领的王位、王政、以及英国君主所享
有的一切荣誉、称号、皇权、特权、权力与权威等,都应归属于该索
菲亚公主及其信仰新教的后裔。贵族院议员及平民院议员本身及其后
代,应当以全国人民的名义,在当今国王陛下公主殿下和安娜死后并
且无后嗣时,按照本法关于王位继承的限制规定,坚决拥护和保卫索
菲亚公主及其信仰新教的后裔,并竭力以生命和财产对任何企图反对
者加以摈斥。
第二条按照本法可以继承王位、坚持同罗马教会交往者,按照
威廉国王和玛丽女王第一年的法令第六章的规定,均无资格按前举法
令宣誓加冕。
凡按照本法的限制规定可以继承王位者,若现在或将来同罗马教
廷或者教会和好,或者保持交往,或者信奉罗马天主教或者与罗马天
主教徒结婚,都应按照前举法令所规定和确认的情形,丧失继承的资
格。
凡依照本法而即王位的国王和女王,都应在加冕时,按照当今国
王和已故玛丽女王统治第一年所制定的国会法令(称为加冕宣誓法),
举行宣誓仪式,并且应当依照该项法令所定的手续和方式,签署并朗
诵其中所规定的誓词。
第三条关于保障这些领地的宗教、法律和自由的更详明的规定。
当今国王和丹麦安娜公主死后且无后嗣时,为保障我们的宗教、
法律和自由,制订更详明的规定是必要的和必不可少的。这应当由国
王陛下商得贵族院和平民院议员的同意,以国王的权力加以规定。
此后凡登上王位的人,都应同法律规定的英国教会交往。
此后本国王位与尊号归属于非英格兰王国的人的时候,如果未经
国会同意,本国国民不负防御不属于英国的领土而从事战争的义务。
本法的限制规定发生效力后,凡生于英格兰、苏格兰或爱尔兰所
属自治领或领土之外的人(包括入籍的在内,但父母是英国人的除
外),不得担任枢密院顾问官或者国会两院的议员,也不得担任文武
官职,他本人或者他所信托的人不得享有国王赐予的土地或者世袭财
产。
对国会平民院提出的弹劾,不得凭恃英王赦免进行抗辩。
第四条本国法律和法令的确认。
鉴于英国法律是英国人民与生俱来的权利,因此,凡得登上英国
王位的国王和女王,都应依照英国法律的规定管理政务,他们所属官
吏和大臣也都应按照同样的法律为国王效力。
因此,贵族院和平民院议员谨再作如下的请求:一切保障国教及
人民权利和自由的法律和法令以及现行的其他法律和法令,得予批准
和确认,并由国王陛下商得贵族院和平民院议员的同意,以他的权力
加以批准和确认。
英国王位的继承是根据长子继承权来决定的,即王位应先由现任
君主的长子继承,然后才依次序轮到其他儿子,最后才轮到女儿。但
是根据法律,英国王位的继承不是自动的,1701年通过的《王位继
承法》(ActofSettlement)规定,王位应该传给汉诺威选帝侯夫
人索菲亚(ElectressSophiaofHanover)的有血缘关系的后代,
而且继承者不得是天主教徒,也不得嫁娶一名天主教徒。一些人认为
该规定与英国其他法律中禁止宗教歧视的条款有冲突。不过实际上,
绝大多数有资格继承王位的人都是基督教新教徒,而且在公开场合都
大多宣称自己是圣公会成员。
此外该法案还规定,王位的继承是由议会来决定的,而非君主本
人。
王位继承顺序
这里列出了有资格继承王位的前15人
目前的君主:伊丽莎白二世女王陛下
1.威尔士亲王查尔斯王储殿下(伊丽莎白二世的长子)
2.威廉王子殿下(查尔斯王储的长子)
3.亨利王子殿下(又名哈利王子,查尔斯王储的次子)
4.约克公爵殿下(又名安德鲁王子,伊丽莎白二世的第二个儿子)
5.比阿特丽斯公主殿下(约克公爵的长女)
6.欧吉妮公主殿下(约克公爵的次女)
7.威塞克斯伯爵殿下(又名爱德华王子,伊丽莎白二世的第三个
儿子)
8.路易斯公主殿下(又名路易斯·温莎,威塞克斯伯爵的女儿)
9.王家长公主殿下(又名安妮公主,伊丽莎白二世的女儿)
10.彼得·菲利浦斯(安妮公主的长子)
11.扎拉·菲利浦斯(安妮公主的女儿)
12.林莱子爵(乔治六世的孙子、玛格丽特公主的儿子)
13.查尔斯·阿姆斯特朗-琼斯(林莱子爵的儿子)
14.玛格丽特·阿姆斯特朗-琼斯(林莱子爵的女儿)
15.萨拉·切多(乔治六世的孙女、玛格丽特公主的女儿)
由于欧洲各国王室通婚的结果,一些欧洲国家的君主和王族也有
权继承英国王位。挪威国王哈拉尔五世是英国王位的第60位顺序继
承人,瑞典国王卡尔十六世·古斯塔夫排在第182位,丹麦女王玛格
丽特二世排在第208位,荷兰女王贝娅特丽克丝排在第806位。作为
希腊-丹麦王族的后代和维多利亚女王的重曾孙,爱丁堡公爵菲利普
亲王排在第490位。
《王位继承法》(1701年)【英文】
ActofSettlement,1701
WhereasinthefirstyearofthereignofYourMajesty,andofourlatemos
tgracioussovereignladyQueenMary(ofblesdmemory),anActofParliament
wasmade,entitled,"AnActfordeclaringtherightsandlibertiesofthesubje
ct,andforttlingthesuccessionofthecrown,"whereinitwas(amongstothe
rthings)enacted,established,anddeclaredthatthecrownandregalgovernmen
toftheKingdomsofEngland,France,andIreland,andthedominionsthereunto
belonging,shouldbeandcontinuetoYourMajestyandthesaidlateQueen,duri
ngthejointlivesofYourMajestyandthesaidQueen,andtothesurvivor:and
thatafterthedeceaofYourMajestyandofthesaidQueen,thesaidCrowna
ndregalgovernmentshouldbeandremaintotheheirsofthebodyofthesaidl
ateQueen;andfordefaultofsuchissue,toHerRoyalHighnessthePrincessAn
neofDenmark,andtheheirsofherbody;andfordefaultofsuchissuetothe
astherebyfurtherenacted,thatall
andeverypersonandpersonsthatthenwere,orafterwardsshouldbereconcile
dto,orshallholdcommunionwiththeeorChurchofRome,orshouldprofess
thepopishreligion,ormarryapapist,shouldbeexcluded,andarebythatAc
tmadeforeverincapabletoinherit,posss,orenjoytheCrownandgovernmen
tofthisrealm,andIreland,andthedominionsthereuntobelonging,oranypar
tofthesame,ortohave,u,orexercianyregalpower,authority,orjuri
sdictionwithinthesame:andinallandeverysuchcaandcasthepeopleo
ftherealmsshallbeandaretherebyabsolvedoftheirallegiance:andthat
thesaidCrownandgovernmentshallfromtimetotimedescendtoandbeenjoyed
bysuchpersonorpersons,beingProtestants,asshouldhaveinheritedandenj
oyedthesame,incathesaidpersonorpersons,soreconciled,holdingcommu
nion,professingormarrying,asaforesaid,werenaturallydead:来源:f
Afterthemakingofwhichstatute,andthettlementthereincontained,y
ourmajesty'sgoodsubjects,whowererestoredtothefullandfreeposssion
andenjoymentoftheirreligion,rights,andliberties,bytheprovidenceofGo
dgivingsuccesstoyourmajesty'sjustundertakingsandunweariedendeavoursf
orthatpurpo,hadnogreatertemporalfelicitytohopeorwishfor,thatto
earoyalprogenydescendingfromYourMajesty,towhom(underGod)theyowe
theirtranquillity,andwhoancestorshaveformanyyearsbeenprincipalas
rtorsofthereformedreligionandthelibertiesofEurope,andfromoursaidm
ostgracioussovereignlady,whomemorywillalwaysbeprecioustothesubjec
tsoftherealms:andithavingsincepleadAlmightyGodtotakeawayours
aidsovereignLady,andalsothemosthopefulPrinceWilliam,DukeofGlouceste
r(theonlysurvivingissueofHerRoyalHighnessthePrincessAnneofDenmark)
totheunspeakablegriefandsorrowofYourMajestyandyoursaidgoodsubject
s,whoundersuchlossbeingnsiblyputinmind,thatitstandethwhollyin
thepleasureofAlmightyGodtoprolongthelivesofYourMajestyandofHerR
oyalHighness,andtogranttoYourMajesty,ortoHerRoyalHighness,suchiss
ueasmaybeinheritabletotheCrownandregalgovernmentaforesaid,bythere
spectivelimitationsinthesaidrecitedactcontained,doconstantlyimploret
hedivinemercyforthoblessings:andYourMajesty'ssaidsubjectshavingda
ilyexperienceofyourroyalcareandconcernfortheprentandfuturewelfar
eoftheKingdoms,andparticularlyrecommendingfromyourthroneafurtherp
rovisiontobemadeforthesuccessionoftheCrownintheProtestantline,for
thehappinessofthenation,andthecurityofourreligion;anditbeingab
solutelynecessaryforthesafety,peace,andquietofthisrealm,toobviatea
lldoubtsandcontentionsinthesame,byreasonofanypretendedtitletothe
Crown,andtomaintainacertaintyinthesuccessionthereof,towhichyoursub
jectsmaysafelyhaverecourfortheirprotection,incathelimitationsin
thesaidrecitedactshoulddetermine:thereforeforafurtherprovisionofth
esuccessionoftheCrownintheProtestantline,weYourMajesty'smostdutifu
landloyalsubjects,theLordsSpiritualandTemporal,andCommons,inthispr
entParliamentasmbled,dobeechYourMajestythatitmaybeenactedand
declared,andbeitenactedanddeclaredbytheKing'smostexcellentmajesty,
byandwiththeadviceandconntoftheLordsSpiritualandTemporal,andCom
mons,inthisprentParliamentasmbled,andbytheauthorityofthesame,T
hatthemostexcellentPrincessSophia,ElectressandDuchessDowagerofHanove
r,daughterofthemostexcellentPrincessElizabeth,lateQueenofBohemia,da
ughterofourlatesovereignlordKingJamestheFirst,ofhappymemory,beand
isherebydeclaredtobethenextinsuccession,intheProtestantline,toth
eimperialCrownanddignityofthesaidRealmsofEngland,France,andIreland,
withthedominionsandterritoriesthereuntobelonging,afterHisMajesty,and
thePrincessAnneofDenmark,andindefaultofissueofthesaidPrincessAnn
e,andofHisMajestyrespectively:andthatfromandafterthedeceasofHis
saidMajesty,ournowsovereignlord,andofHerRoyalHighnessthePrincessA
nneofDenmark,andfordefaultofissueofthesaidPrincessAnne,andofHis
Majestyrespectively,theCrownandregalgovernmentofthesaidKingdomsofEn
gland,France,andIreland,andofthedominionsthereuntobelonging,withthe
royalstateanddignityofthesaidRealms,andallhonours,styles,titles,re
galities,prerogatives,powers,jurisdictionsandauthorities,tothesamebelo
ngingandappertaining,shallbe,remain,andcontinuetothesaidmostexcelle
ntPrincessSophia,andtheheirsofherbody,beingProtestants:andthereunto
thesaidLordsSpiritualandTemporal,andCommons,shallandwillinthename
ofallthepeopleofthisRealm,mosthumblyandfaithfullysubmitthemlves,
theirheirsandposterities:anddofaithfullypromi,thatafterthedecea
sofHisMajesty,andHerRoyalHighness,andthefailureoftheheirsoftheir
respectivebodies,tostandto,maintain,anddefendthesaidPrincessSophia,
andtheheirsofherbody,beingProtestants,accordingtothelimitationand
successionoftheCrowninthisactspecifiedandcontained,totheutmostoft
heirpowers,withtheirlivesandestates,againstallpersonswhatsoeverthat
shallattemptanythingtothecontrary.
edalways,andbeitherebyenacted,Thatallandeverypersonan
dpersons,whoshallormaytakeorinheritthesaidCrown,byvirtueoftheli
mitationofthisprentact,andis,areorshallbereconciledto,orshallh
oldcommunionwith,theSeeorChurchofRome,orshallprofessthepopishreli
gion,orshallmarryapapist,shallbesubjecttosuchincapacities,asinsuc
hcaorcasarebythesaidrecitedactprovided,enacted,andestablished;
andthateveryKingandQueenofthisRealm,whoshallcometoandsucceedin
theimperialCrownofthisKingdom,byvirtueofthisact,shallhavethecoron
ationoathadministeredtohim,herorthem,attheirrespectivecoronations,a
ccordingtotheactofParliamentmadeinthefirstyearofthereignofHisMa
jesty,andthesaidlateQueenMary,intituled,Anactforestablishingthecor
onationoath,andshallmake,subscribe,andrepeatthedeclarationintheact
firstaboverecitedmentionedorreferredto,inthemannerandformtherebypr
escribed.
reasitisrequisiteandnecessarythatsomefurtherprovision
bemadeforcuringourreligion,lawsandliberties,fromandafterthedeat
hofHisMajestyandthePrincessAnneofDenmark,andindefaultofissueoft
hebodyofthesaidPrincess,andofHisMajestyrespectively;beitenactedby
theKing'smostexcellentmajesty,byandwiththeadviceandconntoftheL
ordsSpiritualandTemporal,andCommons,inParliamentasmbled,andbythea
uthorityofthesame,
ThatwhosoevershallhereaftercometotheposssionofthisCrown,shall
joinincommunionwiththeChurchofEngland,asbylawestablished;
ThatincatheCrownandimperialdignityofthisRealmshallhereaftercome
toanyperson,notbeinganativeofthisKingdomofEngland,thisnationben
otobligedtoengageinanywarforthedefenceofanydominionsorterritories
whichdonotbelongtotheCrownofEngland,withouttheconntofParliament;
ThatnopersonwhoshallhereaftercometotheposssionofthisCrown,sh
allgooutofthedominionsofEngland,Scotland,orIreland,withoutthecon
ntofParliament;
Thatfromandafterthetimethatthefurtherlimitationbythisactshall
takeeffect,allmattersandthingsrelatingtothewellgoverningofthisKing
dom,whichareproperlycognizableinthePrivyCouncilbythelawsandcustoms
ofthisRealm,shallbetranslatedthere,andallresolutionstakenthereupon
shallbesignedbysuchofthePrivyCouncilasshalladviandconnttothe
same;
Thatafterthesaidlimitationshalltakeeffectasaforesaid,nopersonb
ornoutoftheKingdomsofEngland,Scotland,orIreland,orthedominionsther
euntobelonging(althoughhebenaturalizedormadeadenizen,exceptsuchasa
rebornofEnglishparents)shallbecapabletobeofthePrivyCouncil,oram
emberofeitherHouofParliament,ortoenjoyanyofficeorplaceoftrust,
eithercivilormilitary,ortohaveanygrantoflands,tenementsorhereditam
entsfromtheCrown,tohimlfortoanyotherorothersintrustforhim;来
源:
ThatnopersonwhohasanofficeorplaceofprofitundertheKing,orrec
eivesapensionfromtheCrown,shallbecapableofrvingasamemberofthe
HouofCommons;
Thatafterthesaidlimitationshalltakeeffectasaforesaid,judgescommissi
onsbemadequamdiubenegesrint,andtheirsalariesascertainedandestab
lished;butupontheaddressofbothHousofParliamentitmaybelawfultor
emovethem;
ThatnopardonundertheGreatSealofEnglandbepleadabletoanimpeachmentb
ytheCommonsinParliament.
reasthelawsofEnglandarethebirth-rightofthepeoplether
eof,andalltheKingsandQueens,whoshallascendthethroneofthisRealm,o
ughttoadministerthegovernmentofthesameaccordingtothesaidlaws,anda
lltheirofficersandministersoughttorvethemrespectivelyaccordingtot
hesame:thesaidLordsSpiritualandTemporal,andCommons,dothereforefurth
erhumblypray,ThatallthelawsandstatutesofthisRealmforcuringthee
stablishedreligion,andtherightsandlibertiesofthepeoplethereof,andal
lotherlawsandstatutesofthesamenowinforce,mayberatifiedandconfirm
ed,andthesamearebyHisMajesty,byandwiththeadviceofthesaidLordsS
piritualandTemporal,andCommons,andbyauthorityofthesame,ratifiedand
confirmedaccordingly.
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