2021英语一答案

2021考研英语〔一〕真题及参考答案〔完整版〕

SectionIUofEnglish

Directions:

thebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand

markA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

nehand,it'sanecessarycondition1

manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,therhand,puttingyour2,

inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3.

4,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauitfeelsgood.5peopleplacetheirtrust

inanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaoxytocin,ahormonethat6

pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto7with

istshavefoundthatexposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting

9:InaSwissstudy,rearcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosofhalfthesubjects;

thosubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangers

thanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingel.

11forus,ian

studyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acredible

oddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdinga

terwouldask,“What'sinhere?〞beforelookingintothe

container,smiling,andexclaiming,“Wow〞!Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook

themfoundatoy;theotherhalf16thecontainerwampty-andrealized

thetesterhad17them.

Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocooperate

withthetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.

19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe

“20〞testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.

*—

1.[A]on

■**

[B]like

[C]for[D]from

2.[A]faith(B)concern[C]attention[D]interest

3.[A]benefit[B]debt[C]hope[D]price

4.[A]Therefore[B]Then[C]Instead[D]Again

5.[AjUntil

[B]Unless[C]Alihough

[D]

6.[A]lects[B]produces[C]applies[D]maintains

7.[A]consdt[B]compete[C]counect[D]compare

S.[A]at

IB]by[C]of

[D]to

9.[A]context[B]mood[C]period[D]circle

1O.[A]counterparts[B]substitutes[C]colleagues

[Djaupporters

1l.[A]Funny[B]Lucky[C]Odd[D]Ironic

12.[A]monitor[B]protect[C]surpri[D]delight

13{A]between

[B]within

[C]toward

[D]over

14.[A]nansferred[B]added

[C]introduced

[D]enmisred

15一[A]out

[B]back[C]around[D]inside

16JA]discovered[B]proved[C]insisrtd[D]rcmcnibered

17.[A]betrayed[B]wronged[C]fooled[D]mocked

IS[A]forced[B]TVilling[C]hesiunt[D]entided

19[A]Encontrast[B]Asaresult[C]Ontheuholt[D]Forinsanee

2O.[A]inflexible[B]incapable[C]unreliable[D]unsmtible

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

thequestionsbeloweachtext

Text1

Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobably

gounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:Whathappenswhenthe

robotscomefortheirjobs?

Don'e

athighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthe

-incomejobslikegardeningor

daycaredon'ymiddle-classoccupations-trucking,finan

cialadvice,softwareengineering——have

aroudtheirinterest,howntherobots,sotheywillbefine.

Thisisn'stspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhas

ustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowellforLuddites

whojobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraidliving

bychoosingA,B,uranswersontheANSWI

ER

HEET.(40points)

,automationshould

eventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfree

workersfromhard,hemediumterm,middle-classworkersmay

needalotofhelpadjusting.

Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecond

MachineAge,ulums—from

grammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmore

onalschoolsshoulddoabetterjob

offost

dmakeextratrainingand

sionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodoso

withoutgoingintodebt.

reviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.

Inpreviourasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthe

tusof3D

printersandvirtualrealityhaven'henew

companiesthatwillinventthem.

Finally,becauautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincome

andlaborincome,nlow-

wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcredit

shouldbeexpanded:Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompanies

forjobcreation,andreduceinequality.

Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,

yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothowhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedby

automation.

policiestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.

2L一WhowillbemostthreatenedbyautomationQ

[A]Leadingpoliticims.

[B]Low-wag&laborers.

[CjRobotbvnm〞

[D]Nlid(ile-cla£sxvorkers.

22XVhkhofth亡followingbestreprenttheauthors匸恰“川

[A]Worriesaboutauwmaxionareinfactgroundless.

[BjOptimists'apinio口5onnewtechfintHitdtsupport.

[C]Issuesarisin呂fromautomationnetdtobetackled

[DjNegativeconquencesofnewtechcanbeavoided

&nintheageofautomaticiishouldputmoreenipkasison[A]creativepotential.

[Bjjcb-huntingskills-

[C]individualneeds.

[D]iril_

thorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbelimedat

[A]encouragingthedevelopmentcfautematon

[EJincreasinglhererumoncapitalinvesnnenr.

[C]easingthehostilirybetweenrichandpoci.

[D]prevennng±eincomiegapfromwidening.

25In

[A]opposingviewsonit.

[B]possiblesolutionsioit

[C]itsblamingimpacts.

[D]it5majorvaiiahcns.

Text2

AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmerica

nsdisapproveofPresidentTrump'licationisthatMillennials

prefernewsfromtheWhiteHoutobefilteredthrough

othersource,Notapresident'ssocialmediaplatform.

istrust

hasrintowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracy

the2021presidentialcampaign,nearly

aquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitter

ursinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUn

rveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentof

Facebookursrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.

Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillful

tFoundationfocus-groupsurvey

ofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyu“distributedtrust〞to

oss-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives

—especiallythothatareopenaboutanybias.“Manyyoungpeopleassumea

greatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemlvesandactivelyeking

outopposingviewpoints,〞thesurveyconcluded.

Suchactiverearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2021surveyconducted

inAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityof

Wisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople'srelianceonsocialmedialedto

greaterpoliticalengagement.

Socialmediaallowsurstoexperiencenewventsmoreintimatelyand

immediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheir

rcesurstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassing

ybyBarnarearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenby

Americansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“readererror,〞moresothan

thirdsaytheproblemof

fakenewsliesin“misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews〞viasocial

rwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartof

theissue.“Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibility

incounteractingthisproblem,〞saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarna

Group.

Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyreveala

mentaldisciplineinthinkingskills—andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocial

media.

ingtothePaiagraph.s1and2

=

inanyyoungAmeri亡an5castdoubtsnn

[A]±ejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice.

[B]people'spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms.

[C]theadmmistratioii^.

[D]socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews.

at;bcernpT(Line2,Para.2)isclostinnieaniagto

[A]sharpen

[B]define

[C]toast

[D]share

rvey,ycimgpeople

[A]tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspice.

[B]verifyn亡活塔byitftningtodiverresources.

[C]havesstrongnofresponsibility;

[D]lik?tovi^^son"dhuibuydOUST"

asurtevfcundthatimaincauforthefakenewsproblemis

[A]readersoutdatedvalues.

[B]journalists=biadreporting

[C]readers'misLnterpretaticn

[D]joumalists'madt-upstories.

fthefollowingwoiildbethebestttleforthetext1

[A]ARiinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnline

[B]ACcunteractionAgainsttkeOver-tweclingTrend

[C]Th&AccumulationcfMutualTrustonSocialMedia.

[D]ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests.

Text3

Anyfair-mindedasssmentofthedangersofthedealbetween

Britain'sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledg

ndisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligenee

(AI)entialofthis

workappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurther

ainstthatbackground

thattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamning

verdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedoverto

DeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsIn2021onthebasisofavague

agreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients'rightsandtheir

expectationsofprivacy.

trusthasmendeditsways.

Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwill

becarefullyscrutinidtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedof

relessonsabout

vacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaand

amchotoconcentratetheblameonthe

NHStrust,sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled〞thedataandDeepMindmerely

“procesd"sdistinctionmissthepointthatitisprocessingand

aggregation,notthemereposssionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.

Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathat

ylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividual

ssthewaythesurveillance

aofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitis

comparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.

Theuofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightly

tenoughtosay

t

mattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusing

warepromistosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,

tillatthe

beginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegigantic

trugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigital

am'sreportisawelcomestart.

oftheagreementtheNHSandDeepMind?

[A]ItcaudconQictsamongtechgiants.[£]Itiul?dtppaydue旺口IQHCQpane口心lights,

[€]Ltfellshortof±elitter'^pectalicns

[D]Itputbothsidesintoadmgeroussimidon.

trustrespondedtoDenham'sverdictwith

[A]亡mptypromis,

[B]toughlesistance.

[C]ntcessarvadjustmenTs.

[D]sincereapologies.

horarguesinParagraph2that

[A]privacyprotect!onmustb亡curedatallcosts.

[B]kxkingpatientsdataisworthanllingit.

[C]makingprofitsfrompatients'ditsisillegal.

[D]thevalu^ofdatacomesfromtheprocessitiocfit

>riiiigtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfrom±isdealis

[A]theviciousrivalsamongbigphannas

[B]theineffectiA-eenforcementofprivacylaw.

[C]±euncontrolleduofnswsofhvare

[B]themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants.

35

r

TTieauthor'sattitudetowaid±eapplicationafAItohealthcareis

[A]ambiguous.

[B].

[C]appreciative

[D]contcmpiuaus.

Text4

Service(USPS)rtedanet

lossof$5.6billionforfiscal2021,the10thstraightyearitxpenshaveexceeded

ile,ithasmorethan$120billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyfor

e

ntally,theUSPSisinahistoricsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathas

permanentlydecread

demandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,anda

regulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustits

operationstothenewreality

Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakerxert

lf-interestedpressureontheUSPS'sultimateoverer-Congress-insistingthat

whateverelhappenstothePostalService,aspectsofthestatusquotheydepend

whyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedin

recentyears,leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillxceptbydeferring

vitalmodernization.

Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved---Democrats,Republicans,the

PostalService,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviesturs—hasfinallyagreedon

ationismovingthroughtheHouthatwouldsave

USPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears,whichcouldhelppayfornew

vehicles,themoneywouldcomefroma

penny-per-letterpermanentrateincreaandfromshiftingpostalretireesinto

terstepwouldlargelyofftthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-

fundingretireehealthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPS

anditsunion.

IfitclearstheHou,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughtheSenate-

wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare,bareminimum

necessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,'sno

changetocollectivebargainingattheUSPS,amajoromissionconsideringthat

personnelaccountsfor80percentoftheagency'ssingisany

mmon-nchange

enjoyswidepublicsupportandwouldsavetheUSPS$tal

special-interestgroupsemtohavekilledit,rging

connsusaroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsaregettingfrightenedabouta

t,however,asign

thatthey'regettingriousabouttransformingthepostalsystemforthe21st

century.

36ThefinancialproblemuiththeUSPSiscaudpaitiyby

[A],itsunbalancedbudget.

[B].itsrigidmanagement.

[C].th亡costfortechnicalupgrading.

[D].the^ididrawalofbanksupport.

ingtoPira呂ilstomodernizeitlfdueto

[A],theLuterfeencefrcwninterestgroups.

[B].theinadequatefimdingfromCongress.

[C]theshrinkingdemand,forpostalrvice.

[D]rheincompeteD匚eofpostalunioas.

3SThelong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsBrionscanbeaddresdby

[A].removingitsburdenofretireehealthcare.

[B].makingnioreinvesttn^ritinnewvehities.

[C].adoptingam芒亡hanism.

[D].attractingmorefim-classmailurs.

33In±elastparagraph,±eavithoremsroviewlegishwswith

[A]respect.

[B]lokraiice.

[C]discantem_

[D]gratitude.

405Vhkhofthefallowingwouldbethebesttill亡fordiet亡？

[A]TheUSTSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDay&

[B]ThePostalSemce:KeepA'P.-ayfromMyChee

[C]TheUSPS:ChronicHines5RequiresaQuickCME

[D]HiePostalSendeeNeedsMorethanaBari-Aid

PartB

Directions:

stions

41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheparagraphsintoacoherentarticleby

aphsC

uranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10poi

nts)

mberof1869,Congressappointedacommissiontolectasite

commissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsfortheWarandNavy

orrorofsomewhoexpectedaGreekRevivaltwinofthe

TreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheothersideof

theWhiteHou,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyledesignbyAlfredMullett

waslected,andconstructionofabuildingtohouallthreedepartmentsbeganin

Juneof1871.

tedin1875,theStateDepartment'ssouthwingwasthefirsttobe

occupied,withitlegantfour-storylibrary(completedin1876),Diplomatic

ReceptionRoom,andSecretary'sofficedecoratedwithcarvedwood,Orientalrugs,

yDepartmentmovedintotheeastwingin1879,

whereelaboratewallandceilingstencilingandmarquetryfloorsdecoratedtheoffice

oftheSecretary.

te,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown,houdthe

threeExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimatelyassociatedwithformulatingand

conductingthenation'sforeignpolicyinthelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyand

thefirstquarterofthetwentiethcentury-theperiodwhentheUnitedStatemerged

ldinghashoudsomeofthenation'smost

significantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmanyhistoricevents.

themostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistorical

eventsthathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB'reandFranklin

elt,WilliamHowardTaft,ower,n,

GeraldFord,lhadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecoming

oud16SecretariesoftheNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and24

nChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapane

emissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthebombingofPearl

Harbor.

enhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsaunique

positioninboththenationalhistoryandthearchitecturalheritageoftheUnited

edbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasury,t,itwas

builtfrom1871to1888tohouthegrowingstaffsoftheState,War,andNavy

Departments,andisconsideredoneof

thebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitectureinthecountry.

theEEOBwasfinished,itwasthelargestofficebuildinginWashington,withnearly2

alloftheinteriordetailisofcastiron

orplaster;onumental

curvingstaircasofgranitewithover4,000individuallycastbronzebalustersare

cappedbyfourskylightdomesandtwostainedglassrotundas.

toryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswerelaid.

soffires

(includingthotbytheBritishin1814)andovercrowdedconditionsledtothe

1866,theconstructionoftheNorth

WingoftheTreasuryBuildingnecessitatedthedemolitionoftheStateDepartment

building.

【答案】41.(E)—C—42.(G)—43.(A)—F—44.(B)—45.(D)

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedgments

anslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10

points)

Shakespeare'slifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodofextraordinaryactivity

andachievementinthedrama.(46)BythedateofhisbirthEuropewaswitnessing

thepassingofthereligiousdrama,andthecreationofnewformsundertheincentive

ewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenby

scholarsandperformedbyamateurs,butinEngland,averywhereelinwestern

Europe,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningtomakethe

dramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalormedieval,literaryor

,schoolorganizationsofamateurs,andthetravelingactorswereall

rivalsinsupplyingawidespreaddesirefordramaticentertainment;and(47)noboy

whowentagrammarschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformofliterature

whichgaveglorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland.

WhenShakespearewastwelveyearsold,thefirstpublicplayhouwasbuiltin

imingat

literarydistinctionwerewrittenforschoolorcourt,'s

andtheroyalchapel,who,however,gaveplaysinpublicaswellasatcourt.(48)but

theprofessionalcompaniesprosperedintheirpermanenttheaters,anduniversity

menwithliteratureambitionswerequicktoturntothetheatersasofferinga

imeShakespearewastwenty-five,Lyly,Peele,and

Greenehadmadecomediesthatwereatoncepopularandliterary;Kydhadwrittena

tragedythatcrowdedthepit;andMarlowehadbroughtpoetryandgeniustotriumph

onthecommonstage-wheretheyhadplayednopartsincethedeathofEuripides.

(49)Anativeliterarydramahadbeencreated,

itsalliancewiththepublicplayhoustablished,andatleastsomeofitsgreat

traditionshadbeenbegun.

ThedevelopmentoftheElizabethandramaforthenexttwenty-fiveyearsisof

exceptionalinteresttostudentsofliteraryhistory,forinthisbriefperiodwemaytrace

thebeginning,growth,blossoming,anddecayofmanykindsofplays,andofmany

mazedtodayatthemerenumberofplaysproduced,aswell

asbythenumberofdramatistswritingatthesametimeforthisLondonoftwo

hundredthousandinhabitants.(50)Torealizehowgreatwasthedramaticactivity,we

mustrememberfurtherthathostsofplayshavebeenlost,andthatprobablythereis

noauthorofnotewhoentireworkhassurvived.

【参考译文】

46.到莎士比亚出生的年代，欧洲经历了宗教戏剧的消亡，以及在古典悲剧

和喜剧的影响下新的戏剧形式的产生。

47.每个进入文法学校学习的少年都知道戏剧是一种文学形式，这种文学形

式赋予希腊和罗马以荣耀，并且可能给英国带来荣耀。

48.但是这些专业公司在其永久剧院中兴起来了，进而，一些有文学抱负的

大学生很快投身到这些当作谋生手段的剧院中。

49.这些文学巨匠创造出了具有外乡特色的文学戏剧，并使其与公共剧场结

盟起来，至少一些伟大的传统已经开始了。

50.为了认识到戏剧行为的伟大性，我们必须进一步牢记许多戏剧形式已经

消失了，而且可能没有一位著名作家的全部作品得以存留至今。

SectionIIIWriting

PartA

ions：

Writeanemailtoallinternationalexpertsoncampusinvitingthemtoattendthe

emailyoushouldincludetime,placeandotherrelevant

informationabouttheceremony.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyontheANSEWERSHEET

“LiMing〞instead.(10

points)

【参考范文】

DearSirorMadam,

Iamwritingthisletterinordertoinviteyoutoattendtheforthcominggraduation

ceremony.

Theceremonywillbehostedintheauditoriumonourcampus,at10o'clockin

themorningonnextMonday,visableforyoutodressformal.

Plealetusknowyourdecisionassoonaspossiblesothatwecouldndyou

ouaresopopularamongusthatwesincerelyhope

youcouldacceptthisinvitationandgivethegraduatesawonderfulmemoryofour

campus.

Ifyouareavailable,behighly

appreciatedifyoucouldgiveusanearliestfavorablereply.

Yourssincerely,

LiMing

PartB

ions：

essay,

youshould

1)describethepicturesbriefly.

2)interpretthemeaning,and

3)giveyoucomments.

YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)

・堆课进打时

【参考范文】

Asisvividlydepictedinthegraphthatsittinginfrontofacomputer,

astudentislectingthecurriculum,takingnumeroulementsintoconsiderati

onincludingtheinnovation,thefreshnessofknowledgeandthelevelofdifficulty

aswellasthescoring,tion

says:Thecourlectingisontheway,indicatingtheimportanee

ofwell-roundedconsiderationwhilemaking

achoice.

Wecandeducefromtheportrayalthatwell-roundedcontemplating,a

significantquality,rvesasanindispensablecapabilitybringingabout

mmonly

knownthatthevalueofcomprehensivenessandsophisticationofthinkinghasbeen

provedbycountlesxamplesaroundus,suchasthegovernmentalpolicymaking

n

putthisnotionintopractice,itwouldexertprofoundandconstructiveinfluenee.

Therefore,well-roundedandthoroughthinkingwillcreatehuge

benefittotheprosperityofcommunityaswellaspersonaldevelopment.

Whateverdifficultyorsituationweareconfrontedwith,thowhohavethe

abilityofanalyzingtheingredientsandintegratingthem

ore,well-roundedconsiderationis

thewisdomweshouldliveupto.