in the ocean

TPO51托福阅读passage3:TheRoleoftheOcean

inControllingClimate原文文本+真题答案

第三篇：社会学

TheRoleoftheOceaninControllingClimate

Topredictwhattheclimatewillbelikeinthefuture,scientistsmust

odelsumathematical

equationstoreprentphysicalprocessandinteractionsinthe

atmosphere,ocean,ingpointisusuallybadon

,usinga

sphericalgridlaidoutovertheentireglobe,

thousandsofcalculationsareperformedatgridinterctionsto

reprentandassshowconditionsintheair,inthea,andonland

eoftheircomplexityandsize,

the

uncertaintyintheiroutputscomesfromthewaythatvariousaspectsof

theclimatearereprentedbydifferentmodels,andevenmoreso,

becauthereareaspectsofclimatethatarenotwellunderstood—

oneofwhichishowtheoceanimpactsclimate.

Theocean’sroleinglobalwarmingstemsprincipally

fromitshugecapacitytoabsorbcarbondioxideandtostoreand

ea,photosynthesisbymarineplantsandalgae,

especiallyphytoplankton,removesgreatquantitiesofcarbondioxide

,thegreaterthegrowth(productivity)of

phytoplanktoninthea,

whatcontrolstheocean’sproductivity?Thereareveral

limitingfactors,butresultsfromarecentexperimentsuggestthatin

areasoftheoceanwhereothernutrientsareplentiful,ironmaybeoneof

themostimportantand,untilrecently,unrecognizedvariables

vepropodaradical,

highlycontroversialanduncertainmeanstocounteractglobalwarming

—s

increadphytoplanktongrowthwoulduupasignificantamountof

carbondioxideintheatmosphere,butperhapsnot,andtheremightwell

besideeffectsthatcouldbedetrimentaltotheoceanecosystem.

Withintheocean,theproductionoflimestone,intheformof

calciumcarbonateskeletonsorshells,alsoreducesatmosphericcarbon

r,whendepositsoflimestonebecomeexpodand

weatheredonlandorarerecycledinthea,carbondioxideis

notwellunderstoodishow

muchcarbondioxideresidesintheaandatwhatrateitistakenup

velynewrearchhasalsodiscoveredbeneaththe

aanewandpotentiallysignificantthreattoskyrocketingEarth

temperature:ratesareasolid,crystallineformof

water,likeice,exceptthattheycontainadditionalgas,typicallymethane,

docean

temperaturescouldcaugashydratestodissociate,releasingmassive

amountsofmethanegasintotheatmosphereandcauundera

uently,hydratesmay,ifrelead,

significantlyincreaglobalwarmingaswellascreateageologichazard

tooffshoredrillingoperations.

om

irculation

isstronglycontrolledbywindandbythea’sbalanceofsalt

iststhinkthatclimatewarmingmayslow

downcirculation,whilecoolingmayspeeditup,buttheresponsare

ationfromtheoceanalsosuppliesthe

andicecoveragechangethe

reflectivityEarth’ssurfaceandareanimportantinfluenceonhow

rmore,

cloudsandwatervaporintheatmospherecomemainlyfromtheaand

singly,cloudsareoneoftheleast

understoodandmostpoorlymodeledpartsoftheclimatechange

imatemodelinggridsfailtotakeintoaccount

ls,tinyparticlesofsoot,dust,

andothermaterials,arethoughttoedcloudformationscatter

incomingradiationandpromotecooling,butthiffect,whichwould

counteractwarming,er

modelsofclimatechangemusttakeintoaccountalloftheprocess

withintheocean,overland,andintheskythatpotentiallyinfluence

erthereissuchuncertainty.

题目

Paragraph1

Topredictwhattheclimatewillbelikeinthefuture,scientistsmust

odelsumathematical

equationstoreprentphysicalprocessandinteractionsinthe

atmosphere,ocean,ingpointisusuallybadon

,usinga

sphericalgridlaidoutovertheentireglobe,thousandsofcalculations

areperformedatgridinterctionstoreprentandassshow

conditionsintheair,inthea,andonlandwillchangeovertime.

Becauoftheircomplexityandsize,supercomputersareudto

theuncertaintyintheiroutputs

comesfromthewaythatvariousaspectsoftheclimatearereprented

bydifferentmodels,andevenmoreso,becauthereareaspectsof

climatethatarenotwellunderstood—oneofwhichishowthe

oceanimpactsclimate.

ingtoparagraph1,theresultsoffull-scaleclimatemodels

arequestionableinpartbecau

ercomputersudforsuchmodelingarelargeand

complex

ndsofcalculationshavetobeperformedtoasss

conditions

nditionscannotalwaysbeestimatedaccurately

remultiplewaystoreprentthesameaspectofclimate

Paragraph2

Theocean’sroleinglobalwarmingstemsprincipally

fromitshugecapacitytoabsorbcarbondioxideandtostoreand

ea,photosynthesisbymarineplantsandalgae,

especiallyphytoplankton,removesgreatquantitiesofcarbondioxide

,thegreaterthegrowth(productivity)of

phytoplanktoninthea,

what

controlstheocean’sproductivity?Thereareverallimitingfactors,

butresultsfromarecentexperimentsuggestthatinareasofthe

oceanwhereothernutrientsareplentiful,ironmaybeoneofthe

mostimportantand,untilrecently,unrecognizedvariables

vepropoda

radical,highlycontroversialanduncertainmeanstocounteractglobal

warming—addingirontotheoceanstoinducephytoplanktonblooms.

Perhapsincreadphytoplanktongrowthwoulduupasignificant

amountofcarbondioxideintheatmosphere,butperhapsnot,andthere

mightwellbesideeffectsthatcouldbedetrimentaltotheocean

ecosystem.

d“principally”inthepassageisclotinmeaningto

sly

ntly

ally

fthentencesbelowbestexpresstheesntial

informationinthehighlightedntenceinthepassage?Incorrect

choiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutesntial

information.

ybeoneofthemostimportantfactorsincontrolling

phytoplanktonproductioninoceanwatersthatarerichinother

nutrients.

sfromarecentexperimentsuggestthatveralfactors

limitingphytoplanktonproductioninoceanwatershavegone

unrecognized.

ghitwasnotrecognizeduntilrecently,nutrientsare

plentifulinareasoftheoceanwhereironcontrolsphytoplankton

production.

ecently,theimportanceofironwasnottakenintoaccountin

experimentsconcerningphytoplanktonproduction.

d“controversial”inthepassageisclostinmeaningto

mental

ating

ingdisagreement

tratingpoorjudgment

d“induce”inthepassageisclostinmeaningto

nutrientsto

heformationof

then

ingtoparagraph2,howmightincreasingphytoplankton

growthhelplowerglobaltemperatures?

ingtheoceans

easingcarbondioxidelevelsintheocean

cingtheamountofcarbondioxideintheatmosphere

sportingheatfromtheocean’ssurfacetodeeperlevels

Paragraph3

Withintheocean,theproductionoflimestone,intheformof

calciumcarbonateskeletonsorshells,alsoreducesatmosphericcarbon

r,whendepositsoflimestonebecomeexpodand

weatheredonlandorarerecycledinthea,carbondioxideis

notwell

understoodishowmuchcarbondioxideresidesintheaandat

velynewrearchhasalso

discoveredbeneaththeaanewandpotentiallysignificantthreatto

skyrocketingEarthtemperature:ratesareasolid,

crystallineformofwater,likeice,exceptthattheycontainadditionalgas,

typicallymethane,andareoftenfoundstoredinoceandiments.

Increadoceantemperaturescouldcaugashydratestodissociate,

releasingmassiveamountsofmethanegasintotheatmosphereand

uently,hydratesmay,if

relead,significantlyincreaglobalwarmingaswellascreatea

geologichazardtooffshoredrillingoperations.

ingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingreduces

atmosphericcarbondioxide?

theringoflimestone

ductionoflimestone

yclingofcarbondioxide

nceofmethaneingashydrates

ingtoparagraph3,whyaregashydratesapossiblethreat

totheglobalclimate?

urbedbyoffshoredrilling,theycandestroylimestone

deposits.

nreplaceregulariceatcertainlocations.

ed,theymayreleaalotofcarbondioxideintothe

atmosphere.

ntainalotofmethane,whichmaybereleadastheocean

warmsParagraph4

om

irculation

isstronglycontrolledbywindandbythea’sbalanceofsalt

iststhinkthatclimatewarmingmayslow

downcirculation,whilecoolingmayspeeditup,buttheresponsare

ationfromtheoceanalsosuppliesthe

andicecoveragechangethereflectivityEarth’ssurfaceandarean

importantinfluenceonhowmuchincomingradiationiitherabsorbed

rmore,cloudsandwatervaporintheatmosphere

singly,

cloudsareoneoftheleastunderstoodandmostpoorlymodeledparts

imatemodelinggridsfailtotake

ls,tinyparticlesof

soot,dust,andothermaterials,arethoughttoedcloudformation

scatterincomingradiationandpromotecooling,butthiffect,which

wouldcounteractwarming,isalsoonlysuperficiallyunderstood.

Computermodelsofclimatechangemusttakeintoaccountallofthe

processwithintheocean,overland,andintheskythatpotentially

erthereissuchuncertainty.

d“fuels”inthepassageisclostinmeaningto

energyfor

inestherouteof

s

up

fthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph4asaway

inwhichtheoceanaffectstheclimate?

esheat

sheatfromtheequatortowardthepoles.

dsupwindcirculation.

suptheatmosphere.

aph4suggeststhatasignificantdecreainsnowandice

fieldsathighlatitudeswouldhavewhateffect?

oudsandwatervaporwouldbeproducedinthe

atmosphere.

theSun’sradiationwouldbeabsorbedbyEarth.

answouldcoolmorequickly.

ecipitationwouldoccuratlowlatitudes.

stheauthormentionthat“Mostclimate

modelinggridsfailtotakeintoaccountcommon-sizedcloud

formations”?

estwhytheinfluenceofcloudsonclimatechangeisstill

undetermined

ainwhyrearchonclimatechangedoesnotfocuson

clouds

explainwhyitisunclearwhetheraerosolshavetheeffect

ofcounteractingwarming

aininpartwhyscientistsareuncertainhowmuchincoming

radiationisabsorbedorreflected

Paragraph3

Withintheocean,theproductionoflimestone,intheformof

calciumcarbonateskeletonsorshells,alsoreducesatmosphericcarbon

dioxide.■However,whendepositsoflimestonebecomeexpodand

weatheredonlandorarerecycledinthea,carbondioxideis

releadbackintotheatmosphere.■Whatisnotwellunderstoodishow

muchcarbondioxideresidesintheaandatwhatrateitistakenup

andrecycled.■Relativelynewrearchhasalsodiscoveredbeneaththe

aanewandpotentiallysignificantthreattoskyrocketingEarth

temperature:gashydrates.■Gashydratesareasolid,crystallineformof

water,likeice,exceptthattheycontainadditionalgas,typicallymethane,

docean

temperaturescouldcaugashydratestodissociate,releasingmassive

amountsofmethanegasintotheatmosphereandcauundera

uently,hydratesmay,ifrelead,

significantlyincreaglobalwarmingaswellascreateageologichazard

tooffshoredrillingoperations.

thefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowing

ntencecouldbeaddedtothepassage

Noriscarbondioxidetheonlygaoussubstanceintheoceanthat

mayaffectclimate.

Wherewouldthentencebestfit?

ions:Anintroductoryntenceforabriefsummaryofthe

tethesummarybylectedTHREE

answerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.

Somentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecautheyexpress

ideasthatarenotprentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthe

estionisworth2points.

Theoceansaffecttheclimateinnumerousways,someofwhichare

poorlyunderstoodandthereforecannotbeaccuratelymodeledin

computerclimateprograms.

AnswerChoices

tesoffutureconditionsareenteredintosupercomputersto

calculateclimatepossibilitiesatvariousplacesonearth.

absorbagreatdealofcarbondioxidefromtheairthrough

limestoneproductionandphotosynthesisorphytoplankton.

restoredintheaintheformofshellsandhydrates,but

gasstoredinthewayscanberecycledtotheatmospherewherethey

maycauwarming.

an'scapacitytoabsorbcarbondioxideremainsgreat

despiterecentreductionofmarineplantnutrientssuchasiron.

irculationisstronglycontrolledbywindandbytheas

balanceorsaltandheat.

anboldsandmovesagreatdealofheat,andaswater

evaporates,itproducesclouds,snow,andice,whichallaffectglobal

temperatures.

参考答案

1-5：DCACB

6-10：CBDAC

11-13：BAC

14：BCF

文章来源：雷哥托福