2012年考研英语一真题

绝密★启用前

2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试

英语（一）

（科目代码：201）

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考生编号

考生姓名

SectionIUofEnglish

Directions:

thebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(lOpoints)

TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportant

rtcannot1itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleof

,inveralinstances,justicesactedin

waysthat3thecourt'sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.

JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,ndof

activitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt'sdecisionswillbe4asimpartial

theproblemisthatthejusticesarenot5byanethicscode.

Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitlf6tothecodeofconduct

that_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.

Thisandothersimilarcas8thequestionofwhetherthere1sstill

a_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics.

TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw10havingauthorityapart

vejusticespermanentpositions11theywouldbefree

to___lLthoinpowerandhavenoneedto

13

al

systemwasdesignedtotlawapartfrompoliticsprecilybecautheyareso

cloly_H__.

Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauitresultsfromchoicesrootedin

ecourtdealswith

socialpolicydecisions,thelawit16

isinescapablypoliticalwhichiswhy

decisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily17asunjust.

Thejusticesmust18doubtsaboutthecourt'slegitimacybymaking

uldmakerulingsmorelikelyto

beenasparatefrompoliticsand,20,convincingaslaw.

英语（一）试题.1.(共14页）

1.[A]emphasize

2.[A]when

3.[A]restored

4.[A]challenged

5.[A]advanced

6.[A]resistant

7.[A]resorts

8.[A]evade

9.[A]line

10.[A]by

11.[A]so

12.[A]rve

13.[A]confirm

14.[A]guarded

15.[A]concepts

16.[A]excludes

17.[A]dismisd

18.[A]suppress

19.[A]accessible

20.[A]byallmeans

PartA

Directions:

[B]maintain

[C]modify

[D]recognize

[B]lest

[C]before

[D]unless

[B]weakened

[C]established

[D]eliminated

[B]compromid[C]suspected

[D]accepted

[B]caught

[C]bound

[D]founded

[B]subject

[C]immune

[D]prone

[B]sticks

[C]leads

[D]applies

[B]rai

[C]deny

[D]ttle

[B]barrier

[C]similarity

[D]conflict

[B]as

[C]through

[D]towards

[B]since

[C]provided

[D]though

[B]satisfy

[C]upt

[D]replace

[B]express

[C]cultivate

[D]offer

[B]followed

[C]studied

[D]tied

[B]theories

[C]divisions

[D]conventions

[B]questions

[C]shapes

[D]controls

[B]relead

[C]ranked

[D]distorted

[B]exploit

[C]address

[D]ignore

[B]amiable

[C]agreeable

[D]accountable

[B]atallcosts

[C]inaword

[D]asaresult

SectionIIReadingComprehension

thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,

B,uranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

英语（一）试题.2.(共14页）

Text1

ComeonEverybody'isperedmessage,halfinvitationand

halfforcing,

usuallyleadstonogooddrinking,ernewbookJoin

theClub,TinaRonbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforce

throughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsuthe

powerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblythe

world.

Ronberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexamplesofthe

socialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogram

hAfrica,an

HIV-preventioninitiativeknownasloveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafe

xamongtheirpeers.

Theideaemspromising,tique

ofthelamenessofmanypublic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilize

peerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateariouslyflawed

understandingofpsychology."Daretobedifferent,pleadon'tsmoke!"pleadsone

billboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagersteenagers,who

ergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-health

advocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertirs,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.

Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Ronbergislesspersuasive.

JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationof

t

glaringflawofthesocialcureasit'sprentedhereisthatitdoesn'tworkverywell

cethat

theloveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.

There'snodoubtthatourpeergroupxertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.

Anemergingbodyofrearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabitsaswellasnegative

asubtle

formofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweeeveryday.

Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanlect

'sliketheteacher

whobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behaved

t'stheproblemwithasocialcure

engineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingour

ownfriends.

英语（一）试题.3.(共14页）

ingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas

[A]asupplementtothesocialcure.

[B]astimulustogroupdynamics.

[C]anobstacletosocialprogress.

[D]acauofundesirablebehaviors.

ergholdsthatpublic-healthadvocatesshould

[A]recruitprofessionaladvertirs.

[B]learnfromadvertirs'experience.

[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertirs.

[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertiments.

uthor'sview,Ronberg'sbookfailsto

[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors.

[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure.

[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding.

[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect.

aph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors

[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends.

[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies.

[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit.

[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits.

horsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis

[A]harmful.

[B]desirable.

[C]profound.

[D]questionable.

英语（一）试题.4.(共14页）

Text2

Adealisadealexcept,apparently,pany,a

majorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlast

weekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabideby

thestate'sstrictnuclearregulations.

Instead,thecompanyhasdoneprecilywhatithadlongpromiditwouldnot:

challengetheconstitutionalityofVermont'srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofa

'sa

stunningmove.

Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationbought

Vermont'sonlynuclearpowerplant,ditionof

receivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoekpermissionfrom

2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiring

thatanyextensionoftheplant'slicenbesubjecttotheVermontlegislature's

,too,thecompanywentalong.

EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythocommitments,oritsimply

didn'gofaccidents,includingthepartial

collapofacoolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystem

leakage,raidriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee'ssafetyandEntergy's

managementespeciallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthe

dbyEntergy'sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyear

againstallowinganextension.

Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalid

becauofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatory

alissuesinthecaareobscure:whereasthe

SupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclear

power,legalscholarssaythatVermontcawillofferaprecedent-ttingtestofhow

nly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchwork

Entergykeptits

word,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.

ThecompanyemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalready

re

y

runs11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationin

ngtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederal

heNuclearRegulatory

Commission(NRC)reviewsthecompany'sapplication,itshouldkeepinmindwhat

promisfromEntergyareworth.

英语（一）试题.5.(共14页）

a"renegingon"(Line3,Para.1)isclostinmeaningto

[A]condemning.

[B]reaffirming.

[C]dishonoring.

[D]curing.

ringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto

[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.

[B]ekfavorfromthefederallegislature.

[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicen.

[D]getpermissiontopurchaapowerplant.

ingtoParagraph4,Entergyemstohaveproblemswithits

[A]managerialpractices.

[B]technicalinnovativeness.

[C]financialgoals.

[D]businessvision.

uthor'sview,theVermontcawilltest

[A]Entergy'scapacitytofulfillallitspromis.

[B]thenatureofstates'patchworkregulations.

[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.

[D]thelimitsofstates'powerovernuclearissues.

einferredfromthelastparagraphthat

[A]Entergy'sbusineslwheremightbeaffected.

[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.

[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.

[D]Vermont'sreputationmightbedamaged.

英语（一）试题.6.(共14页）

Text3

Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaiting

tobeobrvedandcollectedbyobjectiverearcherswhouthescientificmethod

heeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequently

obeobjective,butwecannot

nowledgeandinterests

influencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthe

unitiesformisinterpretation,error,andlf­

deceptionabound.

Conquently,rto

newlystakedminingclaims,akescollectivescrutiny

the

credibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualrearcher'sme,here,nowbecomes

thecommunity'sanyone,anywhere,iveknowledgeisthegoal,notthe

startingpoint.

Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectual

,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappens

thecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,rearchers

makediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthe

publicationprocess;otherscientistsuthenewfindingtosuittheirownpurpos;

andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryand

coveryclaimworksitswaythroughthe

community,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefs

aboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual'sdiscovery

claimintothecommunity'scrediblediscovery.

,scientificwork

tendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedasincomplete

rewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatis

lisnew-arch,prisingly,

newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobe

importantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodification

,noveltyitlffrequentlyprovokes

aureateandphysiologistAlbertSzent-Gyorgyioncedescribed

discoveryas"eingwhateverybodyhasenandthinkingwhatnobodyhas

thought."Butthinkingwhatnobodyelhasthoughtandtellingotherswhatthey

mesyearsarerequiredfortruly

noveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.

Intheend,credibility"happens"toadiscoveryclaimaprocessthat

correspondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthe

mind."Wereasontogether,challenge,revi,andcompleteeachother'sreasoning

andeachother'sconceptionsofreason."

英语（一）试题.7.(共14页）

ingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits

[A]uncertaintyandcomplexity.

[B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness.

[C]logicalityandobjectivity.

[D]systematicnessandregularity.

einferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires

[A]strictinspection.

[B]sharedefforts.

[C]individualwisdom.

[D]persistentinnovation.

aph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit

[A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.

[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.

[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.

[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.

Szent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat

[A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.

[B]discoveriestodayinspirefuturerearch.

[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.

[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.

fthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetext?

[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.

[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.

[C]EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.

[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.

英语（一）试题.8.(共14页）

Text4

IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetod

ay

,hewouldprobablyreprent

ffa'sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneinten

Americangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%2009the

numberofunionistsinAmerica'spublicctorpasdthatoftheirfellowmembersin

ain,morethanhalfofpublic-ctorworkersbutonlyabout

15%ofprivate-ctoronesareunionized.

Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-ctorunions',theycanshut

,theyare

erofAmerica'spublic-ctorworkershavea

,theirties

n'sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeen

rentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositionto

votesfrompublic-ctorunions.

ldassareof

thePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate'sbudgetis

chers'unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAon

prisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.

Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatectorarehigherthaninthe

cianshave

repeatedly"backloaded"public-ctorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasmodest

butaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.

Reformhasbeenvigorouslyoppod,perhapsmostnotoriouslyineducation,

wherecharterschools,

thoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemost

importantvariable,teachers'unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesand

promotinggoodones.

Asthecosttoeveryoneelhasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclamp

onsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScott

Walker,ywithinthepublicctorsuffer

underthecurrentsystem,too.

JohnDonahueatHarvard'sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofculture

inWesterncivilrvicessuitthowhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.

TheonlyAmericanpublic-ctorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearare

s'fatpay

packetshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-ctorsystemthatdoesnotreward

highachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.

英语（一）试题.9.(共14页）

elearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat

[A]Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.

[B]JimmyHoffaudtoworkasacivilrvant.

[C]unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-ctormembership.

[D]thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.

fthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?

[A]Public-ctorunionsareprudentintakingactions.

[B]Educationisrequiredforpublic-ctorunionmembership.

[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-ctorunions.

[D]Public-ctorunionsldomgetintroublefortheiractions.

elearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatectoris

[A]illegallycured.

[B]indirectlyaugmented.

[C]excessivelyincread.

[D]fairlyadjusted.

mpleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions

[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.

[B]canchangepeople'spoliticalattitudes.

[C]maybeabarriertopublic-ctorreforms.

[D]aredominantinthegovernment.

nahue'sattitudetowardsthepublic-ctorsystemisoneof

[A]disapproval.

[B]appreciation.

[C]tolerance.

[D]indifference.

英语（一）试题.10.(共14页）

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,stions4145,

choothemostsuitableonefromthelistAGtofitintoeachofthenumbered

retwoextrachoices,ur

answersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Thinkofthofleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowand

realithatyouareflying,nkofyourlaptop,thinnerthana

brown-paperenvelope,omentor

theluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.

Thecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgenius,warriors,

entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunction

asatypewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoand

radio,themailaswellasthemailcarrier.(41)_______________

Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethat

rvesasthemodeofproduction,meansofdistribution,siteofreception,andplace

puteristhe21stcentury'sculturemachine.

Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsoactwith

caution.(42)_______________1callitacretwarfortwo

,mostpeopledonotrealithattherearestrongcommercialagendasat

,themajorityofpeoplewho

unetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhat

theyaredoing.

Allanimalsdownload,sbuilddamsandbirds

themostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworld

areuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthen

tumaroundanduthemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoodspaintings,sculpture

andarchitectureandsuperfluouxperiencesmusic,literature,religionandphilosopy.

(43)____

_____

_

Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuck

tertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidof

productionremains,withasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightly

largergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentage

remainingcontenttojustconsume.(

44)_______________

desttaskthat

televisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.(45)

Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundthe

conceptof"stickiness"creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.

英语（一）试题.11.(共14页）

[A]Ofcour,itisprecilythesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureand

adingandconsumingculturerequires

greatskills,butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponelfofa

definingconstituentofhumanity.

[B],whichallowurstocombinepictures,wordsand

othermediaincreativewaysandthensharethem,havethepotentialtoadd

stickinessbyamusing,entertainingandenlighteningothers.

[C]Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbythetumofthemillennium

theyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccesdbybillions

ofpeopleeveryday.

[D]Thisisbecauthenetworkedcomputerhassparkedacretwarbetween

downloadinganduploadingbetweenpassiveconsumptionandactive

creationwhooutcomewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecan

onlybegintoimagine.

[E]Thechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilarityto

oneformatbeingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeing

replacedbyCDplayers.

[F

]

Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepast

half-century,muchoftheworld'smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasingle

mediumtelevisionandtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading.

[G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstorevertheflow,

toencouragethoughtfuldownloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,meaningful

uploading.

英语（一）试题.12.(共14页）

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedgmentsinto

anslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10

points)

SincethedaysofAristotle,aarchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthe

ways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.

Newton'slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferent

phenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.

(46)Inphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulforunificationtoitxtreme,

andeksatheoryofeverythingasinglegenerativeequationforallwee.

Itis

becominglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventhe

eless,unificationofsorts

remainsamajorgoal.

Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciences

too.(47)Here,Darwinismemstoofferjustification,forifallhumansshare

commonorigins,itemsreasonabletosuppothatculturaldiversitycouldalsobe

tracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings.

Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhuman

courtshipritualsmightallbeconsideredformsofxuallection,perhapsthe

world'slanguages,music,socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryaregoverned

byuniversalfeatures.(48)Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmight

enableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroandwhatguidesitin

evolutionaryorcognitiveterms.

That,atleast,mparativestudyoflinguistictraitspublished

lGrayattheUniversityofAucklandand

hiscolleaguesconsidertheevolutionofgrammarsinthelightoftwoprevious

attemptstofinduniversalityinlanguage.

ThemostfamousoftheeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,who

suggestedthathumansarebornwithaninnatelanguage-acquisitioncapacitythat

nerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldthe

entirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnitso

quickly.

(49)Thecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachto

universality,identifyingtraits(particularlyinwordorder)sharedbymanylanguages,

whichareconsideredtoreprentbiasthatresultfromcognitiveconstraints.

Grayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytrees

thatbetweenthemreprentmorethan2,000languages.(50)Chomsky'sgrammar

shouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeor

thepathwaytrackedthroughit,whereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco­

dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelations.

Neitherofthe

patternsisborneoutbytheanalysis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguages

arelineage-specificandnotgovernedbyuniversals.

英语（一）试题.13.(共14页）

SectionillWriting

PartA

ions:

hemanemailin

thenameoftheStudents'Unionto

1)extendyourwelcomeand

2)providesomesuggestionsfortheircampuslifehere.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

"LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)

PartB

ions:

essay

youshould

I)describethedrawingbriefly

2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and

3)giveyourcomments.

YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

英语（一）试题.14.(共14页）