考研英语阅读理解

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Text1

hforthemmindlessly,ttingourbrainsonauto-pilotand

relaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine."Notchoice,buthabitrulesthe

unreflectingherd,"ver-changing21stcentury,

eventheword"habit"carriesanegativeconnotation.

Soitemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.

Butbrainrearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreate

parallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtonto

new,innovativetracks.

Butdon’tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethorutsofprocedurearewornintothe

hippocampus,they’d,thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourlves

createparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthooldroads.

"Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,"saysDawnaMarkova,

authorof"TheOpenMind"andanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners.

"Butwearetaughtinsteadto‘decide,’justasourpresidentcallshimlf‘theDecider.’"Sheadds,

however,that"nnovationalthinkerisalways

exploringthemanyotherpossibilities."

Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe’reunaware,chersinthe

late1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimary

ways:analytically,procedurally,relationallyrty,

however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,prervingonlythomodesofthoughtthat

haveemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.

Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaning

thatfewofusinherentlyuourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought."Thisbreaksthe

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majorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,",

authorofthe2006book"ThisYearIWill..."a’sbusinesspartner."That’saliethat

wehaveperpetuated,gwhatyou’regoodatanddoingeven

moreofitcreatexcellence."Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.

wofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeing

able.

earchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbe

23."ruts"hasclostmeaningto

tions

a’scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting?

A,preventsnewhabitsformbeingformed

B,nolongeremphasizescommonness

C,maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodel

D,complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem

stprobablyagreethat

rebornofarelaxingmind

tivenesscouldbetaught

venessderivesfromfantasticideas

ityactivatescreativeminds

Text2

Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusiness

receivedoneforits"one-click"lLynchgotlegal

entorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.

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Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackon

business-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10

ethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzz,fAppealsforthe

FederalCircuitsaiditwoulduaparticularcatoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-method

lski,asthecaisknown,is"averybigdeal,"ofthe

"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents."

Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauitwastheFederal

Circuititlfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledStateStreetBank

ca,lingproducedan

explosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemergingInternetcompaniestryingto

,moreestablished

companiesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthat

2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmore

than300business-methodpatents,despitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgranting

rly,someWallStreetinvestmentfarmsarmedthemlveswithpatentsforfinancial

products,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasopposingthepractice.

TheBilskicainvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.

TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecawouldbeheardbyall12ofthe

court'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateis

whetheritshould"reconsider"itsStateStreetBankruling.

TheFederalCircuit'sactioncomesinthewakeofariesofrecentdecisionsbytheSupreme

ril,forexample,the

justicessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor"inventions"

judgesontheFederalCircuitare"reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt,"says

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,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.

ss-methodpatentshaverecentlyaroudconcernbecauof

[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness.

[B]theirconnectionwithastallocation.

[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting.

[D]thecontroversyovertheirauthorization.

fthefollowingistrueoftheBilskica?

[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions.

[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction.

[C]IthasbeendismisdbytheFederalCircuit.

[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.

d"about-face"mostprobablymeans

[A]lossofgoodwill.

[B]increaofhostility.

[C]changeofattitude.

[D]enhancementofdignity.

nfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents

[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges.

[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued.

[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders.

[D]increatheincidenceofrisks.

fthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?

[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents.

[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders.

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[C]Alegalcaregardingbusiness-methodpatents.

[D]Aprevailingtrendagainst'business-methodpatents.

Text3Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidely

misunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalikeprogressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessary

forthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheandallothersocieties;however,the

conventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapid

ortunatethatisit,becaunew

educationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomic

dingsofarearchinstitutionhave

consistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicalhigher

productivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.

Ironically,gago,withthe

rcewasderidedas

as,and

remains,rearchrevealedthatthe

iesofHondaNissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheir

sreceivedonthejob.

Morerecently,whileexaminghousingconstruction,therearchersdiscoveredthatilliterate,

non-English-speakingMexicanworkersinHouston,Texas,consistentlymetbest-practicelabor

productivitystandardsdespitethecomplexityofthebuildingindustry’swork.

Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment?Wehaveto

suspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhen

governmentsdon’ll,that’rancestorswere

huntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn’thavetimetowondermuchaboutanything

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enhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywas

theretimeforotherthings.

Aducationimproved,humanity’sproductivitypotential,theycouldinturnaffordmore

creasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnotasufficient,

conditionfor

poorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmay

fformaleducation,however,doesn’t

constraintheabilityofthedevelopingworld’sworkforcetosubstantiallyimproveproductivityfor

ontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyeducation

isn’tdevelopingmorequicklytherethanitis.

horholdsinparagraph1thattheimportantofeducationinpoorcountries

___________.

[A]issubjectgroundlessdoubts

[B]hasfallenvictimofbias

[C]isconventionaldowngraded

[D]hasbeenoverestimated

atedinparagraph1thatconstructionofaneweducationsystem__________.

[A]challengeconomistsandpoliticians

[B]takeffortsofgenerations

[C]demandspriorityfromthegovernment

[D]requiressufficientlaborforce

orcesisthat__________.

[A]theJapaneworkforceisbetterdisciplined

[B]theJapaneworkforceismoreproductive

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[C]orcehasabettereducation

[D]]orceismoreorganize

horquotestheexampleofourancestorstoshowthateducationemerged

__________.

[A]whenpeoplehadenoughtime

[B]priortobetterwaysoffindingfood

[C]whenpeopleonlongerwenthung

[D]asaresultofpressureongovernment

ingtothelastparagraph,developmentofeducation__________.

[A]resultsdirectlyfromcompetitiveenvironments

[B]doesnotdependoneconomicperformance

[C]followsimprovedproductivity

[D]cannotaffordpoliticalchanges

Text4

thescenes,they

havebeentakingaimatsomeoneel:ules,moanthe

banks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormousloss,andit'ulessaytheymust

valuesomeastsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulators

wouldlikethemtofetch.

Unfortunately,banks'ailsmaybeunknowable,but

theindependenceofstandard-tters,esntialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitaImarkets,is

,unlessbankscarrytoxicastsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthe

bankingsystemwillbedifficult.

AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America'sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard

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avebanksmorefreedomtoumodelstovalue

illiquidastsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossonlong-termastsintheirincome

z,theFASB'schairman,criedoutagainstthowho"questionourmotives."

Yetbanksharesroandthechangenhancewhatonelobbyinggrouppolitelycalls"theuof

judgmentbymanagement."

EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard

Bsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthe

pressuretofe

McCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid"notliveinapoliticalvacuum"

but"intherealworld"andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.

Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,

theyarguethatmarketpricesoverstateloss,becautheylargelyreflectthetemporary

illiquidityofmarkets,

banks'sharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,d

marketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotllastsforfearofbookingloss,yet

arereluctanttobuyallthosuppodbargains.

Togetthesystemworkingagain,a'snew

plantobuyuptoxicastswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkaststolevelswhichbuyersfind

B

andIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,

ivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressureto

makemoreconcessions.

scomplainedthattheywereforcedto

[A]followunfavorableastevaluationrules.

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[B]collectpaymentsfrornthirdparties.

[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers.

[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirasts.

ingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin

[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement.

[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem.

[C]thebanks'long-termastloss.

[D]theweakeningofitsindependence.

ingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB'sattemptto

[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences.

[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers.

[C]actontheirowninrule-tting.

[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform.

horthinksthebankswere"onthewrongplanet"inthatthey

[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators.

[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirasts.

[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts.

[D]deniedbookinglossintheirsaleofasts.

hor'sattitudetowardsstandard-ttersisoneof

[A]satisfaction.

[B]skepticism.

[C]objectiveness.

[D]sympathy.