2022年11月25日发(作者：服装设计研究生)Ancient Egypt
Giza PyramidsEvidence of human habitation in the Nile Valley since the Paleolithic era appears in the form of artifacts and rock carvings along the Nile terraces and in the dert oas. In the 10th millennium BC, a culture of hunter-gatherers and fishers replaced a grain-grinding culture. Climate changes and/or overgrazing around 8000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, forming the Sahara. Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they developed a ttled agricultural economy and more centralized society.
By about 6000 BC the Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile the Neolithic era, veral predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt. The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada ries are generally regarded as precursors to Dynastic Egyptian civilization. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about ven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining somewhat culturally parate, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vesls, dated to about 3200 BC.
A unified kingdom was founded circa 3150 BC by King Menes, giving ri to a ries of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next three millennia. Egyptians subquently referred to their unified country as tawy, meaning "two lands", and later kemet (Coptic: kīmi), the "black land", a reference to the fertile black soil deposited by the Nile river. Egyptian culture flourished during this long period and remained distinctively Egyptian in its religion, arts, language and customs. The first two ruling dynasties of a unified Egypt t the stage for the Old Kingdom period, c.2700?2200 BC., famous for its many pyramids, most notably the Third Dynasty pyramid of Djor and the Fourth Dynasty Giza Pyramids.
The Great Sphinx and the Pyramids of Giza, built during the Old Kingdom, are modern national icons that are at the heart of Egypt's thriving tourism First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years. Stronger Nile floods and stabilization of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A cond period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic Hyksos. The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmo I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes.
The Hanging Church of Cairo, first built in the third or fourth century AD, is one of the most famous Coptic Churches in Egypt
ramids are the Egyptian pyramids — huge structures built of brick or stone, some of which are among the largest man-made constructions. There are 138 pyramids discovered in Egypt as of 2008. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest in Egypt and one of the largest in the world. Until Lincoln Cathedral was built in 1300 A.D., it was the tallest building in the world. The ba is over 52,600 square meters in area.
It was one of the Seven Wonders of the World, and the only one of the ven to survive into modern times. The Ancient Egyptians capped the peaks of their pyramids with gold and covered their faces with polished white limestone, though many of the stones ud for the purpo have fallen or been removed for other structures.
Temple:
Abu Simbel is an archaeological site comprising two massive rock temples in southern Egypt on the western bank of Lake Nasr about 290 km southwest of Aswan. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the "Nubian Monuments", which run from Abu Simbel downriver to Philae (near Aswan).
The Karnak temple complex, universally known only as Karnak, describes a vast conglomeration of ruined temples, chapels, pylons and other buildings. It is located near Luxor in Egypt. This was ancient Egyptian Ipet-isut ("The Most Selected of Places"), the main place of worship of the Theban Triad with Amun as its head, in the monumental city of Thebes. The complex retrieves its current name from the nearby and partly surrounding modern village of el-Karnak, some 2.5km north of Luxor.
The Ramesum is the memorial temple (or mortuary temple) of Pharaoh Ramess II ("Ramess the Great", also spelt "Rams" and "Rames"). It is located in the Theban necropolis in Upper Egypt, across the River Nile from the modern city of Luxor. The name – or at least its French form, Rhamesséion – was coined by Jean-Fran?ois Champollion, who visited the ruins of the site in 1829 and first identified the hieroglyphs making up Ramess's names and titles on the walls. It was originally called the Hou of millions of years of Urmaatra-tepenra that unites with Thebes-the-city in the domain of Amon.
The Temple of Kom Ombo is an unusual double temple built during the rule Ptolemaic dynasty in the Egyptian town of Kom Ombo. Some additions to it were later made during the Roman period. The building is unique becau its 'double' design meant that there were courts, halls, sanctuaries and rooms duplicated for two ts of gods. The southern half of the temple was dedicated to the crocodile god Sobek, god of fertility and creator of the world with Hathor and Khonsu. Meanwhile, the northern part of the temple was dedicated to the falcon god Haroeris, also known as Horus the Elder, along "with Tanetnofret (the Good Sister, a special form of Hathor) and Panebtawy (Lord of the Two Lands)." The temple is atypical becau everything is perfectly symmetrical along the main axis.
Mummy:
The English word mummy is derived from me
dieval Latin mumia, a borrowing of the Persian or Arabic word mūmiyyah , which means "bitumen". Becau of the blackened skin bitumen was once thought to be ud extensively in ancient Egyptian embalming procedures.
A mummy is a corp who skin and flesh have been prerved by either intentional or incidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air when bodies are submerged in bogs. The oldest mummified head is 6000 year old; found in 1936, but first dated in 2005 at the Zürich' AMS facility, e [1], was prented at the XVth UISPP Congress in 2006. Mummies of humans and other animals have been found throughout the world, both as a result of natural prervation through unusual conditions, and as cultural artifacts to prerve the dead.
Although mummification existed in other cultures, eternal life was the main focus of all Ancient Egyptians, which meant prerving the body forever. Egyptian culture believed the body was home in the afterlife to a person's Ka and Ba, without which it would be condemned to eternal wandering.
The earliest known Egyptian "mummified" individual dates back to approximately 3300 BC. This individual, nicknamed 'Ginger' becau of the color of his hair, is not internationally renowned despite being older than other famous mummies, such as Rames II or Seti I. Currently on display in the British Muum, Ginger was discovered buried in hot dert sand. Dert conditions can naturally prerve bodies so it is uncertain whether the mummification was intentional or not. However, since Ginger was buried with some pottery vesls it is likely that the mummification was a result of prervation techniques of tho burying him. Stones might have been piled on top to prevent the corp from being eaten by jackals and other scavengers and the pottery might have held food and drink which was later believed to sustain the decead during the journey to the other world. While there are no written records of religion from that time, the beliefs of tho who buried Ginger could have rembled the later religion to some extent.
