mba资料

MBA专业术语汇总

Ability-to-payprinciple能力纳税原则

Theideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshoulder

theburden

Absoluteadvantage绝对优势

Thecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivity

Aggregate-demandcurve总需求曲线

Acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandrvicesthathouholds,firms,andthegovernment

wanttobuyatanypricelevel

Aggregate-supplycurve总供给曲线

Acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandrvicesthatfirmschootoproduceandllatany

level

Appreciation升值

Anincreainthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbytheamountofforeigncurrencyitcanbuy

Automaticstabilizers自动稳定器

Changesinfiscalpolicythatstimulateaggregatedemandwhentheeconomygoesintoa

recessionwithoutpolicymakershavingtotakeanydeliberateaction

Averagefixedcost平均固定成本

Fixedcostsdividedbythequantityofoutput

Averagerevenue平均收益

Totalrevenuedividedbythequantitysold

Averagetaxrate平均税率

Totaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincome

Averagetotalcost平均总成本

Totalcostdividedbythequantityofoutput

Averagevariablecost平均可变成本

Variablescostsdividedbythequantityofoutput

Accelerator加速数

theeffect

instance,thegreateroutputleadsafirmtobelievethatthedemandforitsproductswillriinthe

future;theresultingincreaininvestmentleadstogrowthinoutputandstillfurtherincreasin

investment,acceleratingtheexpansionoftheeconomy

Acquiredendowments后天禀赋

resourcesacountrybuildsforitlf,likeanetworkofroadsoraneducatedpopulationAdaptive

expectations适应性预期

expectationsbadontheextrapolationofeventsintherecentpastintothefutureaggregate

expendituresschedule总支出曲线

acurvethattracesouttherelationshipbetweenexpenditures--thesumofconsumption,

investment,governmentexpenditures,andnetexports--andthenationalincome,atafixedprice

level

antitrustlaws反托拉斯法

lawsthatdiscouragemonopolyandrestrictivepracticesandencouragegreatercompetition

arbitrage套利

theprocessbywhichastswithcomparablerisk,liquidity,andtaxtreatmentarepricedtoyield

comparableexpectedreturns

adverlection逆向选择

principlethatsaysthatthowhomostwanttobuyinsurancetendtobethomostatrisk,but

chargingahighpriceforinsurance(tocoverthehighrisk)willdiscouragethoatlessriskfrom

buyinginsuranceatall

ast资产

anyitemthatislong-lived,purchadfortherviceitrendersoveritslifeandforwhatonewill

receivewhenonellsit

assistanceinkind实物援助

publicassistancethatprovidesparticulargoodsandrvices,likefoodormedicalcare,rather

thancash

asymmetricinformation信息不对称

asituationinwhichthepartiestoatransactionhavedifferentinformation,aswhenthellerora

udcarhasmoreinformationaboutitsqualitythenthebuyerautonomousconsumption自主消

费

thatpartofconsumptionthatdoesnotdependonincome

averagecosts平均成本

thetotalcostsdividedbythetotaloutput

averageproductivity平均产量

totalquantitydividedbythetotalquantityofinputB

Benefitsprinciple受益原则

Theideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbadonthebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernment

rvices

Bond债券

Acertificateofindebtedness

Budgetconstraint预算约束

Thelimitontheconsumptionbundlesthataconsumercanafford

Budgetdeficit预算赤字

Anexcessofgovernmentspendingovergovernmentreceipts

Budgetsurplus预算盈余

Anexcessofgovernmentreceiptsovergovernmentspendin

barrierstoentry进入障碍

factorsthatpreventfirmsfromenteringamarket,suchasgovernmentrulesorpatents

basiccompetitivemodel基本竞争模型

themodeloftheeconomythatpullstogethertheassumptionsoflf-interestedconsumers,

profitmaximizingfirms,andperfectlycompetitivemarkets

bequestsavingsmotive储蓄的遗产动机

peoplesavesothattheycanleaveaninheritancetotheirchildren

Bertrandcompetition伯特兰竞争

anoligopolyinwhicheachfirmbelievesthatitsrivalsarecommittedtokeepingtheirpricesfixed

andthatcustomerscanbeluredawaybyofferinglowerprices

bilateraltrade双边贸易

tradebetweentwoparties

boom繁荣

aperiodoftimewhenresourcesarebeingfullyudandGDPisgrowingsteadily

C

Capital资本

Theequipmentandstructuresudtoproducegoodsandrvices

Capitalflight资本外流

Alargeandsuddenreductioninthedemandforastslocatedinacountry

Cartel卡特尔

Agroupoffirmsactinginunison

Catch-upeffect追赶效应

Thepropertythatcountriesthatstartoffpoortendtogrowmorerapidlythancountriesthatstartoff

rich

Centralbank中央银行

Aninstitutiondesignedtooverethebankingsystemandregulatethequantityofmoneyinthe

economy

Ceterisparibus其它条件相同

ALatinphra,translatedas'otherthingsbeingequal,'udasareminderthatallvariablesother

thantheonesbeingstudiedareassumedtobeconstant

Circular-flowdiagram循环流向图

Avisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouholds

andfirms

Classicaldichotomy古典二分法

Thetheoreticalparationofnominalandrealvariables

Clodeconomy封闭经济

Aneconomythatdoesnotinteractwithothereconomiesintheworld

Coatheorem科斯定理

Thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,

theycansolvetheproblemofexternalitiesontheirown

Collectivebargaining集体谈判

Theprocessbywhichunionsandfirmsagreeonthetermsofemployment

Collusion勾结

AnagreementamongfirmsinamarketaboutquantitiestoproduceorpricestochargeCommodity

money商品货币

Moneythattakestheformofacommoditywithintrinsicvalue

Commonresources共有资源

Goodsthatarerivalbutnotexcludable

Comparableworth同工同酬

Adoctrineaccordingtowhichjobsdeemedcomparableshouldbepaidthesamewage

Comparativeadvantage比较优势

Thecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycost

Compensatingwagedifferential补偿性工资差别

Adifferenceinwagesthataristoofftthenonmonetarycharacteristicsofdifferentjobs

Competitivemarket竞争市场

Amarketwithmanybuyersandllerstradingidenticalproductssothateachbuyerandllerisa

pricetaker

Complements互补品

Twogoodsforwhichanincreainthepriceofonegoodleadstoadecreainthedemandforthe

othergood

Constantreturnstoscale规模收益不变

Thepropertythatlong-runaveragetotalcoststaysthesameasthequantityofoutputchanges

Consumerpriceindex消费物价指数

AmeasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandrvicesboughtbyatypicalconsumerConsumer

surplus消费者剩余

Abuyer'swillingnesstopayminustheamountthebuyeractuallypays

Consumption消费

Spendingbyhouholdsongoodsandrvices,withtheexceptionofpurchasofnewhousing

Cost成本

Thevalueofeverythingallermustgiveuptoproduceagood

Cost-benefitanalysis成本—收益分析

Astudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgood

Crowding-outeffect挤出效应Theofftinaggregatedemandthatresultswhen

expansionaryfiscalpolicyraistheinterestrateandtherebyreducesinvestmentspending

Currency通货

Thepaperbillsandcoinsinthehandsofthepublic

Cyclicalunemployment周期性失业

Thedeviationofunemploymentfromitsnaturalratecapitalgain资本增值

theincreainthevalueofanastbetweenthetimeitispurchadandthetimeitissold

capitalmarket资本市场

themarketinwhichsavingsaremadeavailabletoinvestorscategoricalassistance分类帮助

publicassistanceaimedataparticularcategoryofpeople,liketheelderlyorthedisabledcausation

因果关系

relationshipthatresultswhenanchangeinonevariableisnotonlycorrelatedwithbutactually

causthechangeinanotherone

centralplanning中央计划

thesysteminwhichcentralgovernmentbureaucrats(asoppodtoprivateentrepreneursoreven

localgovernmentbureaucrats)determinewhatwillbeproducedanhowitwillbeproduced

centralization集权

organizationalstructureinwhichdecisionmakingisconcentratedatthetop

centrallyplannedeconomy中央计划经济

aneconomyinwhichmostdecisionsaboutresourceallocationaremadebythecentral

government

certificateofdeposit(CD)存单

accountinwhichmoneyisdepositedforapretlengthoftime,thatmustyieldaslightly

higherreturntocompensateforthereducedliquidity

circularflow循环流程

howfundsmovethroughthecapital,labor,andproductmarketsbetweenhouholds,

firms,thegovernment,andtheforeignctor

classicaleconomists古典经济学家

economistsprevalentbeforetheGreatDepressionwhobelievedthatthebasiccompetitivemodel

providedagooddescriptionoftheeconomyandthatifshortperiodsofunemploymentdidoccur,

marketforceswouldquicklyrestoretheeconomytofullemployment

classicalunemployment古典失业

unemploymentthatresultsfromtoo-highrealwages;itoccursinthesupplyconstrained

equilibrium,sothatrightwardsshiftsinaggregatesupplyreducethelevelofunemployment

competitiveequilibriumprice竞争性均衡价格

thepriceatwhichthequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedareequaltoeach

other

consumerprotectionlegislation消费者保护法

lawsaimedatprotectingconsumers,forinstancebyassuringthatconsumershavemorecomplete

informationaboutitemstheyareconsideringbuying

consumersovereignty消费者权益

theprinciplethatholdsthateachindividualisthebestjudgeofwhatmakeshimbetteroff

consumptionfunction消费函数

therelationshipbetweendisposableincomeandconsumption

contingencyclaus应变条款

statementswithinacontractthatmakethelevelofpaymentortheworktobeperformed

conditionaluponvariousfactors

corporateincometax公司所得税

ataxbadontheincome,orprofit,receivedbyacorporation

correlation相关

relationshipthatresultswhenachangeinonevariableisconsistentlyassociatedwithachangein

anotherone

cost-pushinflation成本推动型通货膨胀

inflationwhoinitialcauisariinproductioncosts

Cournotcompetition古诺竞争

anoligopolyinwhicheachfirmbelievesthatitsrivalsarecommittedtoacertainlevelof

productionandthatrivalswillreducetheirpricesasneededtollthatamountcredentials

competition文凭竞争

thetrendinwhichprospectiveworkersacquirehighereducationalcredentials,notsomuch

becauofanythingtheyactuallylearnintheprocessbuttoconvincepotentialemployerstohire

thembysignalingthattheywillbemoreproductiveemployeesthan

thowithweakercredentials

creditconstrainteffect信贷约束效应

whenpricesfall,firms'revenuesalsofall,butthemoneytheyowecreditorsremainsunchanged;

asaresult,eofcreditrationing,firmscannot

makeupthedifference;accordingly,investmentdecreas

creditrationing信贷配给

creditisrationedwhennolenderiswillingtomakealoantoaborrowerortheamountlendersare

willingtolendtoborrowersislimited,eveniftheborroweriswillingtopaymorethanother

borrowersofcomparableriskwhoaregettingloans

crosssubsidization交叉补贴

thepracticeofcharginghigherpricestoonegroupofconsumersinordertosubsidize

lowerpricesforanothergroup

D

Deadweightloss无谓损失

Thereductionintotalsurplusthatresultsfromatax

Demandcurve需求曲线

Agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded

Demanddeposits活期存款

Balancesinbankaccountsthatdepositorscanaccessondemandbywritingacheck

Demandschedule需求表

Atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantity

demanded

Depreciation贬值

Adecreainthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbytheamountofforeigncurrencyitcanbuy

Depression萧条

Avererecession

Diminishingmarginalproduct边际产量递减

Thepropertywherebythemarginalproductofaninputdeclinesasthequantityofthe

inputincreas

Thepropertythatthemarginalproductofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinputincreas

Diminishingreturns收益递减

Thepropertythatthebenefitfromanextraunitofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinput

increas

Discountrate贴现率

TheinterestrateontheloansthattheFedmakestobanks

Discouragedworkers丧失信心的工人

IndividualswhowouldliketoworkbuthavegivenuplookingforajobDiscrimination歧视

Theofferingofdifferentopportunitiestosimilarindividualswhodifferonlybyrace,ethnicgroup,

x,age,orotherpersonalcharacteristics

Diconomiesofscale规模不经济

Thepropertythatlong-runaveragetotalcostrisasthequantityofoutputincreasDominant

strategy优势战略

Astrategythatisbestforaplayerinagameregardlessofthestrategieschonbytheother

playersdebt债务

capital,suchasbondsandbankloans,suppliedtoafirmbylenders;thefirmpromistorepay

theamountborrowedwithinterest

decentralization分权化

organizationalstructureinwhichmanyindividualsorsubunitscanmakedecisionsdecisiontree

决策树

adeviceforstructureddecisionmakingthatspellsoutthechoicesandpossibleconquencesof

alternativeactions

deficitspending赤字支出

thesituationthatexistswhengovernmentexpendituresaregreaterthanrevenuesdeflation通货

紧缩

apersistentdecreainthegenerallevelofpricesdemand-constrainedequilibrium受需求约束

的平衡theequilibriumthatoccurswhenpricesarestuckatalevelabovethatatwhich

aggregatedemandequalsaggregatesupplyatthecurrentpriceleveldemand-pullinflation需求

拉动型通货膨胀inflationwhoinitialcauisaggregatedemandexceedingaggregate

supplyatthecurrentpriceleveldemographiceffects人口效应

effectsthatarifromchangesincharacteristicsofthepopulationsuchasage,birthrates,and

location

deregulation放松管制

theliftingofgovernmentregulationstoallowthemarkettofunctionmorefreelydevaluation贬值

areductionintherateofexchangebetweenonecurrencyandothercurrenciesunderafixed

exchangeratesystem

developedcountries发达国家或工业化国家

thewealthiestnationsintheworld,includingWesternEurope,theUnitedStates,Canada,Japan,

Australia,andNewZealanddiminishingmarginalutility边际效用递减

theprinciplethatsaysthatasanindividualconsumesmoreandmoreofagood,eachsuccessive

unitincreasherutility,orenjoyment,lessandlessdividends股息

thatportionofcorporateprofitspaidouttoshareholdersdownwardrigidityofwages工资下降刚

性thesituationthatexistswhenwagesdonotfallquicklyinrespontoashiftinthedemandor

supplycurveforlabor,resultinginanexcesssupplyoflabordualeconomy二元经济

theparationinmanyLDCsbetweenanimpoverishedruralctorandanurbanctor

thathashigherwagesandmoreadvancedtechnologyduopoly双头垄断anindustrywithonly

twofirmsdurablegoods耐用品

goodsthatprovidearviceoveranumberofyears,suchascars,majorappliances,and

furnituredynamicconsistency动态一致性

apolicyissaidtohavedynamicconsistencywhengovernmentannouncesacourofactionand

thenhastheincentivestoactuallycarryoutthatpolicy

E

Economics经济学

Thestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources

Economiesofscale规模经济

Thepropertythatlong-runaveragetotalcostfallsasthequantityofoutputincreasEfficiency效

率

Thepropertyofaresourceallocationofmaximizingthetotalsurplusreceivedmembersof

society;Thepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsresources

Efficiencywages效率工资

Above-equilibriumwagespaidbyfirmsinordertoincreaworkerproductivity

Efficientscale有效规模

Thequantityofoutputthatminimizesaveragetotalcost

Elasticity弹性

Ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofits

determinants

Equilibrium均衡

Asituationinwhichsupplyanddemandhavebeenbroughtintobalance

Equilibriumprice均衡价格

Thepricethatbalancessupplyanddemand

Equilibriumquantity均衡数量

Thequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedwhenthepricehasadjustedtobalancesupply

anddemand

Equity平等

Thefairnessofthedistributionofwell-beingamongthevariousbuyersandllers;Thepropertyof

distributingeconomicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsociety

Excessdemand超额需求

Asituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied

Excesssupply超额供给

Asituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded

Excludability排他性

byall

scarce

Thepropertyofagoodthatapersoncanbepreventedfromusingit

Exports出口

Goodsandrvicesthatareproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroad;Goodsproduced

domesticallyandsoldabroad

Externality外部性

Theimpactofoneperson'sactionsonthewell-beingofabystandereconomicrents经济租金

paymentsmadetoafactorthatareinexcessofwhatisrequiredtoelicitthesupplyofthatfactor

efficiencywagetheory效率工资理论

thetheorythatpayinghigherwages(uptoapoint)lowerstotalproductioncosts,forinstanceby

leadingtoamoreproductivelaborforce

economiesofscope范围经济

whatexistswhenitislesxpensivetoproducetwoproductstogetherthanitwouldbetoproduce

eachoneparately

efficientmarketstheory有效市场理论

thetheorythatallavailableinformationisreflectedinthecurrentpriceofanastelasticityof

laborsupply劳动供给弹性

thepercentagechangeinlaborsuppliedresultingfroma1%changeinwages

equity,shares,stock股票

termsthatindicatepartownershipofafirm,whichthefirmllsinordertoraimoney,orcapital

equitycapital股份资本

capital,suchasshares(orstock),suppliedtoafirmbyitsowners(shareholders);thereturns

receivedbytheownersarenotguaranteedbutdependonhowwellthefirmdoexchange

efficiency交换的效率

theconditioninwhichwhatevertheeconomyproducesisdistributedamongindividualsinan

efficientway

exchangerate汇率

therateatwhichonecurrency(suchasdollars)canbeexchangedforanother(suchasmarks,

yen,orpounds)

excitax货物税

ataxonaparticulargoodorrvice

expectedreturn预期收益

theaveragereturn--asinglenumberthatcombinesthevariouspossiblereturnsperdollarinvested

withthechancesthateachofthereturnswillactuallybepaidexport-ledgrowth出口导向型增

长

thestrategythatgovernmentshouldencourageexportsinwhichthecountryhasacomparative

advantagetostimulategrowth

F

Factorsofproduction生产要素

Theinputsudtoproducegoodsandrvices

FederalRerve(Fed)联邦储备

ThecentralbankoftheUnitedStates

Fiatmoney法定货币

MoneywithoutintrinsicvaluethatisudasmoneybecauofgovernmentdecreeFinancial

intermediaries金融中介机构

FinancialinstitutionsthroughwhichsaverscanindirectlyprovidefundstoborrowersFinancial

markets金融市场

FinancialinstitutionsthroughwhichsaverscandirectlyprovidefundstoborrowersFinancial

system金融体系

Thegroupofinstitutionsintheeconomythathelptomatchoneperson'ssavingwithanother

person'sinvestment

Fishereffect费雪效应

Theone-for-oneadjustmentofthenominalinterestratetotheinflationrate

Fixedcost固定成本

CoststhatdonotvarywiththequantityofoutputproducedFractional-rervebanking部分准备

金银行体系

AbankingsysteminwhichbanksholdonlyafractionofdepositsasrervesFreerider搭便车

者

Apersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoidspayingforitfactordemand要素需求

theamountofaninputdemandedbyafirm,giventhepriceoftheinputandthequantityofoutput

beingproduced;aninputwillbedemandeduptothepointwherethevalueoftheinput'smarginal

productequalsthepriceoftheinputfederalgovernmentstructure联邦政府结构

asysteminwhichgovernmentactivitytakesplaceatverallevels--national,state,county,city,

andothers

firmwealtheffect厂商的财富效应

lowerpricesorlowerdemandcaufirms'profitsandnetworthtofall,andthismakes

themlesswillingtoundertaketherisksinvolvedwithinvestmentfiscalpolicies财政政策

policiesthataffectthelevelofgovernmentexpendituresandtaxes

fixedexchangeratesystem固定汇率体系

anexchangeratesysteminwhichthevalueofeachcurrencyisfixedinrelationshiptoother

currencies

flexibleexchangeratesystem浮动汇率体系

asysteminwhichexchangeratesaredeterminedbymarketforces,thelawofsupplyand

demand,withoutgovernmentinterference

fixedoroverheadinputs不变投入或分摊投入

inputsthatdonotchangedependingonthequantityofoutput,atleastovertheshorttermflow

statistics流量统计

measurementsofacertainrateofquantityperperiodoftime,suchasGDP,whichmeasures

outputperyear

full-employmentdeficit充分就业赤字

thebudgetdeficitthatwouldhaveprevailediftheeconomywereatfullemployment,thus

withhighertaxrevenuesandlowerpublicassistanceexpendituresfull-employmentoutput/

potentialoutput充分就业产出或潜在产出

thelevelofoutputthatwouldprevailiflaborwerefullyemployed(outputmayexceedthat

levelifworkersworkmorethanthenormallevelofovertime)

G

GDPdeflator平减指数

AmeasureofthepricelevelcalculatedastheratioofnominalGDPtorealGDPtimes

100

Gametheory博弈理论

Thestudyofhowpeoplebehaveinstrategicsituations

Giffengood吉芬物品

Agoodforwhichanincreainthepriceraisthequantitydemanded

Grossdomesticproduct(GDP)国内生产总值

Themarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandrvicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodof

time

Grossnationalproduct(GNP)国名生产总值

Themarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandrvicesproducedbypermanentresidentsofanation

withinagivenperiodoftime

gainsfromtrade交易所得

thebenefitsthateachsideenjoysfromatrade

GDPpercapita人均国内生产总值

thevalueofallgoodsandrvicesproducedintheeconomydividedbypopulation

generalequilibriumanalysis一般均衡分析

asimultaneousanalysisofallcapital,product,andlabormarketsthroughouttheeconomy

Ginicoefficient基尼系数

ameasureofinequality(equaltotwicetheareabetweenthe45degreelineandtheLorenzcurve)

greenrevolution绿色革命

theinventionanddisminationofnewedsandagriculturalpracticesthatledtovastincreas

inagriculturaloutputinLDCsduringthe1960'sand1970'sH

Horizontalequity横向公平

Theideathattaxpayerswithsimilarabilitiestopaytaxesshouldpaythesameamount

Humancapital人力资本

Theknowledgeandskillsthatworkersacquirethrougheducation,training,andexperience;The

accumulationofinvestmentsinpeople,suchaducationandon-the-jobtraining

horizontalintegration横向一体化

theintegrationofafirmwithotherfirmsproducingthesameproduct(atthesamelevelof

production)

horizontalmerger横向兼并

amergerbetweentwofirmsthatproducethesamegoods

horizontalrestrictions横向约束

restrictions(suchasanagreementnottocompeteinpriceortoentereachothers'markets)by

competingfirms(atthesamelevelofproduction,forinstance,amongproducers,oramong

wholesalers,oramongretailers)

hostiletakeover恶意收购

whenonemanagementteam(onefirm)takesoverthecontrolofanother,againstthewillofthe

condfirm

I

Importquota进口限额

Alimitonthequantityofagoodthatcanbeproducedabroadandsolddomestically

Imports进口

Goodsandrvicesthatareproducedabroadandsolddomestically

In-kindtransfers实物转移支付

Transferstothepoorgivenintheformofgoodsandrvicesratherthancash

Incomeeffect收入效应

Thechangeinconsumptionthatresultswhenapricechangemovestheconsumertoahigheror

lowerindifferencecurve

Incomeelasticityofdemand需求收入弹性

Ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinconsumers'

income,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentage

changeinincome

Indexation指数化

TheautomaticcorrectionofadollarfigurefortheeffectsofinflationbylaworcontractIndifference

curves无差异曲线

CurvesthatshowconsumptionbundlesthatgivetheconsumerthesamelevelofsatisfactionA

goodforwhichanincreainincomereducesthequantitydemanded

Inferiorgood低档商品

Agoodforwhich,otherthingsbeingequal,anincreainincomeleadstoadecreainquantity

demanded

Inflation通货膨胀

Anincreaintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy

Inflationrate通货膨胀率

Thepercentagechangeinthepriceindexfromtheprecedingperiod

Internalizinganexternality外部性的内在化

Alteringincentivessothatpeopletakeaccountoftheexternaleffectsoftheiractions

Investment投资

Spendingoncapitalequipment,inventories,andstructures,includinghouholdpurchasofnew

housing

imperfectcompetition不完全竞争

anymarketstructureinwhichthereissomecompetitionbutfirmsfacedownward-slopingdemand

curves

implicitcontract隐含合同

anunwrittenunderstandingbetweentwogroupsinvolvedinanexchange,suchasan

understandingbetweenemployerandemployeesthatemployeeswillreceiveastablewage

throughoutfluctuatingeconomicconditions

importfunction进口函数

therelationshipbetweenimportsandnationalincome

incompletemarkets不完全市场

situationsinwhichnomarketmayexistforsomegoodorforsomerisk,orinwhichsome

individualscannotborrowforsomepurpos

increasing,constantordiminishingreturnstoscale规模收益递增/不变/递减

whenallinputsareincreadbyacertainproportion,outputincreasbyagreaterproportion

(alsoknownaconomiesofscale)

indexing指数化

theformallinkingofanypaymenttoapriceindexindividualincometax个人所得税

ataxbadontheincomereceivedbyanyindividualorhouhold

infantindustryargumentforprotection幼稚工业保护论

theargumentthatindustriesmustbeprotectedfromforeigncompetitionwhiletheyareyoung,until

theyhaveachancetoacquiretheskillstoenablethemtocompeteonequalterms

infiniteelasticityofdemand无限需求弹性

thesituationthatexistswhenanyamountwillbedemandedataparticularprice,butnothingwill

bedemandedifthepricerivenasmallamount

infiniteelasticityofsupply无限供给弹性

situationthatexistswhenanyamountwillbesuppliedataparticularprice,butnothingwillbe

suppliedifthepricefallvenasmallamount

inflationtax通货膨胀税

thedecreainbuyingpower(wealth)thatinflationimposonthowhoholdcurrency(and

otherasts,likebonds,thepaymentsforwhicharefixedintermsofdollars)inflationaryspiral通

货膨胀螺旋

alf-perpetuatingsysteminwhichpriceincreasleadtohigherwages,whichleadtofurther

priceincreas

infrastructure基础设施

theroads,ports,bridges,andlegalsystemthatprovidethenecessarybasisforaworking

economy

insider-outsidertheory局内人—局外人理论

thetheorythatfirmsarereluctanttopaynewworkers(outsiders)alowerwagethancurrent

workers(insiders),becaucurrentworkerswillfearbeingreplacedbythenewlog-wageworkers

andwillnotparticipateincooperatingwithandtrainingthem

interest利息

thereturnasaverreceivesinadditiontotheoriginalamountshedeposited,andtheamountthata

borrowermustpayinadditiontotheoriginalamountshedepositedinterestrateeffect利率效应

thesituationthatexistswhenlowerinterestrates(resultingfromanincreainthemoneysupply,

orafallinthepricelevel)inducefirmstoinvestmore

investmentschedule投资曲线

therelationshipbetweenthelevelofinvestmentandthe(real)rateofinterest

investmenttaxcredit(ITC)投资税减免

aprovisionofthetaxcodeinwhichthegovernmentreducesacompany'staxbillbyanamount

equaltoapercentageofitsspendingoninvestment

involuntaryunemployment非自愿失业

thesituationthatoccurswhenthesupplyofthowillingtoworkatthegoingmarketwage

exceedsthedemandforlabor

J

Jobarch寻找工作

Theprocessbywhichworkersfindappropriatejobsgiventheirtastesandskills

K

Keynesianmonetarytheory凯恩斯货币理论

Keynesianunemployment凯恩斯失业

unemploymentthatoccursasaresultofinsufficientaggregatedemand;itarisinthedemand-

constrainedequilibrium(whereaggregatedemandislessthanaggregatesupply),sothat

rightwardshiftsinaggregatedemandreducethelevelofunemploymentkinkeddemandcurve有

折点的需求曲线

thedemandcurveperceivedbyanoligopolistwhobelievesthatrivalswillmatchanypricecutsbut

willnotmatchpriceincreas

L

Laborforce劳动力

Thetotalnumberofworkers,includingboththeemployedandunemployed

Labor-forceparticipationrate劳动力参工率

Thepercentageofthepopulationthatisinthelaborforce

Lawofdemand需求规律

Theclaimthat,otherthingsbeingequal,thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceof

thegoodris

Lawofsupply供给规律

Theclaimthat,othersthingsbeingequal,thequantitysuppliedofagoodriswhenthepriceof

thegoodris

Lawofsupplyanddemand供求规律

Theclaimthatthepriceofanygoodadjuststobringthesupplyanddemandforthatgoodinto

balance

LifeCycle生命周期

Theregularpatternofincomevariationoveraperson'slife

Liquidity流动性

Theeawithwhichanastcanbeconvertedintotheeconomy'smediumofexchangeLump-

sumtax定额税

Ataxthatisthesameamountforeveryperson

learningbydoing干中学

theincreainproductivitythatoccursasafirmgainxperiencefromproducing,and

thatresultsinadecreainthefirm'sproductioncosts

learningcurve学习曲线；经验曲线

thecurvedescribinghowcostsofproductiondeclineascumulativeoutputincreasovertime

lessdevelopedcountries(LDCs)发展中国家

thepoorestnationsoftheworld,includingmuchofAfrica,LatinAmerica,andAsialife-cycle

hypothesis生命周期假说

thetheorythatindividualstypicallysavewhentheyareyoungandworkingandspend

theirsavingsastheyageandretire

life-cyclesavingsmotive生命周期储蓄动机

peoplesaveduringtheirworkinglivessothattheycanconsumemoreduringretirementlimit

pricing限制性定价

thepracticeofchargingalowerpricethanthelevelatwhichmarginalrevenueequalsmarginal

cost,asawayofdeterringentrybypersuadingpotentialcompetitorsthattheirprofitsfrom

enteringarelikelytobelimited

Lorenzcurve洛伦兹曲线

acurvethatshowsthecumulativeproportionofincomethatgoestoeachcumulativeproportionof

thepopulation,startingwiththelowestincomegroup

Luddites卢德派分子

earlynineteenth-centuryworkmenwhodestroyedlabor-savingmachineryratherthaneittaking

overtheirjobs

M

Macroeconomics宏观经济学

Thestudyofeconomy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,economic

growth

Marginalchanges边际变动

Smallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofaction

Marginalcost边际成本

Theincreaintotalcostthatarisfromanextraunitofproduction

Marginalproduct边际产量

Theincreainoutputthatarisfromanadditionalunitofinput

Marginalproductoflabor劳动的边际产量

Theincreaintheamountofoutputfromanadditionalunitoflabor

Marginalrateofsubstitution边际替代率

Therateatwhichaconsumeriswillingtotradeonegoodforanother

Marginalrevenue边际收益

Thechangeintotalrevenuefromanadditionalunitsold

Marginaltaxrate边际税率

Theextrataxespaidonanadditionaldollarofincome

Market市场

Agroupofbuyersandllersofaparticulargoodorrvice

Marketeconomy市场经济

Aneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsand

houholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandrvices

Marketfailure市场失灵

Asituationinwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocateresourcefficiently

Marketforloanablefunds可贷资金市场

Themarketinwhichthowhowanttosavesupplyfundsandthowhowanttoborrowtoinvest

demandfunds

Marketpower市场力量

Theabilityofasingleeconomicfactor(orsmallgroupoffactors)tohaveasubstantialinfluenceon

marketprices

Mediumofexchange交换媒介

and

Anitemthatbuyersgivetollerswhentheywanttopurchagoodsandrvices

Menucosts菜单成本

Thecostsofchangingprices

Microeconomics微观经济学

Thestudyofhowhouholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinmarkets

Modelofaggregatesupplyandaggregatedemand总需求与总供给模型

Themodelthatmosteconomistsutoexplainshort-runfluctuationsineconomicactivityaround

itslong-runtrend

Monetaryneutrality货币中性

Thepropositionthatchangesinthemoneysupplydonotaffectrealvariables

Monetarypolicy货币政策

Thettingofthemoneysupplybypolicymakersinthecentralbank

Money货币

Thetofastsintheeconomythatpeopleregularlyutobuygoodsandrvicesfromother

people

Moneymultiplier货币乘数

Theamountofmoneythebankingsystemgenerateswitheachdollarofrerves

Moneysupply货币供给

Thequantityofmoneyavailableintheeconomy

Monopolisticcompetition垄断竞争

Amarketstructureinwhichmanyfirmsllproductsthataresimilarbutnotidentical

Monopoly垄断

Afirmthatisthesolellerofaproductwithoutclosubstitutes

Multipliereffect乘数效应

Theadditionalshiftsinaggregatedemandthatresultwhenexpansionaryfiscalpolicyincreas

incomeandtherebyincreasconsumerspending

Mutualfund共同基金

Aninstitutionthatllssharestothepublicandustheproceedstobuyaportfolioofstocksand

bonds

M1,M2,M3货币供给量的度量

measuresofthemoneysupply:M1includescurrencyandcheckingaccounts;M2includesM1

plussavingsdeposits,CDs,andmoneymarketfunds;M3includesM2pluslarge-denomination

savingsdepositsandinstitutionalmoneymarketmutualfunds

managerialslack管理松懈

thelackofmanagerialefficiency(forinstance,incuttingcosts)thatoccurswhenfirmsare

insulatedfromcompetition

marginalcostsandbenefits边际成本和边际收益

costsandbenefitsthatresultfromchoosingalittlebitmoreofonethingandalittlebitlessof

another

marginalpropensitytoconsume边际消费倾向

theamountbywhichconsumptionincreaswhendisposableincomeincreasbyadollar

marginalpropensitytoimport边际进口倾向

theamountbywhichimportsincreawhendisposableincomeincreasbyadollarmarginal

propensitytosave边际储蓄倾向

theamountbywhichsavingsincreawhendisposableincomeincreasbyadollarmarginal

utility边际效用

theextrautility,orenjoyment,apersonreceivesfromtheconsumptionofoneadditionalunitofa

goo

marketclearing市场出清

situationthatexistswhenthereisneitherexcesssupplynorexcessdemand

marketfailuresapproach市场失灵论

theargumentthatgovernmentmayhaveaneconomicroletoplaywhenmarketsfailtoproduce

efficientoutcomes

marketlaborsupplycurve劳动的市场供给曲线

therelationshipbetweenthewagepaidandtheamountoflaborwillinglysupplied,foundby

addingupthelaborsupplycurvesofallindividualsintheeconomy

medianvoter中间投票人

thevotersuchthathalfthepopulationhavepreferencesononesideofthisvoter(forinstance,

theywanthighergovernmentexpendituresandtaxes),whiletheotherhalfofthepopulationhave

preferencesontheothersideofthisvoter(theywantlowertaxesandexpenditures)

meritgoodsandbads公益品和公害品

goodsthataredeterminedbythegovernmenttobegoodorbadforpeople,regardlessfor

whetherpeopledesirethemforthemlvesornot

mixedeconomy混合经济

aneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughamixtureofpublic(governmental)andprivate

decisionmaking

model模型

atofassumptionsanddataudbyeconomiststostudyanaspectoftheeconomyandmake

predictionsaboutthefutureorabouttheconquencesofvariouspolicychanges

Modigliani-Millertheorem莫迪利安尼—米勒定理

thetheoremthatsaysthatunderasimplifiedtofconditions,themannerinwhichafirmfinances

itlfdoesnotmatter

monetarists货币主义者

economistswhoemphasizetheimportanceofmoneyintheeconomy;theytendtobelievethatan

appropriatemonetarypolicyisalltheeconomyneedsfromthegovernment,andmarketforceswill

otherwisolveanymacroeconomicproblems

moralhazard败德；道德陷阱

principlethatsaysthatthowhopurchainsurancehaveareducedincentivetoavoidwhatthey

areinsuredagainst

multiplier-acceleratormodel乘数—加速数模型

amodelthatrelatesbusinesscyclestotheinternalworkingsoftheeconomy,showinghow

changesininvestmentandoutputreinforceeachother;thecentralingredientsofthemodelare

themultiplierandtheaccelerator

multilateraltrade多边贸易

tradebetweenmorethantwoparties

N

Nashequilibrium纳什均衡

Asituationinwhicheconomicactorsinteractingwithoneanothereachchootheirbeststrategy

giventhestrategiesthatalltheotheractorshavechon

Nationalsaving(saving)国民储蓄

Thetotalincomeintheeconomythatremainsafterpayingforconsumptionandgovernment

purchas

Naturalmonopoly自然垄断

Amonopolythatarisbecauasinglefirmcansupplyagoodorrvicetoanentire

marketatasmallercostthancouldtwoormorefirms

Naturalrateofunemployment自然失业率

Thenormalrateofunemploymentaroundwhichtheunemploymentratefluctuates

Naturalresources自然资源

Theinputsintotheproductionofgoodsandrvicesthatareprovidedbynature,suchasland,

rivers,andmineraldeposits

Natural-ratehypothesis自然率假说

Theclaimthatunemploymenteventuallyreturnstoitsnormal,ornatural,rate,regardlessofthe

rateofinflation

Netexports净出口

Thevalueofanation'xportsminusthevalueofitsimports,alsocalledthetradebalance;

Spendingondomesticallyproducedgoodsbyforeigners(exports)minusspendingonforeign

goodsbydomesticresidents(imports)

Netforeigninvestment国外净投资

Thepurchaofforeignastsbydomesticresidentsminusthepurchaofdomesticastsby

foreigners

NominalGDP名义GDP

Theproductionofgoodsandrvicesvaluedatcurrentprices

NominalVariables名义变量

Variablesmeasuredinmonetaryunits

Nominalexchangerate名义汇率

Therateatwhichapersoncantradethecurrencyofonecountryforthecurrencyofanother

Nominalinterestrate名义利率

Theinterestrateasusuallyreportedwithoutacorrectionfortheeffectsofinflation

Normalgood正常物品

Agoodforwhichanincreainincomeraisthequantitydemanded;Agoodforwhich,other

thingsbeingequal,anincreainincomeleadstoanincreainquantitydemanded

Normativestatements规范表述

Claimsthatattempttoprescribehowtheworldshouldbe

naturalendowments自然禀赋

acountry'snaturalresources,likegoodclimate,fertileland,orminerals

netexportfunction净出口函数

acurvethatgivesthelevelofnetexportsateachlevelofincome

netdomesticproduct(NDP)国内生产净值

GDPminusthevalueofthedepreciationofthecountry'scapitalgoods

newclassicaleconomists新古典经济学家

economistswho,beginninginthe1970;s,builtonthetraditionofclassicaleconomistsand

believedthatbyandlarge,marketforces,iflefttothemlves,wouldsolvetheproblemsof

unemploymentandrecessions

newgrowtheconomists新增长经济学家

economistswho,beginninginthe1980's,soughttounderstandbetterthebasicforcesthatledthe

economytogrowfastatonetimeandsloweratanother,orsomecountriestogrowfasterthan

others

newKeynesianeconomists新凯恩斯主义经济学家

economistswho,beginningthe1980's,builtonthetraditionofKeynesianeconomistsandfocud

attentiononunemployment;theysoughtexplanationsforthefailureofwagesandpricestoadjust

tomakelabormarketsandpossiblyothermarketsclear

newlyindustrializedcountries新工业化国家

nationsthathaverecentlymovedfrombeginquitepoortobeingmiddle-incomecountries;

includingSouthKorea,Taiwan,Singapore,andHongKong

normativeeconomics规范经济学

economicsinwhichtheconclusionsrestonvaluejudgmentsaswellasfactsandtheories

O

Oligopoly寡头

Amarketstructureinwhichonlyafewllersoffersimilaroridenticalproducts

Openeconomy开放经济

Aneconomythatinteractsfreelywithothereconomiesaroundtheworld

Open-marketoperations公开市场活动

ThepurchaandsaleofUnitedStatesgovernmentbondsbytheFed

Opportunitycost机会成本

Whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem

Okun'slaw奥肯定律

theobrvationthatastheeconomypullsoutofarecession,outputincreasmorethan

proportionatelytoincreasinemployment

opportunityts机会集合

asummaryofthechoicesavailabletoindividuals,asdefinedbybudgetconstraintsandtime

constraints

outputpercapita人均产量

anation'soutputdividedbythenumberofindividualsinthecountry

outputs产量

theoutcomesofaproductionprocess

overheadcosts管理费用

notdependonthescaleof

production

P

Perfectcomplements完全互补品

Twogoodswithright-angleindifferencecurves

Perfectsubstitutes完全替代品

Twogoodswithstraight-lineindifferencecurves

Permanentincome持久收入

Aperson'snormalincome

Phillipscurve菲利普斯曲线

Acurvethatshowstheshort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment

Physicalcapital物质资本

Thestockofequipmentandstructuresthatareudtoproducegoodsandrvices

Pigoviantax庇古税

Ataxenactedtocorrecttheeffectsofanegativeexternality

Positivestatements实证表述

Claimsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis

Povertyline贫困线

Anabsolutelevelofincometbythefederalgovernmentforeachfamilysizebelowwhicha

familyisdeemedtobeinpoverty

Povertyrate贫困率

Thepercentageofthepopulationwhofamilyincomefallsbelowanabsolutelevelcalledthe

povertyline

Priceceiling价格上限

Alegalmaximumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold

Pricediscrimination价格歧视

Thebusinesspracticeofllingthesamegoodatdifferentpricestodifferentcustomers

Priceelasticityofdemand需求价格弹性

Ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceof

thatgood,computedasapercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentage

changeinprice

Priceelasticityofsupply供给价格弹性

Ameasureofhowmuchthequantitysuppliedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthat

good,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitysupplieddividedbythepercentagechange

inprice

Pricefloor价格下限

Alegalminimumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold

Prisoners'dilemma囚犯的两难处境

Aparticular'game'betweentwocapturedprisonersthatillustrateswhycooperationisdifficultto

maintainevenwhenitismutuallybeneficial

Privategoods私人物品

Goodsthatarebothexcludableandrival

Privatesaving私人储蓄

Theincomethathouholdshaveleftafterpayingfortaxesandconsumption

Producerpriceindex生产物价指数

Ameasureofthecostofabasketofgoodsandrvicesboughtbyfirms

Producersurplus生产者剩余

Theamountallerispaidforagoodminustheller'scost

Productionfunction生产函数

Therelationshipbetweenquantityofinputsudtomakeagoodandthequantityofoutputofthat

good

Productionpossibilitiesfrontier生产可能性边界

Agraphthatshowsthevariouscombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproduce

giventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnologyProductivity生

产率

Theamountofgoodsandrvicesproducedfromeachhourofaworker'stime;Thequantityof

goodsandrvicesproducedfromeachhourofaworker'stime

Profit利润

Totalrevenueminustotalcost

Progressivetax累进税

Ataxforwhichhigh-incometaxpayerspayalargerfractionoftheirincomethandolow-income

taxpayers

Proportionaltax比例税

Ataxforwhichhigh-incomeandlow-incometaxpayerspaythesamefractionofincome

Publicgoods公共物品

Goodsthatareneitherexcludablenorrival

Publicsaving公共储蓄

Thetaxrevenuethatthegovernmenthasleftafterpayingforitsspending

Pareto-efficientallocations帕雷托有效配置

resourceallocations,thatcannotmakeapersonbetteroffwithoutmakingsomeoneelworoff

partialequilibriumanalysis局部均衡分析

ananalysisthatfocusononlyoneorafewmarketsatatimepartnership合伙制

abusinessownedbytwoormoreindividuals,whosharetheprofitsandarejointlyliableforany

losspatent专利

agovernmentdecreegivinganinventortheexclusiverighttoproduce,u,orllan

invention

paternalism父爱主义

themakingofjudgmentsbygovernmentaboutwhatisgoodforpeopletohave,ratherthanletting

peoplechooontheirown

payrolltax工薪税

ataxbadonpayroll(wages)thatisudtofinancetheSocialSecurityandMedicareprograms

perfectcompetition完全竞争

situationinwhicheachfirmisapricetaker--itcannotinfluencethemarketprice;atthemarket

pricethefirmcanllasmuchasitwishes,butifitraisitsprice,itlosallsales

perfectlymobilecapita具有完全流动性的资本

capitalthatrespondsquicklytochangesinreturnsindifferentcountries

permanent-incomehypothesis永久收入假说

thetheorythatindividualsbatheircurrentconsumptionlevelsontheirpermanent(long-run

average)income

permanent-incomesavingsmotive永久收入储蓄动机

peoplesaveingoodyears,totidethemoverinbadyears;theychootheirpatternofsavings

andspendingyearbyyeartoaverageorsmooththeirconsumptionovergoodyearsandbad

piece-ratesystem计件工资制度

acompensationsysteminwhichworkersarepaidspecificallyforeachitemproduced

plannedorunplannedinventories计划或无计划库存

plannedinventoriesarethofirmschootohaveonhandbecautheymakebusinessmore

efficient;unplannedinventoriesresultwhencannotllwhattheyproducepolicyineffectiveness

政策无效性命题

thepropositionthatgovernmentpoliciesareineffective--policiesaimedatstimulatingaggregate

demandatmostchangethepricelevel

plannedeconomy计划经济

aneconomyinwhichmostdecisionsaboutresourceallocationaremadebythegovernment

portfoliotheories资产组合理论

theoriesthatarguethatmonetarypolicyaffectsoutputthroughitffectonpricesofvariousasts,

inparticularthepricesofstocks

portfolio资产组合

aninvestor'ntirecollectionofastsandliabilitiespotentialGDP潜在GDP

ameasureofwhatthevalueofGDPwouldbeiftheeconomy'sresourceswerefullyemployed

potentialoutput潜在产出

thelevelofoutputthatwouldprevailiflaborwerefullyemployed(outputmayexceedthatlevelif

workersworkmorethanthenormallevelofovertime)

precautionarysavingsmotive谨慎储蓄动机

peoplesavetoguardagainstthechanceofanunexpectedillnessoraccidentpredatorypricing掠

夺性定价

thepracticeofcuttingpricesbelowthemarginalcostsofproductiontodriveoutanewfirm(orto

deterfutureentry),atwhichpointpricescanberaidagainprentdiscountedvalue现期贴现

值

howmuchanamountofmoneytobereceivedinthefutureisworthrightnowpriceindex价格指

数

ameasureofthelevelofpricesfoundbycomparingthecostofacertainbasketofgoodsinone

yearwiththatcostinabayear

principal本金

theoriginalamountasaverdepositsinabankoraborrowerborrowsprincipal-agentproblem所

有者—代理人问题

anysituationinwhichoneparty(theprincipal)needstodelegateactionstoanotherparty

(theagent),andthuswishestoprovidetheagentwithincentivestoworkhardandmakedecisions

aboutriskthatreflectstheinterestsoftheprincipalprivatemarginalcost私人边际成本

themarginalcostofproductionbornebytheproducerofagood;whenthereisanegative

externality,suchasairpollution,privatemarginalcostislessthansocialmarginalcost

privatization私有化

theprocesswherebyfunctionsthatwereformallyrunbythegovernmentaredelegatedinsteadto

theprivatector

productdifferentiation产品差异

thefactthatsimilarproducts(likebreakfastcerealsorsoftdrinks)areperceivedtodifferfromone

anotherandthusareimperfectsubstitutes

productmarket产品市场

themarketinwhichgoodsandrvicesareboughtandsold

product-mixefficiency产品组合效应

theconditioninwhichthemixofgoodsproducedbytheeconomyreflectsthepreferencesof

consumers

productionefficiency生产效率

theconditioninwhichfirmscannotproducemoreofsomegoodswithoutproducinglessofother

goods

productivity(GDPperhour)生产率/平均每人时的GDP

howmuchanaverageworkerproducesperhour,calculatedbydividingrealGDPbyhours

workedintheeconomy

proprietorship独资企业

abusinessownedbyasingleperson,usuallyasmallbusiness

protectionism保护主义

apolicyofprotectingdomesticindustriesfromforeign-madecompetition

pureprofit(monopolyrents)纯利润或垄断租金

theprofitearnedbyamonopolistthatresultsfromitsreducingoutputandincreasingtheprice

fromthelevelatwhichpriceequalsmarginalcost

Q

Quantitydemanded需求量

Theamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandabletopurcha

Quantityequation货币数量方程式

TheequationMxV=PxY,whichrelatesthequantityofmoney,thevelocityofmoneyandthedollar

valueoftheeconomy'soutputofgoodsandrvices

Quantitysupplied供给量

Theamountofagoodthatllersarewillingandabletoll

Quantitytheoryofmoney货币数量论

Atheorythatasrtsthatthequantityofmoneyavailabledeterminesthepricelevelandthatthe

growthrateinthequantityofmoneyavailabledeterminestheinflationrate;Thetheorythat

velocityisconstant,sothatchangesinthemoneysupplyleadtoproportionalechangesinnominal

income(whichalsoequalsthevalueofoutput)

quotarents配额租金

profitsthataccruetofirmswhichareallocatedtherightstoimportagoodsubjecttoquotasthat

resultfromtheartificiallycreatedscarcity

quotas配额

limitsontheamountofforeigngoodsthatcanbeimported

R

Rationalexpectations理性预期

Thetheoryaccordingtowhichpeopleoptimallyualltheinformationtheyhave,including

informationaboutgovernmentpolicies,whenforecastingthefuture

RealGDP实际GDP

Theproductionofgoodsandrvicesvaluedatconstantprices

Realexchangerate实际汇率

Therateatwhichapersoncantradethegoodsandrvicesofonecountryforthegoods

andrvicesofanother

Realinterestrate实际利率

Theinterestratecorrectedfortheeffectsofinflation

Realvariables实际变量

Variablesmeasuredinphysicalunits

Recession衰退

Aperiodofdecliningrealincomesandrisingunemployment

Regressivetax累退税

Ataxforwhichhigh-incometaxpayerspayasmallerfractionoftheirincomethandolow-income

taxpayers

Rerveratio准备金率

Thefractionofdepositsthatbanksholdasrerves

Rerverequirements法定准备金

Regulationsontheminimumamountofrervesthatbanksmustholdagainstdeposits

Rerves准备金

Depositsthatbankshavereceivedbuthavenotlentout

Rivalness竞争性

Thepropertyofagoodthatoneperson'sudiminishesotherpeople'su

randomwalk随机行走

atermudtodescribethewaypricesofstockmove,wherethenextmovementcannot

bepredictedonthebasisofpreviousmovements

rationingsystems配给制

waysofdistributinggoodsthatdonotrelyonprices,suchasqueues,lotteries,andcoupons

realbalanceeffect实际余额效应

aspricesfall,therealvalueofpeople'smoneyholdingsincreas,andtheyconsumemore

realbusiness-cycletheorists实际经济周期理论家

aschoolofeconomistswhocontendthattheeconomy'sfluctuationshavenothingtodo

withmonetarypolicybutaredeterminedbyrealforces

realincome实际收入

incomemeasuredbywhatitcanactuallybuy,ratherthanbytheamountofmoney

realproductwage实际产品工资

thewagedividedbythepriceofthegoodbeingproduced

regulatorycapture管制俘虏

atermudtodescribeasituationinwhichregulatorsrvetheinterestsoftheregulatedrather

thantheinterestsofconsumers

relativeperformancecompensation相对表现补偿

pay(compensation)badonperformanceonthejobrelativetootherswhohavesimilar

responsibilitiesandauthority

renteking寻租

thenamegiventobehaviorthatekstoobtainbenefitsfromfavorablegovernmentdecisions,

suchasprotectionfromforeigncompetition

revenuecurve收益曲线

therelationshipbetweenafirm'stotaloutputanditsrevenue

revenues收益

theamountafirmreceivesforllingitsproducts,equaltothepricereceivedmultipliedbythe

quantitysold

right-to-worklaws工作权利法

lawsthatpreventunionmembershipfrombeingaconditionofemployment

riskaver/loving/neutral厌恶风险/喜爱风险/中性风险

givenequalexpectedreturnsanddifferentrisksriskaverpeoplewillchooastswithlower

risk,risklovingpeoplewillchooastswithhigherrisk,andrisk-neutralindividualswillnotcare

aboutdifferencesinrisk

riskpremium风险收益

theadditionalinterestrequiredbylendersascompensationfortheriskthataborrower

maydefault;moregenerally,theextrareturnrequiredtocompensateaninvestor

S

Sacrificeratio牺牲率

Thenumberofpercentagepointsofannualoutputthatislostintheprocessofreducinginflation

byonepercentagepoint

Scarcity希缺性

Thelimitednatureofsociety'sresources

Shoeleathercosts皮鞋成本

Theresourceswastedwheninflationencouragespeopletoreducetheirmoneyholdings

Stagflation滞胀

Aperiodoffallingoutputandrisingprices

Stock股票

Aclaimtopartialownershipinafirm

Storeofvalue价值储藏

Anitemthatpeoplecanutotransferpurchasingpowerfromtheprenttothefuture

Strike罢工

Theorganizedwithdrawaloflaborfromafirmbyaunion

Substitutes替代品

Twogoodsforwhichanincreainthepriceofonegoodleadstoanincreainthedemandfor

theothergood

Substitutioneffect替代效应

Thechangeinconsumptionthatresultswhenapricechangemovestheconsumeralongagiven

indifferencecurvetoapointwithanewmarginalrateofsubstitution

Supplycurve供给曲线

Agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied

Supplyschedule供给表

Atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied

screening筛选

theprocessofdifferentiatingamongjobcandidates,whenthereisincompleteinformation,to

determinewhowillbethemostproductive

shadowprice影子价格

thetruesocialvalueofaresource

signaling信号

conveyinginformation,forexamplebyearningacollege-degree,topersuadeanemployerthata

prospectiveworkerhasdesirablecharacteristicsthatwillenhancehisproductivity

slope斜率

theamountbywhichthevaluealongtheverticalaxisincreasasaresultofachangein

aunitalongthehorizontalaxis;theslopeiscalculatedbydividingthechangeintheverticalaxis

(the"ri")bythechangeinthehorizontalaxis(the"run")

Smith's"invisiblehand"斯密“看不见的手”

theideathatifpeopleactintheirownlf-interest,theywilloftenalsobeactinginabroadersocial

interest,asiftheyhadbeendirectedbyan"invisiblehand"smoothingconsumption均匀消费

consumingsimilaramountsintheprentandfuture,ratherthanlettingyear-to-yearincome

dictateconsumption

socialmarginalcost社会边际成本

themarginalcostofproduction,includingthecostsofanynegativeexternality,suchasair

pollution,bornebyindividualsintheeconomyotherthantheproducersocialism社会主义

aneconomicsysteminwhichthemeansofproductionarecontrolledbythestate

softbudgetconstraints软预算约束

budgetconstraintsfacingafirminwhichthegovernmentsubsidizesanylossstaticexpectations

静态预期

thebeliefofindividualsthattoday'spricesandwagesarelikelytocontinueintothefuturesticky

prices粘性价格

pricesthatdonotadjustoronlyadjustslowlytowardanewequilibrium

stickywages粘性工资

wagesthatareslowtoadjustinrespontoachangeinlabormarketconditionsstockstatistics

存量统计

measurementsofthequantityofacertainitematacertainpointintime,suchascapitalstock,the

totalvalueofbuildingsandmachines

sunkcost沉没成本

acostthathasbeenincurredandcannotberecoveredsupply-constrainedequilibrium供给约束

的均衡theequilibriumthatoccurswhenpricesarestuckatalevelbelowthatatwhich

aggregatedemandequalsaggregatesupply;inasupply-constrainedequilibrium,outputiqual

toaggregatesupplybutlessthanaggregatedemand

surpluslabor剩余劳动

agreatdealofunemployedorunderemployedlabor,readilyavailabletopotentialemployers

T

Tariff关税

Ataxongoodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically

Taxincidence税收归宿

Thestudyofwhobearstheburdenoftaxation

Technologicalknowledge技术知识

Society'sunderstandingofthebestwaystoproducegoodsandrvices

Theoryofliquiditypreference流动偏好理论

Keynes'theorythattheinterestrateadjuststobringmoneysupplyandmoneydemandinto

balance

Totalcost总成本

Theamountafirmpaystobuytheinputsintoproduction

Totalrevenue总收益

Theamountafirmreceivesforthesaleofitsoutput;Theamountpaidbybuyersand

receivedbyllersofagood,computedasthepriceofthegoodtimesthequantitysold

Tradebalance贸易余额

Thevalueofanation'xportsminusthevalueofitsimports,alsocallednetexports

Tradedeficit贸易赤字

Anexcessofimportsoverexports

Tradepolicy贸易政策

Agovernmentpolicythatdirectlyinfluencesthequantityofgoodsandrvicesthatacountry

importsorexports

Tradesurplus贸易盈余

Anexcessofexportsoverimports

TragedyoftheCommons公用地悲剧

Aparablethatillustrateswhycommonresourcesgetudmorethanisdesirablefromthe

standpointofsocietyasawhole

Transactioncosts交易成本

Thecoststhatpartiesincurintheprocessofagreeingandfollowingthroughonabargaintacit

collusion暗中勾结

collusivebehavioramongthefirmsofanoligpolybadonanimplicitunderstandingthatitisin

eachfirm'sbestinterestnottocompetetoovigourously;theytacitlyunderstandthatitis

undesirabletoundercuteachothers'prices,butthereisnoopendiscussionaboutpricefixing

takeover收购

whenonemanagementteam(onefirm)takesoverthecontrolofanothertargetsavingsmotive目

标储蓄动机

peoplesaveforaparticulartarget,forexampletomakeadownpaymentonahouortopay

collegetuition

taxexpenditures税收支出

therevenuelostfromataxsubsidytax-favoredasts

thereturnontheastsreceivesfavorabletaxtreatment,suchastax-exemptmunicipalbonds

taxsubsidies税收补贴

subsidiesprovidedthroughthetaxsystemtoparticularindustriesortoparticularexpenditures,in

theformoffavorabletaxtreatment

technologicalrisks技术风险

risksfacingafirmassociatedwithtechnology,suchaswhetheranewtechnologywillworkorbe

reliable

theorem定理

alogicalpropositionthatfollowsfrombasicdefinitionsandassumptionstheory理论

atofassumptionsandtheconclusionsderivedfromthoassumptionsputforwardasan

explanationforsomephenomena

thinmarkets薄弱市场

marketswithrelativelyfewbuyersandllers

tie-ins搭售

arestrictivepracticeinwhichacustomerwhobuysoneproductmustbuyanother

timeconstraints时间约束

thelimitationsonconsumptionofdifferentgoodsimpodbythefactthathouholdshaveonlya

limitedamountoftimetospend(twenty-fourhoursaday).Thetimeconstraintdefinesthe

opportunitytofindividualsiftheonlyconstraintthattheyfaceistime

timevalueofmoney货币的时间价值

thefactthatadollartodayisworthmorethanadollarinthefutureiscalledthetimevalueof

money

totalfactorproductivityanalysis总生产要素分析

theanalysisoftherelationshipbetweenoutputandtheaggregateofallinputs;totalfactor

productivitygrowthiscalculatedasthedifferencebetweentherateofgrowthofoutputandthe

weightedaveragerateofgrowthofinputs,wheretheweightassociatedwitheachinputisitsshare

inGDP

tradecreation贸易创造

newtradethatisgeneratedasaresultofloweredtariffbarriers

tradediversion贸易多样化

tradethatisdivertedawayfromoutsidecountriesasaresultofloweringtariffsbetween

themembersofatradingbloc

trade-offs交易

theamountofonegood(oronedesirableobjective)thatmustbegivenuptogetmoreofanother

good(ortoattainmoreofanotherdesirableobjective)

tradecret商业秘密

aninnovationorknowledgeofaproductionprocessthatafirmdoesnotdisclotoothers

tradingblocs商业集团

groupsofcountriesthatagreetolowertradeandothereconomicbarriersamongthemlves

traditionalmonetarytheory传统货币理论

thetheory(firstdevelopedbyJohnMaynardKeynes,andthereforesometimesreferredtoas

Keynesianmonetarytheory)thatthenominalinterestrateistheopportunitycostofholding

money,thatthedemandformoneydecreasastheinterestrateris,andthattheinterestrate

isdeterminedtoequatethedemandandsupplyofmoneytransactionsdemandformoney货币

的交易需求

thedemandformoneyarisingfromitsuinbuyinggoodsandrvices

transferprograms转移支付计划

programsdirectlyconcernedwithredistribution,suchasAFDCandMedicaid,thatmovemoney

fromonegroupinsocietytoanother

transplants移植

iesproducingMazdasand

ToyotasareJapanetransplants

Treasurybills(T-bills)短期国库券

billsthegovernmentllsinreturnforapromitopayacertainamountinashortperiod,usually

lessthan180days

trough波谷

thebottomofarecession

trusts信托公司

organizationsthatattemptedtocontrolcertainmarketsinthelatenineteenthcentury;theywere

designedtoallowanindividualorgroupowningasmallfractionofthetotalindustrytoexerci

control

two-tierwagesystem双重工资系统

wagesystemsinwhichnewlyhiredworkersarepaidlowerwagesthanestablishedworkersare

paid

U

Unemploymentinsurance失业保险

Agovernmentprogramthatpartiallyprotectsworkers'incomeswhentheybecomeunemployed

Unemploymentrate失业率

Thepercentageofthelaborforcethatisnotemployed

Union工会

Aworkerassociationthatbargainswithemployersoverwagesandworkingconditions

Unitofaccount计价单位

Theyardstickwithwhichpeoplepostpricesandrecorddebts

Utilitarianism功利主义

Thepoliticalphilosophyaccordingtowhichthegovernmentshouldchoopoliciestomaximize

thetotalutilityofeveryoneinsociety

Utility效用

Ameasureofhappinessorsatisfaction

unionshops工会化企业

unionizedfirmsinwhichallworkersarerequiredtojointheunionasaconditionofemployment

utilitypossibilitiescurve效用可能性曲线

acurveshowingthemaximumlevelofutilitythatoneindividualcanattain,giventhelevelofutility

attainedbyothers

V

valueofthemarginalproduct边际产量价值

Themarginalproductofaninputtimesthepriceoftheoutput

Variablecosts可变成本

Costthatdovarywiththequantityofoutputproduced

Velocityofmoney货币流通速度

Therateatwhichmoneychangeshands

Verticalequity纵向公平

Theideathattaxpayerswithagreaterabilitytopaytaxesshouldpaylargeramounts

variableinputs可变投入

inputsthatriorfallwiththequantityofoutput

velocity流通速度

thespeedwithwhichmoneycirculatesintheeconomy,definedastheratioofincometo

themoneysupply

verticalmerger纵向兼并

amergerbetweentwofirms,oneofwhichisasupplierordistributorfortheother

voluntaryunemployment自愿失业

asituationinwhichworkersvoluntarilydropoutofthelaborforcewhenthewagelevelfalls

votingparadox投票悖论

thefactthatundersomecircumstancestheremaybenodeterminateoutcomewithmajority

voting:choiceAwinsamajorityoverB,BwinsoverC,andCwinsoverAW

Welfareeconomics福利经济学

Thestudyofhowtheallocationofresourcesaffectconomicwell-being

Willingnesstopay支付意愿

Themaximumamountthatabuyerwillpayforagood

Worldprice世界价格

Thepriceofagoodthatprevailsintheworldmarketforthatgood

wagediscrimination工资歧视

payinglowerwagestowomenorminorities

wage-productivitycurve工资—生产率曲线

thecurvethatdepictstherelationshipbetweenwagesandproductivity

wholesalepriceindex批发价格指数

apriceindexthatmeasurestheaveragelevelofwholesaleprices

worksharing工作分摊

reducingallemployees'hoursbyequalamountsratherthanfiringsomeworkers

WorldTradeOrganization(WTO)世界贸易组织

theorganizationestablishedin1995,asaresultoftheUruguayroundoftradenegotiations,

replacingGATT,designedtoremovetradebarriersandttletradedisputesZ

zeroelasticity零弹性

ademand(orsupply)curvehaszeroelasticityifthequantitydemanded(orsupplied)doesnot

changeatallifpricechanges;thedemand(supply)curveisvertical