lawsuit

WordsandExpressions:

on：oritativedetermination(asadecreeorjudgment)madeafter

considerationoffactsorlaw裁决，判决

ent：ialdecisionthatshouldbefollowedbyajudgewhendeciding

alatersimilarca先例

：cialorauthoritativedetermination,decree,statement,or

interpretation(asbyajudgeonaquestionoflaw)裁定、裁决

le：againstuponreviewbyvirtueofahigherauthority推翻

elaw：abranchoflawconcernedwithprivatepersons,property,and

relationships私法

ature：fpersonshavingtheauthoritytomakelawsforapolitical

unit(asanationorstate)立法机关

tutionallaw：fstatutoryandcalawthatisbadon,concerns,or

interpretsaconstitution宪法性法律

e：actedbythelegislativebranchofagovernment制定法，成文

法

le：ticularplace

foraparticularpurpo编纂

：maticcompilationorrevisionoflaworlegalprinciplesthatis

ect法典

w：ablishedbyjudicialdecisionsincasasdistinguishedfrom

lawcreatedbylegislation-calledalsodecisionlaw判例法

eCourt：hestcourtsinthejudicialbranchoftheU.S.

governmentthathasoriginaljurisdictionovercontroversiesinvolvingambassadorsor

otherministersorconsulsbutwhomainactivityisasthecourtoflastresort

exercisingappellatejurisdictionovercasinvolvingfederallaw最高法院

：ording;esp:toalterformallybymodification,

deletion,oraddition修改，修订

ent修正案

sance：mission(asbyapublicofficial)ofawrongfulor

unlawfulactinvolvingoraffectingtheperformanceofone’sduties渎职行为（罪）

h：gewithacrimeormisconduct;specif:tocharge(apublic

official)beforeacompetenttribunal()withmisconductinoffice

弹劾

neofconstitutionalsupremacy宪法至上原则

n：enceofattemptingtooverthrowthegovernmentofone’s

countryorofassistingitnemiesinwar叛国罪

eanor：thatcarriesalessverepunishmentthanafelony;

specif:acrimepunishablebyafineandbyatermofimprisonmentnottobervedin

apenitentiaryandnottoexceedoneyear轻罪

：ofalawprentedtoalegislatureforenactment议案，法案

tutionality：lityorstateofbeingconstitutional;esp:conformity

withtheprovisionsofaconstitution合宪性

te：werabody(asanadministrativeagency)toperform(a

governmentalfunction)授权，委托

oflaw：einconflictsoflawastowhatlaw(asamonglawsof

differentstatesormultiplefederallaws)shouldbeappliedinaca法律选择

e(alsoinissue):underdiscussionorindispute有争议的

：法院

ourt：rtbeforewhichissuesoffactandlawaretriedandfirst

determinedasdistinguishedfromanappellatecourt初审法院，审判法院

ate：latingtoappealsorthepowertohearappeals上诉的

：edinginwhichacaisbroughtbeforeahighercourtfor

reviewofalowercourt’sjudgmentforthepurpoofconvincingthehighercourtthat

thelowercourt’sjudgmentwasincorrect上诉

iction：er,right,orauthoritytointerpret,apply,anddeclarethe

law(asbyrenderingadecision)管辖权

djurisdiction：ictionthatisrestricted(astoatypeofca)有限管

辖权

ljurisdiction：ictionthatisnotlimited(astoaparticularclassof

ca)普遍管辖权

tcourt：thatsitsinmorethatoneplaceinajudicialdistrict:asany

ofthefederalcourtsofappeals巡回法院

：ahearingto听审，审理

ionofacourtoradministrativeagencyregardinganissue,

ca,orclaim判决，裁决

nt：vepartytolitigation诉讼当事人

ediatecourt：(asanappealscourt)beneaththecourtoflastresort

inajurisdiction中级上诉法院

ctcourt：courthavinggeneralorlimitedjurisdictioninajudicial

districtasoneofthefederaltrialcourtssittinginafederaldistrict地区法院

ityjurisdiction：thejurisdictiongrantedtofederalcourtsovercivildisputes

involvingpartieshavingdivercitizenship(asinbeingfromdifferentstates)where

thematterincontroversyexceedsastatutoryamount多州管辖权，多元管辖权

tion：erofajudgetouhisorherownjudgmentinmaking

decisionsguidedbywhatisfairandequitableandbyprinciplesoflaw自由裁量权

ary：,relatingto,orinvolvingasystemofjusticeinwhichopposing

entedbycounlprentevidencetoanimpartialdecision-maker

(asajury)byaprocessofquestioningwitnessunderthesupervisionofajudge对

抗性的

41controversy：ofdisputeordisagreement争议，纠纷

ding：cularsteporriesofstepsintheenforcement,adjudication,

oradministrationofrights,remedies,laws,orregulations程序，诉讼程序

tory：adj.管理的，规范性的

te：whopleadsonbehalfofanother,espalawyerwhoprentsa

client’scainalawcourt律师

45．produce：utorshowsthsothatitcanbeexaminedorud出示，举

出

itorial:tutingorrelatingtoasystemofjusticeinwhichthejudge

conductsaninquirydevelopingthefactsoflitigant’sca审讯的，调查的，讯问的

ony:cefurnishedbyawitnessunderoathoraffirmationandeither

orallyorinanaffidavitordeposition证据，证词

examination:stexaminationofawitnessbythepartycallingthe

witness直接质证，直接询问

xamination:minationofawitnesswhohasalreadytestifiedin

ordertocheckordiscreditthewitness’stestimony,knowledge,orcredibility交叉质

证，交叉询问

ment:ementbetweenlitigantsthatconcludesthelitigation.和解

：ownaruleorruling裁定

：stanceofacaapartfrommattersofjurisdiction,procedure,or

form案件的实质问题

：ganactionagainst对……提起诉讼

s：vt.,sationforwrongorloss纠正，补救，救济

:v.,n.救济

:n.救济（过去用于指衡平法上的救济）

ation：cessofresolvingadisputeoragrievanceoutsideofthecourt

systembyprentingittoanimpartialthirdpartyorpanelforadecisionthatmayor

maynotbebinding仲裁

：toekajudicialremedyarisingfromawrongorinjurysuffered

诉讼请求，主张

s：ennotificationthatoneisrequiredtoappearincourt传票

ng：heformaldeclarationxchangedbythepartiesinalegal

proceedingttingforthclaims,averments,allegations,denials,ordefens文状，诉

状

int：tialpleadingthatstartsalawsuitandthattsforththe

allegationsmadebytheplaintiffagainstthedefendantandtheplaintiff’sdemandfor

relief起诉状

：icationmadetoacourtorjudgetoobtainsuchanapplication

动议

s：gaboutororderthedismissalof(anaction)驳回（起诉），撤

销（案子）

64．allege：e(asafact)inapleading宣称

：entanddemandrecognitionof断言，主张

e：抗辩，防卫，辩方

ativedefen：adefenthatdoesnotdenythetruthoftheallegations

againstthedefendantbutgivessomeotherreasonwhythedefendantcannotbeliable

积极抗辩

r-claim：forreliefthatisasrtedagainstanopposingpartyafter

anoriginalclaimhasbeenmade反诉

ery:hodsudbypartiestoacivilorcriminalactiontoobtain

informationheldbytheotherpartythatisrelevanttotheaction.证据开示

(tion)：ifytounderoathorbyswornaffidavit宣誓作证

nt：nwhogivesadeposition宣誓后的作证者

ogatory(ogate)：enquestiondirectedbyonepartyto

anotherregardinginformationthatiswithinthescopeofdiscovery问题,质询书

g：decided未决的

vit：athoronaffirmation

beforeanauthorizedmagistrateofficer宣誓书

yjudgment：judgmentthatmaybegranteduponaparty’smotionwhenthe

pleadings,discovery,andanyaffidavitsshowthatthereisnogenuineissueofmaterial

factandthatthepartyintitledtojudgmentinitsfavorasamatteroflaw即席判决

aljurisdiction:thejurisdictiongrantedacourttotryacainthefirst

instance,makefindingsoffact,abledecision初审管辖权

atejurisdiction：thejurisdictiongrantedtoparticularcourtstohearappeals

ofthedecisionsoflowertribunalsandtorever,affirm,ormodifythodecisions

上诉管辖权

nglegislation授权性立法

cess:acourofformalproceedings(asjudicialproceedings)carriedout

regularly,fairly,andinaccordancewithestablishedrulesandprinciples正当程序

:acrimethathasagreaterpunishmentimpodbystatutethanthatimpod

onamisdemeanor,specif:afederalcrimeforwhichthepunishmentmaybedeathor

imprisonment重罪

alreview:aconstitutionaldoctrinethatgivestoacourtsystemthepowerto

annullegislativeorexecutiveactswhichthejudgesdeclaretobeunconstitutional司

法审查，违宪审查

tion：aljudgmententeredafterafindingofguilt有罪判决

t:guiltyofacriminaloffen判决有罪，裁定有罪

84：acquit:toabsolve(acriminaldefendant)ofachargebyjudicialprocess,宣判无

罪.

tal:n.宣判无罪

law:thebodyoflawdevelopedinEnglandthatisthebasisofU.S.

federallawandofstatelawinallstatexceptLouisiana.普通法

aw:民法，大陆法

诉讼

或lawsuit,常和action混用指具体的诉讼

tion诉讼（指诉讼这种争议解决方式）