naturalism

1

Abrahami

sm？

themonotheisticAbrahamicreligions,consideredcollectively.

Agnostic

ism

wthatabsolutetruthorultimatecertaintyisunattainable,especially

regardingknowledgenotbadonexperienceorperceivablephenomena.

wthattheexistenceofGodorofalldeitiesisunknown,unknowable,

unproven,orunprovable.

,uncertainty,orscepticismregardingtheexistenceofagodorgods.

4.(byextension)Doubt,uncertainty,orscepticismregardinganysubjectofdispute.

Atomism

1.(philosophy)TheancientGreektheorythatallmatteriscompodofverysmall

indestructibleandindivisibleparticles.

2.(philosophy)Thedoctrinethatsocietyarisfromindividualsandthatlarger

structuresareunimportant.

Buddhism

ThereligionandphilosophyfoundedbytheNepaleteacherGautamaBuddha.

Communis

m

1TheideologyofpoliticalpartiesthatuthetermCommunistintheirnames,

usuallyMarxistandLeninist.

2Thesocio-economicsystembadonsuchparties'ideologies.

3(US,informal)Astateofaffairsperceivedasoppressive,overlyarbitrary,or

totalitarian.

Cartesia

nism

Cartesianismisthenamegiventothephilosophicaldoctrine(orschool)ofRené

Descartes.

Cartesiansviewthemindasbeingwhollyparatefromthecorporealbody.

Ingeneral,Cartesianthoughtdividestheworldintothreeareasofexistence:

•thatinhabitedbythephysicalbody(matter),

•thatinhabitedbythemind,and

•thatinhabitedbyGod.

Conrva

tism

Conrvatismasapoliticalandsocialphilosophypromotesretainingtraditional

nrvatives

ektoprervethingsastheyare,emphasizingstabilityandcontinuity,whileothers,

calledreactionaries,oppomodernismandekareturnto"thewaythingswere.”

Cosmopol

itanism

Cosmopolitanismistheideologythatallhumanethnicgroupsbelongtoasingle

nwhoadherestotheideaof

cosmopolitanisminanyofitsformsiscalledacosmopolitanorcosmopolite.

Creation

ism

CreationismisthebeliefthattheUniverandLifeoriginate"fromspecificactsof

divinecreation."

Catholic

ism

CatholicismisudasabroadtermfordescribingspecifictraditionsintheChristian

churchesintheology,doctrine,liturgy,ethics,andspirituality.

Darwinis

m

DarwinismisatheoryofbiologicalevolutiondevelopedbyCharlesDarwinand

others,statingthatallspeciesoforganismsarianddevelopthroughthenatural

lectionofsmall,inheritedvariationsthatincreatheindividual'sabilitytocompete,

survive,andreproduce.

2

Dialecti

c

Dialectic(alsodialecticsandthedialecticalmethod),fromAncientGreek

διαλεκτική,isamethodofargumentforresolvingdisagreementthathasbeencentral

toEuropeanandIndianphilosophysinceantiquity.

Dualism

Dualism(fromtheLatinwordduomeaning"two")[1]denotesthestateoftwoparts.

Theterm'dualism'wasoriginallycoinedtodenoteco-eternalbinaryopposition,a

meaningthatisprervedinmetaphysicalandphilosophicaldualitydiscourbuthas

beenmoregeneralizedinotherusagestoindicateasystemwhichcontainstwo

esntialparts.

Dogmatis

m

？

Deconstr

uction

Deconstruction(French:déconstruction)isaformofphilosophicalandliterary

analysisderivedprincipallyfromJacquesDerrida's1967workOfGrammatology.

Existent

ialism

Existentialismisatermappliedtotheworkofcertainlate19th-and20th-century

philosopherswho,despiteprofounddoctrinaldifferences,[2][3][4]sharedthebeliefthat

philosophicalthinkingbeginswiththehumansubject—notmerelythethinking

subject,buttheacting,feeling,livinghumanindividual.[

Environm

entalism

Environmentalismisabroadphilosophy,ideologyandsocialmovementregarding

concernsforenvironmentalprotectionandimprovementofthehealthofthe

environment,particularlyasthemeasureforthishealthekstoincorporatethe

concernsofnon-humanelements.

Egoism

Ethicalegoismisthenormativeethicalpositionthatmoralagentsoughttodowhatis

ersfrompsychologicalegoism,whichclaimsthat

legoismalsodiffersfromrational

egoism,whichholdsthatitisrationaltoactinone'slf-interest.

Egotism

Egotismisthedrivetomaintainandenhancefavorableviewsofonelf,and

generallyfeaturesaninflatedopinionofone'

oftenincludesintellectual,physical,socialandotheroverestimations.[

Expressi

onism

Expressionismwasamodernistmovement,initiallyinpoetryandpainting,

originatinginGermanyatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.

Epicurea

nism

Epicureanismisasystemofphilosophybadupontheteachingsoftheancient

GreekphilosopherEpicurus,uswasanatomic

materialist,followinginthestepsofDemocritus.

Esoteric

ism

Esotericism(oresoterism)signifiestheholdingofesotericopinionsorbeliefs,[1]that

is,ideasprervedorunderstoodbyasmallgroupofthospeciallyinitiated,orof

rareorunusualinterest.

Egalitar

ianism

Egalitarianism(fromFrenchégal,meaning"equal")—or,rarely,

equalitarianism[1][2]orequalism[3]—isatrendofthoughtthatfavorqualityforall

people.[4]Egalitariandoctrinesmaintainthatallhumansareequalinfundamental

worthorsocialstatus,accordingtotheStanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy.[

3

Empirici

sm

Empiricismisatheorywhichstatesthatknowledgecomesonlyorprimarilyfrom

nsoryexperience.

empiricismemphasizestheroleofexperienceandevidence,especiallynsory

experience,intheformationofideas,overthenotionofinnateideasortraditions;[2]

empiricistsmayarguehoweverthattraditions(orcustoms)ariduetorelationsof

previousnexperiences.

Feudalis

m

Feudalismisagroupingoflegalandmilitarycustoms,prevalentinmedievalEurope,

whichflourishedbetweenthe9thand15thcenturies,oranysimilargroupingoflegal

defined,itwasasystemforstructuringsocietyaround

relationshipsderivedfromtheholdingoflandinexchangeforrviceorlabour.

Feminism

Feminismisacollectionofmovementsandideologieswhichshareacommonstated

aim:todefine,establish,anddefendequalpolitical,economic,cultural,andsocial

rightsforwomen.

Globalis

m

Theconceptofglobalismnowismostcommonlyudtorefertodifferentideologies

ofglobalization.

Globalization(orglobalisation)istheprocessofinternationalintegrationarising

fromtheinterchangeofworldviews,products,ideasandotheraspectsofculture.

Hedonism

Hedonismisaschoolofthoughtthatarguesthatpleasureistheprimaryormost

importantintrinsicgood.[1]Inverysimpleterms,ahedoniststrivestomaximizenet

pleasure(pleasureminuspain).

Humanism

Humanismisaphilosophicalandethicalstancethatemphasizesthevalueandagency

ofhumanbeings,individuallyandcollectively,andgenerallypreferscriticalthinking

andevidence(rationalism,empiricism)overestablisheddoctrineorfaith(fideism).

Individu

alism

/collect

ivism

Individualismisthemoralstance,politicalphilosophy,ideology,orsocialoutlook

thatemphasizesthemoralworthoftheindividual.

Idonlism

？

Impressi

onism

Impressionismisa19th-centuryartmovementthatoriginatedwithagroupofParis-

badartists.

Zionizsm

犹太复国

主义

ZionismisanationalistandpoliticalmovementofJewsandJewishculturethat

supportsthereestablishmentofaJewishhomelandintheterritorydefinedasthe

historicLandofIsrael,alsoreferredtoasPalestine.

Intuitio

nism

Inthephilosophyofmathematics,intuitionism,orneointuitionism(oppodto

preintuitionism),isanapproachwheremathematicsisconsideredtobepurelythe

resultoftheconstructivementalactivityofhumansratherthanthediscoveryof

fundamentalprinciplesclaimedtoexistinanobjectivereality.

Masochis

m？

4

Monism

Monismisthephilosophicalviewthatavarietyofexistingthingscanbeexplainedin

termsofasinglerealityorsubstance.[1]Thewidedefinitionstatesthatallexisting

thingsgobacktoasourcewhichisdistinctfromthem(latonism

everythingisderivedfromTheOne).

Mysticis

m

Mysticismis"aconstellationofdistinctivepractices,discours,texts,institutions,

traditions,andexperiencesaimedathumantransformation,variouslydefinedin

differenttraditions."

Material

ism

Materialismisaformofphilosophicalmonismwhichholdsthatmatteristhe

fundamentalsubstanceinnature,andthatallphenomena,includingmental

phenomenaandconsciousness,aretheresultofmaterialinteractions.

Naturali

sm

Naturalism(philosophy)isanyofveralphilosophicalstanceswhereinall

phenomenaorhypothescommonlylabeledassupernaturalareeitherfalornot

inherentlydifferentfromnaturalphenomenaorhypothes.

National

ism

Nationalismisabelief,creedorpoliticalideologythatinvolvesanindividual

identifyingwith,orbecomingattachedto,one'snation.

Nihilism

Nihilismisaphilosophicaldoctrinethatsuggeststhenegationofoneormore

reputedlymeaningfulaspectsoflife.

Optimism

Optimismisamentalattitudeorworldviewthatinterpretssituationsandeventsas

beingbest(optimized),sothatinsomewaythatmaynotbefullycomprehendedthe

prentmomentisinanoptimumstate.

Populism

Populismisapoliticaldoctrinethatappealstotheinterestsandconceptions(suchas

hopesandfears)ofthegeneralpeople,especiallycontrastingthointerestswiththe

interestsoftheelite.

Positivi

sm

Positivismisthephilosophyofsciencethatinformationderivedfromlogicaland

mathematicaltreatmentsandreportsofnsoryexperienceistheexclusivesourceof

allauthoritativeknowledge,[1]andthatthereisvalidknowledge(truth)onlyinthis

derivedknowledge.

Pacifism

Pacifismisoppositiontowarandviolence.

Protesta

ntism

ProtestantismistheformofChristianfaithandpracticewhichoriginatedwiththe

ProtestantReformation,[a]amovementagainstwhattheProtestantsconsideredtobe

errorsintheRomanCatholicChurch.

Puritani

sm

ThePuritanswereagroupofEnglish-speakingProtestantsinthe16thand17th

nsthoughtthattheEnglishReformationhadnotgonefarenough.

TheyalsodidnotagreewithsomeofthethingstheChurchofEnglanddid.

Pessimis

m

Pessimismisastateofmindinwhichoneanticipatesundesirableoutcomesor

believesthattheevilorhardshipsinlifeoutweighthegoodorluxuries.

Platonis

m

Platonism,renderedasapropernoun,isthephilosophyofPlatoorthenameofother

philosophicalsystemsconsideredclolyderivedfromit.

Pragmati

sm

PragmatismisaphilosophicaltraditionthatbeganintheUnitedStatesaround

1870.[1]Pragmatismisarejectionoftheideathatthefunctionofthoughtisto

describe,reprent,ormirrorreality.

5

Progress

ivism

ProgressivismisabroadphilosophybadontheIdeaofProgress,whichasrtsthat

advancementinscience,technology,economicdevelopment,andsocialorganization

arevitaltoimprovethehumancondition.

Primitiv

ism

PrimitivismisaWesternartmovementthatborrowsvisualformsfromnon-Western

orprehistoricpeoples,suchasPaulGauguin'sinclusionofTahitianmotifsinpaintings

andceramics.

Racism

Racismconsistsofbothprejudiceanddiscriminationbadinsocialperceptionsof

biologicaldifferencesbetweenpeoples.

Rational

ism

Inepistemology,rationalismistheviewthat"regardsreasonasthechiefsourceand

testofknowledge"[1]or"anyviewappealingtoreasonasasourceofknowledgeor

justification".

Romantic

ism

Romanticism(alsotheRomanticeraortheRomanticperiod)wasanartistic,

literary,andintellectualmovementthatoriginatedinEuropetowardtheendofthe

18thcenturyandinmostareaswasatitspeakintheapproximateperiodfrom1800to

1850.

Solipsis

m

Solipsismisthephilosophicalideathatonlyone'sownmindissuretoexist.

Stoicism

StoicismisaschoolofHellenisticphilosophyfoundedinAthensbyZenoofCitium

icstaughtthatdestructiveemotionsresultedfrom

errorsinjudgment,andthatasage,orpersonof"moralandintellectualperfection",

wouldnotsuffersuchemotions.

Skeptici

sm

Skepticismorscepticismisgenerallyanyquestioningattitudetowardsknowledge,

facts,oropinions/beliefsstatedasfacts,[1]ordoubtregardingclaimsthataretakenfor

grantedelwhere.

Socialis

m

Socialismisasocialandeconomicsystemcharacteridbysocialownershipofthe

meansofproductionandco-operativemanagementoftheeconomy,[1][2]aswellasa

politicaltheoryandmovementthataimsattheestablishmentofsuchasystem.

Spiritua

lism

Spiritualismisadualistmetaphysicalbeliefthattheworldismadeupofatleasttwo

fundamentalsubstances,matterandspirit.

Subjecti

vism

Subjectivismisthephilosophicaltenetthat"ourownmentalactivityistheonly

unquestionablefactofourexperience".

Theism？

Terroris

m

Intheinternationalcommunity,terrorismhasnolegallybinding,criminallaw

definition.[1][2]Commondefinitionsofterrorismreferonlytothoviolentactsthat

areintendedtocreatefear(terror);areperpetratedforareligious,political,or

ideologicalgoal;anddeliberatelytargetordisregardthesafetyofnon-combatants

(e.g.,neutralmilitarypersonnelorcivilians).

Voluntar

ism

Voluntarismisaschoolofthoughtthatregardsthewillassuperiortotheintellect

andtoemotion.