考博英语真题

2012年吉大考博英语真题

PartIVocabularyandStructure(30%)

Directions:Thereare30incomplete

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PartIIIReadingComprehension(60%)

Questions51to55arebadonthefollowing

passage.

Whenadiaofepidemic

proportionsripsintothepopulace,

scientistsimmediatelygettowork,trying

tolocatethesourceoftheafflictionand

imes,success

isachieved,asmedicalscienceisableto

isolatetheparasite,germorcellthat

caustheproblemandfindswaysto

ost

riousofcas,inwhichtheentire

populationofaregionorcountrymaybeat

graverisk,itisdeemednecessaryto

protecttheentirepopulationthrough

vaccination,soastosafeguardlivesand

ensurethatthediawillnotspread.

Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthe

patient’sbodytodevelopimmunitytothe

virusordiasothat,ifitis

encountered,onecanfightitoffnaturally.

Toaccomplishthis,asmallweakordead

strainofthediaisactuallyinjected

intothepatientinacontrolledenvironment,

sothathisbody’simmunesystemcanlearn

ation

onhowtopenetratethedia’sdefens

istransmittedtoallelementsofthe

patient’simmunesysteminaprocessthat

occursnaturally,inwhichgenetic

informationispasdfromcelltocell.

Thismakessurethat,shouldthepatient

latercomeintocontactwiththereal

problem,hisbodyiswellequippedand

trainedtodealwithit,havingalreadydone

sobefore.

Therearedangersinherentinthe

process,sion,eventhe

weakenedversionofthediacontainedin

thevaccineprovestoomuchforthebodyto

handle,resultingintheimmunecaofthe

smallpoxvaccine,designedtoeradicatethe

smallpoxepidemicthatnearlywipedoutthe

entireNativeAmericanpopulationand

killedmassivenumbersofttlers.

Approximately1in10,000peoplewho

receivesthevaccinecontractthesmallpox

diafromthevaccineitlfanddies

,iftheentirepopulationof

theUnitedStatesweretoreceivethe

SmallpoxVaccinetoday,3000Americans

wouldbeleftdead.

Fortunately,thesmallpoxviruswas

considerederadicatedintheearly1970s,

endingthemandatoryvaccinationofall

babiesinAmericaIntheeventofa

re-introductionofthedia,however,

mandatoryvaccinationsmayresume,

resultinginmoreunexpecteddeathsfrom

cess,whichistrulya

blessing,mayindeedhidesomehiddencures.

accinesprotecthumansfrom

diasaccordingtoparagraphtwo?

inginformationonhowtofight

thediatothedia.

inginformationonhowtofight

thediatotheimmunesystem.

eningthediasothatthe

immunesystemcandefeatit.

ucingthediatothebody,

sothatsurvivorshavealreadyfoughtit.

estheexampleofthesmallpox

vaccineillustrate?

thatvaccinesprotectpeople

fromdias.

ectivenessofvaccinesin

eradicatingcertaindias.

cticaluofavaccineto

controlanepidemicdia.

siblenegativeoutcomeof

administeringvaccines.

horarguesthatvaccinationsare

bothablessingandacur

becau.

themanywouldnotnecessarily

justifythedeathofthefew.

ccines,suchasthesmallpox

vaccine,havenegativesideeffects.

n’talwayswork.

anylivesaresaved,SOMEARE

ACTUALLYKILLEDBYTHEVACCINT.

ttitleforthepassagewould

be.

A.“TheSmallpoxVaccine:AnAnalysis”.

B.“HowVaccinesWork”.

C.“Vaccines:Methodsand

Implications”.

D.“AWarningontheNegativeSide

EffectsofVaccines”.

npurpoofthepassageis

to.

cethereaderthatvaccinesare

notassafeasmanythink.

ethereaderonhowvaccinesare

udandsomeoftheirdangers.

ethereaderonthe

circumstancesthatwouldnecessitate

widespreadvaccinations.

tthemethodbywhichvaccines

areudthroughthecaofthesmallpox

vaccine.

PassageTwo

Questions56to60arebadonthefollowing

passage.

Fewnaturaldangersaremorefearedthan

chesareafamiliarpart

ofEuropeanhistory,Particularlyinthe

wherethe

directionofwarshasturnedalmost

instantlybecauofavalancheswipingout

invadingarmies.

InNorthAmerica,avalanchesare

limitedalmostentirelytotheRocky

Mountainsandthelowerrangestothewest,

theSierraNevadasandtheCascades.

Avalancheshaveoccurredinthemountainsof

NewEnglandbutnotwiththeregularityand

intensityeninthewesternmountains.

Severalmethodsareudinexplaining

istsand

learningaboutthemusingrearchmethods.

Somanyofthefactorsthatcreate

avalanchesarehiddenbeneaththesnow’s

surfacethatpredictionsarestilllargely

ore,wintertravelersmust

assumetheworstofconditionswhenthe

travertheslopes.

Anavalancheoccurswhenagivenamount

ofsnowbecomestooheavyforwhateveris

breakslooand

slidesdownhill.

Avalanchesaredividedintotwogeneral

categories,

snowavalancheusuallystartsatasingle

point,suchasaskier’strack,andspreads

outlikeafanorapyramidinachain

stalbreaksanotherfree,

whichmultiplesastheloosnowmoves

mestheavalanchesstop

mestheymove

thousandsoftonsofsnowdownhillinspeeds

eatesa

shockwavethatcanflattenpartsofaforest

thatarenoteventouchedbytheactual

avalanche.

Slabavalanchesarethothathavea

wideareaofsnowwhichbreakslooina

anrangeinsizefrom

justafewsquarefeeltothousandsofsquare

tdangerousandcommon

typeofavalancheforskiersisthe

so-called“softslab”

typeoccursmostoftenduring,orjustafter

whasn’tyethad

achancetottleandadheretothe

temperature,thelesslikelythenewsnow

willformabondwiththe

existingsnow.

uldbethebesttitleforthis

passage?

ches

toryofAvalanches

Beware

chesCanKill

ingtothepassage,howdid

avalanchesaffectwars?

dthearmiesapproachingthe

cityaidingintheattack.

lledthearmiesapproachingthe

city.

ockedpathsintothecity.

owblindedtheapproaching

armies.

ingtothepassage,whatmust

skiersassumeaboutavalancheswhenskiing?

lyhavetoworryafteraheavy

snowfall.

chesonlyoccurintheSwissor

FrenchAlps.

ouldalwayxpectthatan

avalanchewilloccur.

iinginNewEngland,theywill

neverhavetoworryaboutanavalanche.

ingtothepassage,whenisthe

mostdangeroustimeforskiers?

etemperatureisbelow20

degreesF.

eforeasnowstorm.

asnowstorm.

inter.

ingtothepassage,whichfactor

causanavalanche?

peofthemountain.

eofthesnowfall.

untandintensityofmovement

aroundthesnowfall.

ghtofthesnow.

PassageThree

Questions61to65arebadonthefollowing

passage.

Recentstoriesinthenewspapersand

magazinessuggestthatteachingand

rearchcontradicteachother,that

rearchplaystooprominentapartin

academicpromotions,andthatteachingis

sanelement

oftruthinthestatements,buttheyalso

ignoredeeperandmoreimportant

relationships.

Rearchexperienceisanesntial

elementofhiringandpromotionata

rearchuniversitybecauitisthe

emphasisonrearchthatdistinguishes

professors,however,neglectteachingfor

rearchandthatprentssproblem.

Mostrearchuniversitiesreward

outstandingteaching,butthegreatest

recognitionisusuallygivenfor

thereason

isthedifficultyofjudgingteaching.A

highlyresponsibleandtoughprofessoris

usuallyappreciatedbytopstudentswhowant

tobechallengedbutdislikedbythowho

d

professorgetsoverallratingsthatare

usuallyhigh,butthereisanof

disappointmentonthepartofthebest

students,exactlythoforwhomthesystem

shouldprentthegreatestchallenges.

Thus,auniversitytryingtopromote

professorsprimarilyonthebasisof

teachingqualitieswouldhavetoconfront

thisconfusion.

Asmodernsciencemovesfaster,two

forcesareexertedonprofessors:oneisthe

timeneededtokeepupwiththeprofession;

trainingofnewscientistsrequires

outstandingteachingattherearch

universityaswellastheartscollege.

Althoughscientistsareusually“made”in

theelementaryschools,scientistscanbe

“lost”bypoorteachingatthecollegeand

utionisnot

toparateteachingandrearchbutto

recognizethatthecombinationisdifficult

leofprofessorshouldbe

givenonlytothowhoprofessanditis

perhapstimeforuniversitiestorerveit

forthowhoprofessanditisperhapstime

foruniversitiestorerveitfortho

willingtobeanearnestpartofthe

sorsunwilling

toteachcanbecalled“distinguished

rearchinvestigators”ofsomethingel.

Thepaceofmodernsciencemakesit

increasinglydifficulttobeagreat

yare

hosay

wecanparateteachingandrearchsimply

donotunderstandthesystem,butthowho

saytheproblemwilldisappeararenot

fulfillingtheirresponsibilities.

eadoestheauthorwanttoconvey

inthefirstparagraph?

ationshipbetweenteachingand

rearchshouldnotbesimplified.

ngandrearchare

contradictory.

chcanneverbeemphasizedtoo

much.

ongtooverestimatethe

importanceofteaching.

emicpromotionsrearch

universitiesstillattachmoreimportance

torearchpartly

becau.

chimprovesthequalityof

teaching.

tswhowanttobechallenged

appreciaterearchprofessors.

sorswithachievementsin

rearchareusuallyresponsibleand

tough.

fficulttoevaluateteaching

qualityobjectively.

ingtothefourthparagraph,which

ofthefollowingwilltheauthorprobably

agreewith?

guishedprofessorsatrearch

universitiesshouldconcentrateon

rearchonly.

utmostimportancetoimprove

teachinginelementaryschoolsinorder

totrainnew

scientists.

arationofteachingfrom

rearchcanlowerthequalityoffuture

scientists.

iddevelopmentofmodern

sciencemakesitimpossibletocombine

teachingwith

rearch.

leofprofessorshouldbegiven

onlytothowhofirstandforemost

do.

ificrearch

ng

ork

igation

a“theproblem”(Line4,Para.

5)refersto.

gthestatusofteaching.

arationofteachingfrom

rearch.

binationofteachingwith

rearch.

ingthestatusofrearch..

PassageFour

Questions66to70arebadonthefollowing

passage.

Largecompaniesneedawaytoreachthe

e

problem,onasmallerscale,faces

practicallyeverycompanytryingtodevelop

an

belittleprospectofraisingthesortof

sumsneededfromfriendsandpeopleweknow,

andwhilebanksmayagreetoprovide

short-termfinance,theyaregenerally

unwillingtoprovidemoneyonapermanent

anies

turntothepublic,invitingpeopletolend

themmoney,ortakeashareinthebusiness

inexchangeforashareinfutureprofits.

Thistheydobyissuingstocksandsharesin

doingso,theycanputintocirculationthe

savingsofindividualsandinstitutions,

bothathomeandoveras.

Whenthesaverneedshismoneyback,he

doesnothavetogotothecompanywithwhom

d,hells

hissharesthroughastockbrokertosome

othersaverwhoisekingtoinvesthis

money.

Manyofthervicesneededbothby

industryandbyeachofusareprovidedby

theGovernmentorbylocalauthorities.

Withouthospitals,roads,electricity,

telephones,railways,thiscountrycould

requirecontinuous

spendingonnewequipmentandnew

developmentiftheyaretorveusproperly,

requiringmoremoneythanisraidthrough

ernment,local

authorities,andnationalizedindustries

thereforefrequentlyneededtoborrowmoney

tofinancemajorcapitalspending,andthey,

too,cometoTheStockExchange.

Thereishardlyamanorwomaninthis

countrywhojoborwhostandardof

livingdoesnotdependontheabilityofhis

orheremployerstoraimoneytofinance

ayoranother,this

newmoneymustcomefromthesavingsofthe

ckExchangeexiststo

provideachannelthroughwhichthe

savingscanreachthowhoneedfinance.

allcompaniesinvolvedinnew

productionanddevelopment

must.

theirfinancialresources.

dethebankstoprovide

long-termfinance.

largesumsofmoneyfromfriends

andpeopleweknow.

onthepopulationasawholefor

finance.

eywhichenablesthecompanies

togoaheadwiththeirprojects

is.

toitsoriginalownersassoon

aspossible.

bythellingofsharesinthe

companies.

gesforpartownershipinThe

StockExchange.

edindifferentcompaniesonThe

StockExchange.

esaverswanttheirmoneyback

they.

thercompanytoobtaintheir

moneyforthem.

rotherpeopletoborrowmoney

from.

irsharesinthecompanyback

onthemarket.

ertheirmoneytoamore

successfulcompany.

esntialrvicesonwhichwe

dependare.

heGovernmentorourlocal

authorities.

tantneedoffinancialsupport.

edwhollybyratesandtaxes.

toprovidefortheneedsofthe

population.

ckExchangemakesitpossiblefor

theGovernment,localauthoritiesand

nationalized

industries.

owasmuchmoneyastheywish.

certaineverybodysavesmoney.

emoneytofinancenew

developments.

certaineverybodylendsmoney

tothem.

PassageFive

Questions71to75arebadonthefollowing

passage.

Theproducersofinstantcoffeefoundtheir

productstronglyresistedinthemarket

placesdespitetheirmanifestadvantages.

Furthermore,theadvertisingexpenditure

forinstantcoffeewasfargreaterthanthat

sweremadeto

findthecauoftheconsumers’emingly

reasongivenbymostpeoplewasdislikefor

ducerssuspectedthat

theremightbedeeperreasons,

wasconfirmedbyoneofmotivation

rearch’sclassicstudies,oneoften

aire,ofthe

UniversityofCalifornia,constructedtwo

shoppingliststhatwereidenticalexcept

eresixitemscommonto

bothlists:hamburger,carrots,baking

powder,bread,cannedpeachesandpotatoes,

venthitem,inthefifthplaceonboth

lists,read“lHoucoffee”

ononelistand“Nescafeinstantcoffee”

twasgiventoeach

personinagroupoffiftywomen,andthe

otherlisttothoinanothergroupofthe

enwereaskedtostudy

theirlistsandthentodescribe,asfaras

theycould,thekindofwoman

(“personalityandcharacter”)whowould

halfof

thowhohadreceivedthelistincluding

instantcoffeedescribedahouwifewhowas

therhand,

onlyonewomanintheothergroupdescribed

thehouwife,whohadincludedregular

coffeeonherlist,aslazy,onlysixofthat

groupsuggestedthatshewasapoorplanner.

Eightwomenfeltthattheinstant-coffee

urwasprobablynotagoodwife!Noonein

theothergroupdrewsuchaconclusionabout

thehouwifewhointendedtobuyregular

coffee.

tthatproducersfoundresistance

totheirproductdespitethefactthatthey

spentmoreadvertisingmoneyoninstantthan

regularcoffeeshowsthat.

isingdoesnotassurefavorable

salesresults.

iesspentmoremoneyon

advertisingthantheyshould.

paylittleattentionto

advertising.

eoneadvertisthebetterthe

salespicture.

instance,thepurpoof

motivationrearchwasto

discover.

pledrinkcoffee.

tantcoffeedidnottastegood.

ularcoffeewassuccessful.

lreasonwhypeoplewouldnot

buyinstantcoffee.

vestigationindicated

that.

A.50percentofhouwivesarelazy.

iveswhouinstantcoffeeare

lazy.

menbelievethatwiveswhou

instantcoffeearelazy.

houregularcoffeearegood

planners.

esultsofthistest,the

producersprobablyrevidtheir

advertisingtoshowa.

uwifeusingregularcoffee.

-workinghouwifeusinginstant

coffee.

uwifeusinginstantcoffee.

iouslyenjoyingthetasteof

instantcoffee.

dbutnotstated.

eitsadvantages,mostpeople

dislikedinstantcoffeebecauofits

taste.

ertisingexpenditureforinstant

coffeewasgreaterthanthatforregular

coffee.

tenwedonotknowthereal

reasonsfordoingthings.

stheprincipalfactorin

determiningwhatwebuy.

PassageSix

Questions76to80arebadonthefollowing

passage.

Inrecentyears,therehasbeenan

increasingawarenessoftheinadequaciesof

thejudicialsystemintheUnitedStates.

Costsarestaggeringbothforthetaxpayers

andthelitigants—andthelitigants,of

parties,havetowaitsometimesmanyyears

suggestionshavebeenmadeconcerning

methodsofameliorating（改善）the

situation,butasinmostbranchesof

government,changescomeslowly.

Onesuggestionthathasbeenmadein

ordertomaximizetheefficiencyofthe

systemistoallowdistrictsthathavean

overabundanceofpendingcastoborrow

judgesfromotherdistrictsthatdonothave

rsuggestionistou

pretrialconferences,inwhichthejudge

meetsinhischamberswiththelitigantsand

theirattorneysinordertonarrowthe

issues,limitthewitness,andprovidefor

orybehind

pretrialconferencesisthatjudgeswill

spendlesstimeoneachcaandpartieswill

morereadilyttlebeforetrialwhenthey

realizetheadequacyoftheirclaimsand

theiropponents’evidenceUnfortunately,

atleastonestudyhasshownthatpretrial

conferencesactuallyumorejudicialtime

thantheysave,rarelyresultinpretrial

ttlements,andactuallyresultinhigher

damagettlements.

Manystateshavenowestablished

anothermethod,small-claimscourts,in

whichcasoversmallsumsofmoneycanbe

dispodofwithconsiderabledispatch.

Suchproceedingscostthelitigantsalmost

fornia,forexample,the

partiesmustappearbeforethejudgewithout

ceedings

arequiteinformalandthereisnopleading

(辩护)—thelitigantsneedtomakeonlya

goingtothistypeofcourt,theplaintiff

(原告)waives(放弃)anyrighttoajury

trialandtherighttoappealthedecision.

trialconference,intheory,is

suppodtodoallofthefollowing

except.

theissues

arlyttlements

dicialtime

ttlementcosts

themaintopicofthepassage?

tesshouldfollowCalifornia’s

exampleinusingsmall-claimscourtsin

ordertofree

judgesforotherwork.

islatureneedstoformulate

fewerlawssothatthejudiciarycancatch

uponits

oldercas.

emstocareenoughtoattempt

tofindmethodsformakingthejudicial

system

moreefficient.

herearemanyproblemswiththe

courtsystem,thereareviable

suggestionsfor

improvement.

d“litigants”meansmost

nearly.

tatorsC.

ers

fthefollowingistrueabout

small-claimscourts?

ssibletohaveone’scaheard

byajuryifheorsheisdissatisfiedwith

thecourt’sdecision.

igantsmustpleadaccuratelyand

accordingtoastrictform.

isionmaynotbeappealedtoa

highercourt.

tiesmaynotprenttheircas

withoutanattorney’shelp.

nweassumefromthepassage?

oplewhofeeltheyhavebeen

wrongedhaveareadyremedyincourtsof

law.

oplewouldliketobringaca

toacourt,butunabletobecauofthe

costand

timerequired.

icialsystemintheUnited

Statesishighlyacclaimedforits

efficiency.

alconferenceswillsomeday

probablyhavereplacedtrials

completely.