外研社阅读大赛

赛题分值说明：

1.线上初赛：题型仅为客观题，即ReadandKnow，ReadandReason，

ReadandQuestion三个模块，共40题，答题时间为110分钟，

满分100分。第1-3题每题1分，第4-9题每题2分，第10题5

分，第11-30题每题3分，第31-40题每题2分。

2.复赛和决赛：题型包含客观题和主观题，即ReadandKnow，

ReadandReason，ReadandQuestion，ReadandCreate四个模

块，共41题，答题时间为150分钟，满分100分。第1-3题每题

1分，第4-9题每题2分，第10题5分，第11-30题每题1.5分，

第31-40题每题2分，第41题30分。

注：本样题仅供了解大赛题型，不提供参考答案；

PartIReadandKnow

InPartI,einstru

ctionscarefullyandanswerthequestions.(Timeallowed:20minutes)

Questions1-3(Suggestedcompletiontime:3minutes)

Directions:hequoteswiththepeople.

Pleanotetherearetwoextraoptionsyoudonotneed.

Question4(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)

Directions:Readthetextandanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.

Toensurethehighstandardsoffacilitiesweneedtobuildnewwards,la

t,

pletethecoupontodayandrestassuredthatyourdonationisgoingtoth

ebestpossiblecau.

sthepieceoftexttakenfrom?

rtiment

ructionbooklet

aper

Question5(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)

Directions:Readthetextandanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.

Fewcornersoftheworldremainuntaintedbyintrepidtourists,andtheir

quentlytheytrampleheedlesslyonfr

agileenvironments,displacingwildlifeandlocalpopulationsintheirinsati

ablequestforunexploredlocations.

thebesttitleforthistext?

ureofTourism

eofTourism

ceofTourism

efitsofTourism

Question6(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)

Directions:Readthetextandanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.

WithE-booksalesincreasingbymorethan300%forthecondyear,pu

blishersdeliveringnewrevenuestreamsthroughE-bookApps,andacade

micpublisherslonghavingderivedsome90%oftheirrevenueonline,it

isatravestytodescribeallthisasthepublishingworldbeing"indenial"

aboutdigital.

themainideaofthistext?

hersaremakingprofitsfromE-booksales.

publishersarethreatenedbydigitalstorms.

C.E-booksbecomeamainsourceofrevenueforpublishers.

ionalpublishingindustryisdyingout.

Question7(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)

Directions:Readthetextandanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.

Withourtravelagency,theholidayyoubookistheholidayyoug

rriveandfindwe'vefailedtoliveuptoourpromis,letus

'llspend2

nlikely

eventthatwecan'tresolveyourproblemandmakeyouhappywithin24

hours,we'llflyyouhomeandgiveyourmoneyback.

tcouldbestbedescribedas__________.

tment

al

ng

Question8(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)

Directions:Readthetextandanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.

letyoureviewyourpicturesthemomentyoutakethem,soyoucanre-s

hootrightawayifyou'ember,adigitalcamerais

'snotareplacementforyourordinarycamera.

themeaningofthemissingwordXXXXinthetext?

A."somethingthatispoorquality"

B."anitemthatisnotesntial,somethingextra"

C."somethingexpensivebutgoodvalueformoney"

D."afashionwhichalwaysremainspopular"

Question9(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)

Directions:Readthetextandanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.

Shehadgonealone,butthechildrenweretogotothestationtomeeth

ingthestationastheydid,itwasonlynaturalthattheysho

uldbethereagoodhourbeforetherewasanychanceofMother'strain

arriving,evenifthetrainwerepunctual,whichwasmostunlikely.

nyousayabouttheirmother'strain?

dprobablybeearly.

dprobablybeontime.

dprobablybelate.

eencancelled.

Question10(Suggestedcompletiontime:5minutes)

Directions:Thebarchartshowsthenumberandproportionofundernouris

hedpeopleinthedevelopingregions,

werthequestionaccordingtotheinformationinthechart.

Source:TheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDG)Report2015

theINCORRECTdescriptionaboutthechart.

estestimatessuggestthatnearlyoneinnineindividualsdon

othaveenoughtoeatbetween2014and2016.

tionsindicatethatthe2015MDGtargetisnearlyreached,wit

h12.9percentofundernourishedpopulation.

uationnoticeablyimprovedduringtheyears1995-1999,butw

entdowninthefirstfiveyearsofthenewmillennium.

portionofundernourishedpeopleinthedevelopingregionsh

asfallenbyalmosthalfsince1990.

PartIIReadandReason

InPartII,ei

nstructionscarefullyandanswerthequestionsbadonlogicalinfere

nceandreasoning.(Timeallowed:55minutes)

Question11(Suggestedcompletiontime:4minutes)

Directions:the

questionaccordingtothedefinition.

fthefollowingprovidesatypicalexampleofpoisoningthe

well?

'smystanceonfundingtheeducationsystem,andanyonewho

disagreeswithmehateschildren.

ans—weareprettymuchsure—thatyour

wholefamilyisweird,too.

o

re,weknowthatGodexists.

''

longasthecarpetisclean,wearefine.

Question12(Suggestedcompletiontime:4minutes)

Directions:Lookatthefollowingpictureandthenanswerthequestion.

fthefollowinglogicalfallaciesdoesthepictureillustrate?

ilemma:anargumentthatprentsalimitedtoftwoposs

iblecategoriesandassumesthateverythinginthescopeofthediscussion

mustbeanelementofthatt

yAssociation:afallacyudtodiscreditanargumentforpr

oposinganideathatissharedbysomesociallydemonizedindividualor

group

Scotsman:anargumentcomingupaftersomeonehasmad

eageneralclaimaboutagroupofthingsandthenbeenprentedwith

evidencechallengingthatclaim

eneralization:afallacycommittedwhenoneformsaconclu

sionfromasamplethatiithertoosmallortoospecialtoberepre

ntative

Questions13-14Reasoning(Suggestedcompletiontime:10minutes)

oplereportthatexposuretocertainfoodsanddrinkssucha

schee,chocolate,andredwine,isassociatedwiththeontofmigrain

eoplereportthatexposuretocertainsmells(especiall

ystrongperfumes)emstotriggeramigraineheadache,andsomenote

thatexposuretobrightandflickeringlightscanbefollowedbyamigrain

demthatapersonwithatendencytogetmigrainesshouldt

rytofindoutwhichofthesituationsisassociatedwiththeontofth

eheadacheandthenavoidthisstimulus.

Allofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmaketheaboverecommendationi

mpracticalexcept:

edelaybetweenthetriggerandtheontoftheheadachec

anmakeitexceptionallydifficulttoidentifythetrigger.

nceofaknowntriggerdoesn'talwayscauamigraine.

hproportionofcasthepatientsreportmultipletriggersfor

theirheadaches.

theknowntriggersarecommonandalmostunavoidablefeat

uresofmodernlife.

d:Thenationalbudgetshouldprovidesignificantincreasin

alllevelsofeducationintheupcomingyear.

Natalie:That'tionindefenspendinginpeacetime

'taffordit.

WhichofthefollowingisthebestinterpretationofNatalie'sargume

nt?

avedfromdefenhavebeendivertedtoalllevelsofeducat

ion.

ghtingspendingoneducationdangerouslyimpactsonspending

onthemilitary.

eofthemilitarybudgetreflectsastate'sabilitytofundeduc

ationalactivities.

edwithmilitaryspending,investingineducationwillcreate

afinancialcrisis.

Questions15-17(Suggestedcompletiontime:6minutes)

Directions:thequestion

saccordingtothetext.

ManipulatingMemory

ollectionsfadeandtakeonne

wmeanings;sometimeswerememberthingsthatneverevenhappened.B

ut15.

Recently,however,scientistshavestartedtograspandtinkerwithmemor

y'ar,inworkevocativeoffilmssuchasEternalS

unshineoftheSpotlessMindandInception,rearchersdiscoveredwayst

omanipulatespecificmemoriesinmiceusingoptogenetics,apowerfultec

hniquethatcantriggernervecellsinanimals'brainsbyzappingthemwit

iesofexperiments,theyshowedthatthey

coulddeleteexistingmemoriesand"incept"falones.

Thisyear,rearcherswentevenfurther:switchingtheemotionalcontent

helar,

forexample,malemicethathadonceassociatedacertainroomwithbe

ingshockedweretrickedintoactingasthoughtheyhadoncemetfriendl

yfemalemicethereinstead.

Whetherthemiceintheexperimentsactuallyexperiencedvividfalm

tc

learwhetherthefindingsapplytothetricksofmemorysofamiliartope

-soughttherapeuticadvances,suchastreatmentsforpost-trauma

ticstressdisorder,ngiscertain,however:O

nceconsideredbeyondscientificdisction,memoryisfinallystartingto

yielditscrets.

fthefollowingbestfitsthenumberedspaceinthetext?

reallyhappeninginourbrainasmemoriesareremodeledre

mainsmysterious

istsarecuriousaboutwhypeopleareoblivioustowhathaveh

appenedtothem

edtechnologyhashelpedscientistsdiscovertheworkingsofo

urbrain

ientistsarguethatwhatweobrveabouthumanmemoryis

notwhatitreallyis

d"incept"isclostinmeaningto________.

e

fthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?

'sfalmemoriesresultfromtheimpactofdifferentemotion

provokedbylaterexperienceonthesamespot.

cessinrearchindicatesthatitwon'tbelongthatatherap

yisworkedoutforpeopledisturbedbypainfulmemory.

ingthebraincellsofmicewithlight,rearchersareablet

ocreate,era,oraltertheirmemories,goodorbad.

ncyideasinsciencefictionsormoviesthatarebadonth

emactuallydrawgreatlyuponscientificachievement.

Questions18-19(Suggestedcompletiontime:4minutes)

Directions:whetherthestatementsa

reTrueorFalaccordingtothetext.

AchildreceivestheoralcholeravaccineShanchol

imately

onein20peopleinfectedwithcholerahasariousca,withsympto

msincludingverediarrhea,vomiting,ymptoms

quicklycaudehydrationandshock,andcanresultindeathwithinhours

iftheinfectedpersondoesn'aistypicallytrans

swithpoortreatmentof

wageanddrinkingwater,thefecesofpeoplewithcholeracanenterthe

watersupplyandspreadquickly,leraba

cteriummayalsoliveintheenvironmentinsomecoastalwaters,soshell

fisheatenrawcanbeasourceofcholerainaffectedareas.

aisknowntobealife-threateningdiawhicheasilycau

sdeathofmostofthepatients.

True()Fal()

atypicallyoccursinareasneartheaortheriverwherecont

aminatedfoodisamajorsourceofthedia.

True()Fal()

Questions20-21(Suggestedcompletiontime:5minutes)

Directions:ReadtheabstractofarearchpaperfromtheDeepMindweb

whetherthestatementsareTrueorFalaccordingtotheab

stract.

TeachingMachinestoReadandComprehend

Authors:n,čiský,stette,lt,W.

Kay,an,m

Published:NIPS2015

Abstract:Teachingmachinestoreadnaturallanguagedocumentsremains

ereadingsystemscanbetestedontheirabili

tytoanswerquestionspodonthecontentsofdocumentsthattheyhave

en,butuntilnowlargescaletrainingandtestdatatshavebeenmiss

workwedefineanewmethodolog

ythatresolvesthisbottleneckandprovideslargescalesupervidreading

lowsustodevelopaclassofattentionbad

deepneuralnetworksthatlearntoreadrealdocumentsandanswercomp

lexquestionswithminimalpriorknowledgeoflanguagestructure.

usstudiesdidn'ttakeconstantefforttoevaluatethereadingabi

lityofartificialintelligencemachines,whichwaswhytheprentrear

chwasconducted.

True()Fal()

licationoftherearchisthatamethodologythathelpsgat

herandhandlebigdataisindispensabletoartificialintelligencerelatedst

udies.

True()Fal()

Questions22-23(Suggestedcompletiontime:6minutes)

Directions:Readthetextaboutthe"Thinksmall"advertisingcampaign.A

nswerthequestionsaccordingtothetext.

ThinkSmall

Ifyou'reinterestedinmarketingandadvertising,Volkswagen's"Thinksm

all"campaignfortheBeetlewhenitwasfirstintroducedtoNorthAmeri

cain1959loomslargeasoneofthegreatestadvertisingcampaignsofa

'tjustarevolutioninautomotiveadvertising;itchangedt

heentireindustry.

UntiltheBeetlehitthemarket,automotivemarketingcopywasfullofbl

uster,andtheimageswereflightsoffancy,emphasizinglow,longlines

andafantasylifestyle.

Theclean,simplephotographyonawhitebackgroundthatemphasizedt

heBeetle'scompact,practicalformmayemcommonplacethedays,b

utitwasarevolutioninaworldwhereAmericansgrewupobsdwit

hmusclecars,horpower,thecarsmall,whent

heconventionwastomakeitfillthepage,plisti

capproachtodesignandlayoutwastotallycontrarytotheadvertisingco

nventionsofthetime.

____22_____Thetextwasminimalistinbothlookandcontent,prenti

ngthefactssimplyinsteadoftryingtoweavetalltalesandfantasies;an

dinsteadofbluster,itusheredinanintelligentnofhumorthatmad

sagewasoneofs

martanti-luxury,andtookgentleaimatanindustryobsdwithsuperfi

cialityandstyling,ratherthanthesubstanceunderneaththecarbodies.

Notonlydoes"Thinksmall"continuetoinspireVolkswagenadvertisingt

othisday,itusheredinacreativerevolutionintheadvertisingbusiness

andchangedtheworldofmarketingforever."Thinksmall"showedthep

owerofhumorandhonesty,anditsphotographicanddesignprinciplesbr

oughtaboutamajorshiftinthelookandfeelofmarketingaroundthe

world.

fthentencesbelowbestfitsthenumberedspaceinthete

xt?

finedtheadevenmorethanitsvisualstylewasthetoneof

itscopy.

startsoffdoingtheexactoppositeofwhatyouwouldexpec

tinacarad.

sanexerciinminimalismandaveryaccuratereflectiono

ntheproductitlf.

wasn'tdepictedasanintegralpieceofthedailylivesofa

middleclassfamily.

einferredthattheadvertisingconventionsofthe1950swere

reflectedinthefollowingexceptthat___________.

inthe1950stypicallyshowedproudownersandpasngers

evokinggreatjoyaboutnewshinybigacquisitions.

ketingconceptthenfocudonprovidingasmuchinformatio

naspossibletothereadersuchasthewayit'screated.

ketingschemesassociatedtheadvertidproductwithanide

aorawayoflivingfromaverageconsumers'perspective.

ketingpracticemayattachimportancetoanofhumor

broughtbytheuofexaggeratedlanguage.

Questions24-25(Suggestedcompletiontime:4minutes)

Directions:

fthemaretakenfromGustaveLeBon'sbook,TheCrowd:AStudyoft

thetworemarksthatmayNOTbetakenfrom

thebook.

24-25._______

TheCrowd

dsitisstupidityandnotmotherwitthatisaccumulated.

mostenvythelonelymanwhowalksconfidentlyasifheis

walkingwiththegreatcrowds!

avage,itisn

otpreparedtoadmitthatanythingcancomebetweenitsdesireandther

ealizationofitsdesire.

dwiththem,ascrowdshavethateffectonme,Iwanttod

owhattheydo,tojourneytowardssomepointofrevelation,whichofc

ournevercomes.

,beingincapablebothofreflectionandofreasoning,aredev

oidofthenotionofimprobability;anditistobenotedthatinagenera

lwayitisthemostimprobablethingsthatarethemoststriking.

F.…theindividualformingpartofacrowdacquires,solelyfromnumer

icalconsiderations,antimentofinvinciblepowerwhichallowshimto

yieldtoinstinctswhich,hadhebeenalone,hewouldperforcehavekep

tunderrestraint.

Questions26-28(Suggestedcompletiontime:5minutes)

Directions:thequestionsaccordingto

thetext.

TheFly

Atthatmomentthebossnoticedthataflyhadfallenintohisbroadinkp

ot,andwastryingfeeblybutdesperatelytoclamberoutagain."Help!He

lp!"sidesoftheinkpotwerewetand

slippery;stookupape

n,pickedtheflyoutoftheink,andshookitontoapieceofblotting-p

actionofaconditlaystillonthedarkpatchthatoozed

efrontlegswaved,tookhold,and,pullingitssmall,s

oddenbodyup,itbegantheimmentaskofcleaningtheinkfromits

dunder,overandunder,wentalegalongawing,asthe

erewasapau,whileth

efly,emingtostandonthetipsofitstoes,triedtoexpandfirstone

eededatlast,and,sittingdown,itbegan,

likeaminutecat,couldimaginethatthelitt

lefrontlegsrubbedagainsteachotherlightly,joyfully.27.

fthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothetext?

ssavedtheflyoutofhisbroadinkpot.

wastrappedbythethickinkonitswings.

sagedescribeshowaflysurvivedanaccident.

sageshowshowaflyconqueredachallenge.

fthefollowingstatementcanbestfitinthenumberedspac

e?

ribledangerwasover;ithadescaped;itwasreadyforlife

again.

swasrelievednow,reassuredthattheflyhadbeenoutof

danger.

frontlegswaved,caughthold,and,moreslowlythistime,t

hetaskrestarted.

hagrindingfeelingofwretchednessizedhimthathefelt

positivelyfrightened.

eofthetextcanbedescribedasacomplexmixtureofanyt

hingbut_______.

hetic

us

ul

sing

Questions29-30(Suggestedcompletiontime:7minutes)

Directions:thequestionsacco

rdingtothetext.

The"ChacoCulture",asmodern-dayarchaeologistscallit,flourishedbetw

centeredatChaco

CanyoninwhatisnowNewMexico.

ThepeopleoftheChacoCulturebuiltimmenstructuresthatattime

soparticipatedinlong-distanc

etradethatbroughtcacao,macaws(atypeofparrot),turquoiandcopp

ertoChacoCanyon.

29_______,rearchershavetorelyontheartifactsandstructurest

heyleftbehind,aswellasoralaccountsthathavebeenpasdonthroug

hgenerations,toreconstructwhattheirliveswerelike.

ArchaeologistsgenerallyagreethatChacoCanyonwasthecenterofCha

hecanyonisanationalparkandaUNESCOWorld

ionalParkServiceestimatesthatthereareabout4,

000archaeologicalsitesinthepark,includingmorethanadozenimmens

estructuresthatarchaeologistssometimescall"GreatHous".Archaeolog

icalrearchhasrevealedmanydiscoveries,includingasystemofroadst

hatconnectedmanyChacoCulturesites,andevidenceofastronomicalali

gnmentsthatindicatethatsomeChacoCulturestructureswereorientedto

wardthesolsticesunandlunarstandstills.

“TherehasbeenmorearchaeologicalrearchconductedinChacoando

nthesubjectofChacothanonanyotherprehistoricdistrictinNorthA

merica,”saysaNationalParkServicestatementpostedonChacoCulture

NationalHistoricalPark'swebsite.

"Today,twentyPuebloangroupsinNewMexico,aswellastheHopiin

Arizona,claimChacoastheirancestralhomelandandaretiedtothispl

rofNavajoclans

arealsoaffiliatedwithChacoansitesthroughtheirtraditionalstories,"the

NationalParkServicestatementsays.

Despitethefactthattherehasbeenanimmenamountofarchaeologic

alrearchcarriedoutatChacoCanyon,andatotherChacoCulturesites

intheAmericanSouthwest,modern-dayarchaeologistsdisagreeoverwhat

thepeopleoftheChacoCulturewerelike.

SomearchaeologiststhinkthatthepeopleoftheChacoCulturewerenot

politicallyunited,whilesomethinktheycontrolledanempirecenteredo

nChacoCanyon."WhatwasChaco?Opinionsvarywidely,perhapswildl

retationsrangefromavalleyofpeacefulfarmingvillagestothe

monumentalcapitalofanempire,"wroteStephenLekson,aprofessorat

theUniversityofColoradoBoulder,inanarticlepublishedinthebook

TheArchitectureofChacoCanyon,NewMexico(UniversityofUtahPress,

2007).

Leksonnotedthattherearedifferentinterpretationsamongarchaeologists

chaeologistsbelievethatthey

werevillagesinhabitedbythousandsofpeople,whileothersthinkthatt

heywereeliteresidencesthathoudasmallnumberofresidents.

fthefollowingbestfitsinthenumberedspaceinthetext?

pleoftheChacoCulturedidnotuawritingsystemand

assuch

rchaeologistsarenotcertainwhatcaudthisdramaticpopul

ationbump

inkingaboutarchaeologicalsites,wetendtothinkofthem

asdeadsilent

haco'snationalmonumentstatusmaynotprotectitfromdev

elopmentpressures

fthefollowingstatementscanweknowfromthetext?

pleoftheChacocultureweregoodatforeigntrade.

B."GreatHous"werebuiltfromapproximatelythe9thto13thcentury

A.D.

scendantsofancientChacopeopleliveinNewMexiconow.

ologistsholddifferentideasabouthowthepeopleoftheCha

coCulturelived.

PartIIIReadandQuestion

InPartIII,lbe

requiredtoidentifythewriter'spositionandevaluatetheeffectivenes

softhewriter'sarguments.(Timeallowed:35minutes)

Questions31-40(Suggestedcompletiontime:35minutes)

Directions:thequestionsaccor

dingtothepassages.

PassageA

It'snotthateasytoanswerthequestion,"whatisfashion?"becauitm

'sareligion.

It''''sanescape

imately,f

ashiondesignerCocoChaneloncesaid,"Fashionisnotsomethingthatex

nisinthesky,inthestreet,fashionhastod

owithideas,thewaywelive,whatishappening."

It'nisn'tdefinedsolelybyourclothingchoices,butisalso

conveyedthroughthewaywecarryourlves,ourpersonalitiesandourv

ostfundamental,fashionissimplytheprevai

lingstyleorcustom,asindressorbehavior.

So,whoexactlyanswersthequestion"whatisfashion"?Whodecideswh

at'sfashionableandwhatisn't?What'sinorwhat'sout?

nicfashionhous—Prada,Gucci,Chanel—are

referredtoashautecouture,Frenchfor"highwing".Thedesignersle

omeoftheirdesigns

areoutrageousandcompletelyunrealisticwhenitcomestoeverydaywear,

generallythethemeisadaptedintoversionssuitableforwearing.

ntrendsareoftensparkedbycharactersonpopulartelevisio

nshowsandmoviesaswellasadoptedfrommagazinepages."Sexandt

heCity","TheDevilWearsPrada",theshowsintroducedustonew,cu

oumightnotbecaughtdeadwearingaCarrie

Bradshaworiginal,youmighttakeideasinspiredfromherlookandpiec

etogetheryourowncreation.

exampleofacelebrity-drivenfashiontrend?UGGs.

UntilKateHudsonandJessicaSimpsonwerespottedwearingthemarou

lyearsago,noonehadgivenanythoughttoUGGboots.

Nowtheyareeverywhere.

anshavealwaysbeenveryinfluentialwhenitcomest

'n'saniconicexample.I

nthe1950s,outtheheavy

metalhairbandssopopularinthe1980s?AxlRoreinventedthehead

bandanawhilePoison,MotleyCrueandBonJovitthepaceforbig,ro

ckerhair.

Justbecauyoudon'tknowifaPradabagisfall2007orspring2008

doesn'tmattersisthatyoulikeitandit'sanexpression

fashion.

PassageB

[A]Fashionismoreprevalentinmodernsocietythaninprimitivetribes

ernsocietyisanopensocietywherecla

anandmob

ileclassstructureenablespeopletocultivateindividualtasteandadoptn

ewcour.[B]hein

dividualisratedmorebyobrvableexternalitiesthanbyhisancestry,hi

thesamanwears,the

languagehespeaks,themannersheshowshavemoreweightinascribin

gastatusthanhissimplicity,patriotismandintegrity.

Ifhecankeephimlfuptodateinthemattersofhisdress,speecha

ndmanners,hewillassurehimlfahighsocialesteem.[C]Notonlythe

mobileandurbancharacterofmodernsocietybutitsaffluencealsospea

ayarericherthanthe

vethenecessarymeansandti

rwrites:Wedo

notthinkoffashioninoveralls;thereismoreoffashioninthebodyof

snofashioninsteamshovels.

[D]Conquentlythehigherthestandardoflivingthemorematerialther

eisforfashiontooperateupon.

PassageC

Assummerhasofficiallyfadedintothecolderweatherofautumn,Iassu

medthedaysofNikeshorts,comicallylargeT-shirtsandpoloswould

snotbeentheca.

Fashion,inandofitlf,rtob

econsideredfashion,alook,agarmentorastylisticchoicemustbedee

medfashionable.

Whogetstodecidethis—whatisfashionable?Whilecertainfashionheavy

weightsplayaroleinthisdecision,theultimatedecisionislefttothep

ublic.

AsIwassurfingtheWebrecentlyforinspirationforthiscolumn,Ica

iscoveredliterallycaudmetoga

,everyoneknowsPradaisanexpensivebrand—aluxury—b

utwhatIdiscoveredshockedme:akeychainpricedat$,thiske

implyakeych

ain:askullwiththeword"Prada"onasmallcharm.

Howcanacompanycharge$180forakeychain?Theanswer:peoplear

knowthebrandandconformtotheidea

ofowningapieceofsuchanItalian"luxury".

echootowearminisculeshortsinfrigi

dweatherorspendnearly$200onacharm?Suchdecisionsareinfluence

dbypeers,themediaandthepersonalresolutiontonotmakerational,in

gtotheideaofacceptance.

Inshort,weoftenchootoabidebythepressuresofsocialconventional

ity,andthisleadsustomakeridiculouslections—pairingUggbootswi

thshortsorwearingneonwithcamouflage—whichwewouldotherwi

notmake.

Iamcertainlyshamefacedinmyoccasionalconformitytotheludicrou

!

Transient,oftenpreposteroustrendsreferredtoasfadsinspiresomerather

recallthepetrocksofthe'70sorPopplesofth

e'80s?Suchpoptrendsarenotconfinedtobehavior;theybleedintoth

efashionworld,evidencedinoverlydistresdjeans,themostpainfulo

fneonshades,shoesthatrembleSwisscheeandahostofotherfads

Idonothavethespacetomention.

Irefutogiveuphopeforsocietalcommonn.

Onedaywewillcomprehendthatshortsareforthesummerandridicul

ouslyexpensivekeychainsarefor“never.”Donotallowotherstodictate

uythekeychain.

a"mightnotbecaughtdead"inPassageAmostprobably

means______.

athernotdieanyway

otbecaughtredhanded

efucompletelytodosomething

euneasythoughdoingsomething

fthefollowingbestfitsthenumberedspaceinPassageA?

nisanindividualstatementofexpressionforeachofus

nfacilitatessocialchangebyprovidingatransitionalstage

nisnotanindividualchoicebutagroupchoice

ndeterminesourspeech,opinion,dress,music,art,etc.

einferredfromPassageAthatfashiondesigners,media,cele

britiesandmusicianssharethefollowingviewxcept______.

shionisanythingbutparatedfromthedailylifeofordinary

people

thingcompletelyabsurdandunrealisticcanfinallybecomefas

hion

shioniswhatsocietyacceptsandhasanelementofsocialsa

nctionbehindit

aparticularchoiceremainsconfinedtoanindividualitcan't

becalledfashion

d"affluence"inPassageBisclostinmeaningto______.

ility

iness

arity

ma

ingtoPassageB,whichofthefollowingattributesmayprob

ablybemoreimportantthanothersforanindividualtobefavorablyrece

ivednow?

angeoferudition.

ytohisorherfriends.

onforpopularnovels.

rtuessuchashonesty.

thefourblankswithletters(A,B,C,andD)inPassageB

anddecidewherethefollowingntencecouldbeadded.

Themodernsocietyismoretolerantofdifferencesandthereforepla

cesfewshacklesonthecycleoffashion.

Wherewouldthentencebestfit?

A

B

C

D

fthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheauthor'sattitudetowa

rdsfashionaccordingtoPassageC?

horthinksitawasteoftimementioningalistofexamples

ofirrationalfads.

aremadaboutfashionandthereforelotheirowngoodjud

gment.

horneverallowshimlftobecarriedawaybythefashiont

rends.

thebehaviorofkeepingupwithfashionisaneedtostayin

thecrowd.

estheauthormeanby"Irefutogiveuphopeforsocieta

lcommonn"inPassageC?

icizethesocialobssionwithappearance.

ideanexampleofhowridiculoussomefashiontrendsare.

ethatthepursuitoffashionisbeyondpeople'scommonn

.

ictapossibleimpactoftoday'sfashiononpeople'ssocialbe

haviors.

whetherthestatementsareTrueorFalaccordingto

thethreepassages.

threepassagesagreethatfashionplaysaroleintheinterplay

ofclassrelationsthatitsatisfiesthecontrarydesiresfornoveltyandfor

conformity.

True()Fal()

thethreepassagesaredenyingconventionalsocialvaluesin

people'sjudgment,forexample,what'sconsideredgoodaboutthingsor

people.

True()Fal()

PartIVReadandCreate

InPartIV,youwillreadapassageandthenwriteashortessayac

uldwritewithclarityandlogic.(Timeallowed:

40minutes)

Question41(Suggestedcompletiontime:40minutes)

Directions:ReadanexcerptfromDiscourontheMethodofRightlyCo

sho

rtessayaccordingtotheexcerpt.

…Andasamultitudeoflawsoftenonlyhampersjustice,sothatasta

teisbestgovernedwhen,withfewlaws,thearerigidlyadministered;i

nlikemanner,insteadofthegreatnumberofpreceptsofwhichlogicis

compod,Ibelievedthatthefourfollowingwouldproveperfectlysuffi

cientforme,providedItookthefirmandunwaveringresolutionneveri

nasingleinstancetofailinobrvingthem.

ThefirstwasnevertoacceptanythingfortruewhichIdidnotclearlyk

nowtobesuch;thatistosay,carefullytoavoidprecipitancyandpreju

dice,andtocomprinothingmoreinmyjudgmentthanwhatwaspre

ntedtomymindsoclearlyanddistinctlyastoexcludeallgroundofdo

ubt.

Thecond,todivideeachofthedifficultiesunderexaminationintoas

manypartsaspossible,andasmightbenecessaryforitsadequatesolut

ion.

Thethird,toconductmythoughtsinsuchorderthat,bycommencingw

ithobjectsthesimplestandeasiesttoknow,Imightascendbylittleand

little,and,asitwere,stepbystep,totheknowledgeofthemorecomp

lex;assigninginthoughtacertainordereventothoobjectswhichint

heirownnaturedonotstandinarelationofantecedenceandquence.

Andthelast,ineverycatomakeenumerationssocomplete,andrevi

ewssogeneral,thatImightbeassuredthatnothingwasomitted.

Thelongchainsofsimpleandeasyreasoningsbymeansofwhichgeom

etersareaccustomedtoreachtheconclusionsoftheirmostdifficultdemo

nstrations,hadledmetoimaginethatallthings,totheknowledgeofwh

ichmaniscompetent,aremutuallyconnectedinthesameway,andthat

thereisnothingsofarremovedfromusastobebeyondourreach,ors

ohiddenthatwecannotdiscoverit,providedonlyweabstainfromaccep

tingthefalforthetrue,andalwaysprerveinourthoughtstheorder

dlittle

difficultyindeterminingtheobjectswithwhichitwasnecessarytocom

mence,forIwasalreadypersuadedthatitmustbewiththesimplestand

easiesttoknow,and,consideringthatofallthowhohavehithertoso

ughttruthinthesciences,themathematiciansalonehavebeenabletofin

danydemonstrations,thatis,anycertainandevidentreasons,Ididnot

doubtbutthatsuchmusthavebeentheruleoftheirinvestigations.

shortessayofabout300wordsbadonyourunderstanding

saysho

uldrespondtothefollowingquestions:

1)WhatisthemainissuethatDescartexploresinthixcerpt,and

whatishismethod?

2)WhatisyourOWNunderstandingofthemethodspropodbyDesca

rtes?