句子成分划分
定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;
主要成分有主语和谓语;
次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。
★主语(Subject)
表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.
是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问
词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、
不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:
the1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名词)
nspeakEnglishinclass.(代词)
-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(数词)
intheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)
gdoesharmtothehealth.(动名词)
hshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词)
aregoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主从)
cessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)
★谓语(Predicate)
说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语
的构成如下:
1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:
Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.
Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.
2、复合谓语:
(1)由情态动词加动词原形构成。如:Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.
(2)由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如:
DoyouspeakEnglish?
Theyareworkinginafield.
Hehascaughtabadcold.
(3)由系动词加表语构成。如:Wearestudents.
注意:谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。
★表语(Predicative)
用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,
turn,em等)之后。
表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表
语从句表示。例如:
cherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)
urs?(代词)
therhasturnedcold.(形容词)
echixciting.(分词)
imesvenistwentyone?(数词)
istoteachEnglish.(不定式)
byisplayingfootball.(动名词)
tingisofgreatimportance.(介词短语)
ssisover.(副词)
thisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)
注意:系动词(Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语,说明主语的状态,性质特征和身份等。
1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:Heisateacher.
2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,
stand,例如:Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.
3)表像系动词用来表示―看起来像‖这一概念,主要有em,appear,look,例如:
Heems(tobe)verysad.
4)感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如:Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.
5)变化系动词表示主语变成什么样,主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例
如:Theriverwasbeginningtorundry.
6)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove,turnout,表达"结果是;证明是",之意,
例如:Therumorprovedfal./Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.
★宾语(Object)
表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:
inghishomework.(名词)
vyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.(代词、动名词)
ydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.(名词、数词)
lpedtheoldwiththeirhouworkyesterday.(名词化形容词、名词)
endednottoeme.(动词不定式)
listeningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语)
(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(宾语从句)
宾语种类:
(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:Lendmeyourdictionary,plea.
To:write,tell,pass,give,nd,promi,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等,例如:
HentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.
For:leave,buy,build,choo,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等,例如:
Sheboughtagiftforhermother.
(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.
下列动词只能接不定式做宾语:ask,agree,care,choo,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,
help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promi,refu,want,wish,desire等;
下列动词只能接动名词做宾语:admit,avoid,advi,consider,enjoy,excu,escape,finish,
imagine,mind,practi,suggest等;
下列动词既可接不定式,也可接动名词做宾语,但意义不同,如mean,try,remember,forget,
regret等。
★宾语补足语(ObjectComplement)
用于补充说明宾语的动作,一般位于宾语之后,宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。
需接复合宾语的动词有:tell,let,help,teach,ask,e,have,order,make等。―宾补‖
一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:
hernamedhimXiaoming.(名词)
intedtheirboatwhite.(形容词)
freshairin.(副词)
tn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短语)
erenteringtheroom.(现在分词短语)
deverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介词短语)
soonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(从句)
★定语(Attribute)
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句。
定语可由以下等成分表示:
isabeautifulcity.(形容词)
sadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分词)
rethirtywomenteachersinourschool.(数词、名词)
idprogressinEnglishmadeussurprid.(代词、形容词)
itorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语)
chingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词)
adinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介词短语)
hegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.(定语从句)
★状语(Adverbial)
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,可由以下形式表
示:
ravelsmostquickly.(副词及副词性词组)
ivedinthecityfortenyears.(介词短语)
oudtohavepasdthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.(不定式短语)
theroommakingamodelplane.(分词短语)
inute.(名词)
ubegin,youmustcontinue.(状语从句)
9种状语种类如下:
utmeetingagainatsix?(时间状语)
ghtshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauoftherain.(原因状语)
gothereifitdoesn’train.(条件状语)
hlivesonthethirdfloor.(地点状语)
theeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式状语)
Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(伴随状语)
rtocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.(目的状语)
otiredthathefellasleepimmediately.(结果状语)
ksveryhardthoughsheisold.(让步状语)
lerthanheis.(比较状语)
★同位语(Appositive)
对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释,通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任,如:
,ourheadmaster.
★插入语(Parenthesis)
对一句话做一些附加的解释,通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppo,believe---)等,如:
Tobefrank,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.
练习:
指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分:
dentsgotontheschoolbus.
edmethenewspaper.
answeryourquestionafterclass.
eautifulChinepainting!
nthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.
istotrainswimmers.
manyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.
sgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.
leaveforShanghaitomorrow.
histobecomeascientist.
gedtofinishtheworkintime.
etoaskmeforadvice.
ditimportanttomasterEnglish.
aveanythingeltosay?
nest,yourpronunciationisnotsogood.
oupleatellmeyouraddress?
here,readinganewspaper.
rduty(tokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy).
cedamanentertheroom.
lestastedsweet.
真题练习:
(15年)fthefollowingitalicizedpartsindicatesasubject-verbrelation?_____
hasalargefamilytosupport.
nowishtoquarrelwithherbrother.
helastguesttoleave.
edsafriendtotalkto.
(14年)fthefollowingitalicizedpartsisudasanobjectcomplement?________
ntdoorremainedlocked.
lookeddisappointed.
ppearedworried.
edtohavenomoneyleft.
(14年)fthefollowingitalicizedpartsindicatesapredicate-objectrelationship?
________
eadingMary’sletterintheroom.
buymen’sshoesinthisshop.
’spassportwaslost.
my’sdefeatbroughtthewartoanend.
(14年)fthefollowingreflexivepronouns(反身代词)isudasanobject?________
tothepresidenthimlf.
snotquitehimlftoday.
erlfwillplaytheviolin.
tpullyourlftogether.
(14年)fthefollowingitalicizedpartsmodifiesanadverb?________
rlikemyteacher.
saveryfunnyfilm.
ghtnow.
edabout6miles.
(13年)licizedpartfunctionsasa(n)
_______.
tive(同位语)ment.主语补语
(13年)finthefollowingphrasindicatesasubject-predicaterelationship?________
ofNewton
ysofOscarWilde
(13年)fthefollowingitalicizedpartsrvesasanappositive?________
tthemantodrawback.(定语)
tbacktheurgetotellalie.
asalargefamilytosupport.(定语)
sreallynothingtofear.(定语)
(12年)fthefollowingreflexivepronouns(反身代词)isudasanappositive?
________
idhimlfrapidprogress.
agerherlfwillinterviewMary.
othingtosayformylf.
arreledthemlvesredintheface.
(12年)ftheitalicizedpartsfunctionsasasubject?________
rdoubtthatherbrotherishonest.
blemisnotwhowillgobutwhowillstay.
tgiveitbacktowhoeveritbelongsto.
earthatthecrimewasdonedeliberately.
(12年)ftheitalicizedpartsfunctionsasanobject?________
n’tliketheideaofmyspeakingatthemeeting.
uyourpretendingnottoknowthematter.
ntsstronglyobjecttomygoingoutaloneatnight.
lingintotheriverwastheclimaxofthewholetrip.
(12年)followingntenceshaveanappositiveEXCEPT________.
ghtherlfapairofnewshoes
eproblemstillremains—thefood
ndsallunderstandandsupportme
edhercurrentjob,teachingEnglish
(12年)fthefollowingcontainsanadverbialclauofcau?________
obassoonasIleftuniversity.
ewasnoanswer,Iwroteagain.
tdotheexercisasIshowyou.
yasheis,Markisnotahappyman.
(12年)fthefollowingprepositionalphrascanfunctionasanadverbial?________
sureofSimon’sdisappearance?
withabeardistalkingtothemanager.
recautionwastakenagainstthefailureoftheplan.
etherain,everyoneenjoyedthetrip.
(12年)fthefollowingprepositionalphrasisanadverbialofconcession?________
edtheboxforkeepingtreasures.
edasideforhertogetinfirst.
thatheemstodislikeme,Istilllikehim.
entsboughtabirthdaycakefortheirson.
(11年)fthefollowingitalicizedphrasindicatespurpo?________
ditforfun,butotherstookherriously.
itffort,theteamdidn’twinthematch.
asworkedforthefirmfortwentyyears.
utforBeijingyesterday.
(11年)slikefreezingcold,burninghot,orsoakingwet,the–INGparticipleisud
________
dition.
hasis.
(11年)fthefollowingitalicizedpartsisudasanobject?________
youthinkhashappenedtoher?
outhinkthevisitingprofessoris?
hdoyouthinkheearnverymonth?
cklywouldyousayhewouldcome?
(11年)fthefollowingitalicizedpartsisasubjectclau(主语从句)?________
uitecertainthatwewillgetthereintime.
ofacethefactthattherewillbenopayrithisyear.
dthatshehadenthemanearlierthatmorning.
eerluckthattheminersarestillaliveaftertendays.
(11年)entence―ThemanagerinterviewedJimhimlfinthemorning‖,theitalicized
wordisudtomodify________
positionalphra.
(11年)fthefollowingitalicizedphrasindicatesasubject-predicaterelation(主谓关
系)?________
h’spassporthasbeenissued.
itor’sarrivalwasreportedinthenews.
’straveldetailshavenotbeenfinalized.
bookstorellschildren’sstories.
(10年)fthefollowingitalicizedphrasincludesCAUSE?
’tyoudoitforthesakeofyourfriends?
couldwriteaswellasyou.
hifforts,hedidn’tgetanA.
swereredfromexcessivereading.
(10年)entence"It'snouwaitingforher",theitalicizedphrais.
ject
(10年)fthefollowingntenceshasanobjectcomplement?
ectorsappointedJohnmanager.
aryaChristmasprent.
edonePeterafavor.
eachingchildrenEnglish.
(09年)"Howmuchdoyouthinkheearns?"howmuchis______ofthentence.
erbial
plement
(13年)fthefollowingCANNOTbeudasanominalsubstitute(名词替代词)?
________
r
(13年)fthefollowingisacompoundword(复合词)?________
(13年)lowingdeterminers(限定词)canbeudwithbothpluralanduncountable
nounsEXCEPT__________.
(12年)fthefollowingdeterminers(限定词)canbeplacedbeforebothsingularcount
nounsandpluralcountnouns?________
加单数时要用冠词t
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