be cruel to be kind

不定式与动名词的区

别

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动词不定式和动名词是英语非谓语动词的两个重要部分

一、作主语

1、不定式作主语：动词不定式可直接用作主语,句子的谓语动词常用单数。

Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.

对于主语较长的不定式，可以用it作形式主语。例如：

It'gdidittakeyoutofinishthework

Itisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositioninaquarterofanhour.

'skindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.

2、动名词作主语：动名词也可直接用作主语，或者用it作形式主语。例如：

''snou

'sno

sayingwhatwillhappennext.

3、动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别

(1)不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，或者表示将要进行的动作。而动名词作主

语经常表示抽象的一般性的动作。例如：It'snogoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.

(有具体的人foryou)

It'snogoodeatingtoomuchfat.(泛指)

(2)不定式的逻辑主语常用of,for表示；动名词逻辑主语则常用物主代词、名

词、代词表示。例如：Itisstupidofyoutowritedowneverythingtheteachersays.

(ofyou)

It'snouyourpretendingthatyoudidn'tknowtherules.(your)

Thedoctorsuggestedthemhavingtheirhealthcheck-uponceayear.

二、作宾语

1、不定式作宾语

(1)以下动词后,一般只用不定式作宾语.如:agree,attempt，apply，ask,aim,

arrange,beg，choo,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,lean,long,manage,

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offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promi,refu,wishafford等。Idecidedtoaskformy

moneyback.

IdecidedthatIwouldaskformymoneyback.

Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedtostartbackonfoot.

Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedthatwewouldstartbackonfoot.

(2)不定式可先用it做形式宾语。

Wethinkitquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.

Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.

2、动名词作宾语

(1)以下动词后,一般只用动名词作宾语,如:admit,appreciate,consider,delay,

enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practi,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't

mind,giveup,insist,on,putoff等。Isuggestspendingoursummervacationina

asidetown.

Youmustgiveupsmoking,foritdoestoomuchharmtoyourhealth.

(2)介词后只能接动名词做宾语

Ishouldgotoattendthebirthdaycelebrationinsteadofstayingathome.

WhataboutinvitingLiJuntomakeaspeech

(3)少数特殊结构中只用动名词做宾语。它们可以看作是省略的介词的形式。例

如：

havedifficulty(in)trouble(in)time(in)doing

t/stop…(from)snou(in)doingsth.

3、不定式与动名词做宾语的区别

(1)动词后是接不定式还是动名词作宾语，主要是根据使用习惯。有些动词后一

般只接不定式作宾语，而另一些则只用动名词作宾语。详见上面的说明。

(2)介词后只能接动名词作宾语；还有少数结构后只用动名词作宾语。详见上面

的说明。

(3)在need,want,require等后表示被动意义时，不定式要用被动语态，而动名词

不需要。例如：needsrepairing.

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(4)英语中，有些动词动词后既可接不定式也可接动名词，意义区别不大，如：

begin,continue,start,hate,like,love,need,require,want等.但在下列情况下,一般

要用不定式:*would(should)与hate,like,love连用时：

I'dliketohaveacupofcoffee.

*当begin,continue,start等是进行式时

Thestudentsarestartingtoworkonthedifficultmathsproblem.

*当begin,continue,start与know,understand等连用时：

Isoonbegantounderstandwhatwashappening.

4、部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大。

(1)forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动

作已经发生。如:

Don'tforgetfoposttheletterforme.(信还没有寄出)

HaveyouforgottenmeetingherinBeijingAirport(已见过她)

Remembertoclothewindowsbeforeyouleave.(窗户还没有关)

Irememberwritinghimaletterayearago.(信已写过)

Weregrettotellyouthatallofyouarenotinvitedtoattendthemeeting.

Theyregrettedorderingthebooksfromabroad.

(2)meantodo打算做某事/meandoing意味着……

Imeanttocatchupwiththeearlybus.

Thismeanswastingalotofmoney.

(3)trytodo设法尽力做某事/trydoing试着做某事

Youshouldtrytoovercomeyourshortcomings.

Tryworkingoutthephysicsprobleminanotherway.

(4)stoptodo停下当前事去做另一件事/stopdoing停止当前事

Onthewaytotheairport,Istoppedtobuyapaper.

You'dbetterstoparguinganddoasyouaretold.

(5)can'thelpdoing禁不住……/can'thelptodo不能帮助干……

Theycouldn'thelpjumpingupatthenews.

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'thelptomakeuptheroomforyou.

(6)goontodo去做另外一件/goondoing继续做此事

Hewentontotalkaboutworldsituation.他接着又谈了世界形势.

We'llgoonfightingsolongasthereisoppressionintheworld.

(7)leaveofftodo去做另外一件事/leaveoffdoing停下当前事

It'stimetoleaveofftalkingandtostartacting.

Theyleftofftogofishing.

三、做表语

不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。

Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.

Mychiefpurpoistopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.

kisrvingthepeople.

interesting.

四、作定语

1、不定式作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后。

ThenexttraintoarriveisfromWashington.

Haveyouanythingtobetakentoyoursister

Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthequestion

Wouldyoupleagivemesomepapertowriteon

MywishtovisitFrancehascometrueatlast.

2、动名词作定语时，放在修饰的名词前面。

Thispassagecanbeudaslisteningmaterials.

Thereadingroomofourschoollibrarycanhold800people.

Allmovingbodieshaveenergy.

注意：下一句中的standing不是动名词，而现在分词短语：

hemanstandingattheschoolgateisProfessorHua.

五、不定式作补足语

不定式可以用作宾语补足语，而动名词不用作宾语补足语有些情况下不定式的

to可以省略。

1、不定式作宾语补足语

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常用不定式作宾补的动词有:allow,ask,advi,beg,cau,drive(强迫),encourage,

expect,forbid,force,get,wouldlike(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,

want,warn,wish等，以及短语动词有:askfor,carefor,callon,counton,dependon,

waitfor,longfor,preparefor,wishfor等。

WouldyoulikemetogiveyourregardstoMary

Iwantyoutounderstandthewholepassageclearly.

WeallbelieveJohn(tobe)honest.

Iconsiderhim(tobe)oneofthebestbiologyteachersofNo.1MiddleSchool.

Weconsiderhimtohavebeenfoolish.

Ididn'thearanyonesayanythingaboutit.

Theymakethestudentsdotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.

Thestudentsaremadetodotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.

Wouldyoupleahelpme(to)fillinthetaxform

I'veneverknownher(to)belatebefore.

HewasknowntohavebeentoFrancebefore.

Youmaydependonthemtobethereearly.

ThePartycallsonustoincreaproductionandpractieconomy.

2、不定式作主语补足语

Hewasnotallowedtoentertheclassroomforbeinglate.

Theyounguniversitystudentisconsideredtohavegreatpromi.

六、不定式作状语

不定式可以用作状语，而动名词不用作状语。下面只说一下不定式作状语的用

法。

1、表示目的Istayedtheretoewhatwouldhappen.

Henryhasdecidedtogotothehospitaltobeexaminedbythedoctor.

Bobtookdownmytelephonenumbersoas(inorder)nottoforgetit.

Istayedtheresothat(inorderthat)Icouldewhatwouldhappen.

2、表示原因Wearegladtohearthenews.

Iwassurpridtoethatathree-year-oldbabycouldwritesowell.

Thequestionraidbythestudentisdifficulttoanswer.

Theroomisreallycomfortabletolivein.

3、表示结果

Wecamehomeafterourholidaytofindourgardenneatandtidy.

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I'mnotsostupid(afool)astoputitinwriting.I'mnotsuchastupidfoolastoputit

inwriting.

Thespeedishighenoughforustocatchupwiththefirstliner.

Janehurriedbackonlytofindhermotherdyinginthehospital.

I'mtootiredtostayuplonger.

注意：在下列结构中,too…to并非是"太……而不能……"之意。

I'monlytoogladtohavepasdtheexam.考试及格我太高兴了。(不定式做原因状

语)

Wehavetoomuchtolearn.我们要学的太多了。(不定式作定语).

4、不定式用作独立成份常见的短语有

tobeexact(确切地说)tobeginwith(首先)todohimjustice(说句对他公道的话)

tobesure(真的)Totellthetruth,theplaywasagreatdisappointmenttome.

七、疑问词+不定式结构动名词没有这种结构。

WhentoleaveforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet.

idn'tknowwhethertoleaveorstaythere.

IaskedProfessorXuhowtolearnEnglishwell.

Thequestionwaswheretogetthemedicineneeded.

八、动词不定式与动名词的的时态、语态

1、动词不定式的时态

不定式时态有三种形式：

(1)一般式：表示动作发生在谓语动词之后或同时发生。

Ihopetobecomeauniversitystudentthisyear.

WeoftenhearDickplaythepianointhenextroom.

(2)完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。

I'ooyoungtohaveentheoldsociety.

(3)进行式:表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生.如:

TheteacherhappenedtobecorrectingourpaperswhenIcamein.

Theyemedtobediscussingsomethingimportant.

2、不定式的被动语态It'sagreathonortobeinvitedtoMary'sbirthdayparty.

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obenttoworkinthe

country.

CanyoutellmewhichisthecartoberepairedHewenttothehospitaltobe

examined.

注意：在Therebe结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动，意义区别

不大。例如：

Therearestillmanythingstotakecareof(tobetakencareof).

Theisnothingtodonow.(Wehavenothingtodonow.)

Thereisnothingtobedonenow.(Wecandonothingnow.)

3、动名词的时态

动名词时态只有两种，它没有进行时态。

(1)一般式：表示泛指的动作,可与谓语动词同时发生,或之前、之后。例如：

Weareinterestedincollectingstamps.

IshallneverforgeteingtheGreatWallforthefirsttime.

Wearenotafraidofdying.

(2)完成式：表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。例如：

Imaginehavingtravelledonthemoon.

Wewerepraidforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.

4、动名词的被动语态Theyoungmancameinwithoutbeingnoticed.

Hepridedhimlfonhavingneverbeenbeateninclass.

注意：有些动词后，直接用动名词表示被动意义。例如：

ngisworthdoing,itisworthdoingwell.