spectacular

,WashingtonState,

astoundedtheworldwith

ticexplosiontoremuchofthevolcano'ssummitto

fragments;theenergy

releadwaqualtothatof500ofthenuclearbombsthatdestroyed

Hiroshimain1945.

BTheeventoccurredalongtheboundaryoftwoofthemovingplatesthat

makeuptheEarth's

etatthejunctionoftheNorthAmericancontinentandthe

edgeofthecontinentalNorthAmericanplateover-ridestheoceanicJuande

Fucamicro-plate,

producingthevolcanicCascaderangethatincludesMountsBaker,Rainier

andHood,andLasn

.

begantostir,onlyMountBakerandLasnPeak

hadshownsignsof

ingtogeologicalevidencefoundbythe

UnitedStates

GeologicalSurvey,

intherecent

(geologicallyspeaking)past:around1900B.C.,

thearrivalof

Europeansintheregion,ithadexperiencedasingleperiodofspasmodic

activity,between1831

,formorethanacentury,laydormant.

DBy1979,theGeologicalSurvey,alertedbysignsofrenewedactivity,had

beenmonitoring

edthelocalpopulationagainstbeing

deceivedbythe

mountain'soutwardcalm,andforecastthataneruptionwouldtakeplace

beforetheendofthe

March27,1980,afew

cloudsofsmokeformedabovethesummit,

the28th,largerand

darkerclouds,.consistingofgasandashes,.emergedandclimbedashighas

20,l

aslightlullensued,,inearly

May,thenorthern

flankofthemountainbulged,andthesummitroby500feet.

-campers,hikers,

timbercuttersleftthe

-four-year-oldHarryTruman,aholidaylodge

ownerwhohadlived

thereformorethan50years,refudtobeevacuated,inspiteofofficialand

public,includingan

entireclassofschoolchildren,wrotetohim,r

did.

FOnMay18,at8.32inthemorning,lly.

Suddenly,itwas

lfa

cubicmileofrockhad

amemoment,anearthquakewithanintensityof5on

theRichterscalewas

ithhotrock-the

entirenorthfaceof

fscorchingvolcanicgasandrock

fragmentsshot

horizontallyfromthevolcano'srivenflank,ataninescapable200milesper

liding

iceandsnowmelted,ittouchedoffdevastatingtorrentsofmudanddebris,

whichdestroyedall

id,id

rockclimbedasa

y,viscouslava,accompaniedby

burningcloudsofashand

gas,welledoutofvolcano'snewcrater,andfromlesrventsandcracksin

itsflanks.

GAfterwards,,

magmamolten

gedintothevolcanofromthe

Earth'

build-upwasaccompaniedbyanaccumulationofgas,whichincreadasthe

massofmagma

,the

riingaspressure

jectedtheshatteredsummitlikea

corkfromashaken

esummitgone,themoltenrockwithinwasreleadina

jetofgasand

fragmentedmagma,andlavawelledfromthecrater.

allthetreesofthe

surroundingforest,irbranches

andbarkrippedoffby

mudspreadovernearly200

thetownsandttlementsintheareaweresmotheredinanevencoatingof

icashsilted

uptheColumbiaRiver35milesaway,reducingthedebristhataccumulated

atthefootofthe

es,of200feet.

wasoneofthemostclolyobrved

andanalydin

egeologistshadbeenexpectingtheevent,theywereableto

amassvastamountsof

fatmosphericparticlesformedasa

resultofthe

explosionshowedthatdropletsofsulphuricacid,actingasascreenbetween

theSunandthe

Earth'ssurface,snodoubtthat

theactivityofMount

so,ithasbeen

-aquarter

ofacubicmile-was

negligibleincomparisonwiththatthrownoutbyearliereruptions,suchas

thatofMountKatmai

inAlaskain1912(threecubicmiles).mes

haveformedinside

thenewcrater,eatofMountStHelens

liveson.

.Questions1and2

Answerquestions1and2bywritingtheappropriateletterA-Iinboxes1and

2onyouranswer

sheet.

ExampleAnswer

WhichparagraphcomparestheeruptiontotheenergyA

releadbynuclearbomb?

aragraphdescribestheevacuationofthemountain?

aragraphdescribesthemomentoftheexplosionofMountSt.

Helens?

Questions3and4

before1980?

WriteTWOdatesinbox3onyouranswersheet.

4Howdoscientistsknowthatthevolcanoexplodedaroundthetwodates

above?

UsingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDS,writeyouranswerinbox4

onyouranswer

sheet

Questions5-8

CompletethesummaryofeventsbelowleadinguptotheeruptionofMount

NOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes5-8onyouranswersheet.

In1979theGeologicalSurveywarned...(5)...toexpectaviolenteruption

beforetheendofthe

ndofMarchthere

weretremorsand

sfollowedbyalull,butinearly

Maythetopofthe

mountainroby...(6)....Peoplewere...(7)...fromaroundthemountain.

Finally,onMay18th

at...(8)...,exploded.

Question9and10

CompletethetablebelowgivingevidenceforthepoweroftheMountSt.

Helenruption.

Writeyouranswersinboxes9and10onyouranswersheet.

ItemEquivalentto

Example

Theenergyreleadbytheexplosionof

Answer

500nuclearbombs

Theareaoflandcoveredinmudorash...(9)...

Thequantityofdustejected...(10)...

Question11

ChootheappropriateletterA-Dandwriteitinbox11oneyouranswer

sheet.

andother

volcanoeshasinfluencedour

climateby...

Aincreasingtheamountofrainfall.

Bheatingtheatmosphere.

Ccoolingtheairtemperature.

Dcausingatmosphericstorms.

READINGPASSAGE2

Questions12-16

ReadingPassage2hasvenparagraphsA-G.

ChoothemostsuitableheadingsforparagraphsB-EandGfromthelist

ofheadingbelow.

Writetheappropriatenumbers(i-x)inboxes12-16onyouranswersheet.

NBTherearemoreheadingsthanparagraphssoyouwillnotuallofthem.

Youmayuanyoftheheadingsmorethanonce.

ListofHeadings

(i)Theeffectofchangingdemographicsonorganisations

(ii)FuturechangesintheEuropeanworkforce

(iii)Theunstructuredinterviewanditsvalidity

(iv)Theperson-skillsmatchapproachtolection

(v)Theimplicationsofapoorperson-environmentfit

(vi)Somepoorlectiondecisions

(vii)Thevalidityoflectionprocedures

(viii)Theperson-environmentfit

(ix)PastandfuturedemographicchangesinEurope

(x)Adequateandinadequateexplanationsoforganisationalfailure

ExampleParagraphAAnswer(x)

aphB

aphC

aphD

aphE

aphG

PEOPLEANDORGANISATIONS:THESELECTIONISSUE

AIn1991,accordingtotheDepartmentofTradeandIndustry,arecord

48,000British

sinessfail,thepost-mortem

analysisistraditionally

ablyorganisations

dofailbecauof

undercapitalisation,poorfinancialmanagement,advermarketconditions

,converly,

organisationswithsoundfinancialbacking,goodproductideasandmarket

acumenoften

underperformandfailtomeetshareholders'plexity,

degreeandsustainment

oforganisationalperformancerequiresanexplanationwhichgoesbeyond

thebalancesheetand

the"paperconversion"offinancialinputsintoprofitmakingoutputs.A

morecomplete

explanationof"whatwentwrong"necessarilymustconsidertheesnceof

whatanorganisation

actuallyisandthatoneofthefinancialinputs,themostimportantandoften

themostexpensive,is

people.

ingthe

rightpersonforthe

jobinvolvesmorethanidentifyingtheesntialordesirablerangeofskills,

educationaland

professionalqualificationsnecessarytoperformthejobandthenrecruiting

thecandidatewhois

mostlikelytopossstheskillsoratleastisperceivedtohavetheability

andpredispositionto

apurelyperson/skillsmatchapproachtolection.

CWorkinvariablytakesplaceintheprenceand/orunderthedirectionof

others,ina

ividualhasto"fit"inwiththework

environment,with

otheremployees,withtheorganisationalclimate,styleorwork,organisation

andcultureofthe

entorganisationshavedifferentcultures(Cartwright&

Cooper,1991;1992).

WorkingasanengineeratBritishAerospacewillnotnecessarilybeasimilar

experienceto

workinginthesamecapacityatGECorPlesy.

mple,thecostsoftraining

apolicemanare

about￡20,000($30,000).Thecostsofemployinganunsuitable

technicianonanoil

rigorinanuclearplantcould,inanemergency,resultinmillionsofpounds

ofdamageorlossof

harmonyofapoorperson-environmentfit(PE-fit)islikelyto

resultinlowjob

satisfaction,lackoforganisationalcommitmentandemployeestress,which

affectorganisational

tivity,highlabourturnoverandabnteeism,and

individualoutcomesi.e.

physical,psychologicalandmentalwell-being.

EHowever,despitetheimportanceoftherecruitmentdecisionandthe

rangeofsophisticated

andmoreobjectivelectiontechniquesavailable,includingtheuof

psychometrictests,

asssmentcentretc.,manyorganisationsarestillpreparedtomakethis

decisiononthebasisof

,rearchhas

demonstratedthatalection

remainingtime,the

interviewerthenattendxclusivelytoinformationthatreinforcestheinitial

"accept"or"reject"

chintothevalidityoflectionmethodshasconsistently

demonstratedthatthe

unstructuredinterview,wheretheinterviewerasksanyquestionsheorshe

likes,isapoor

predictoroffuturejobperformanceandfareslittlebetterthatmore

controversialmethodslike

sofhighunemployment,!recruitment

becomesa"buyer's

market"andthiswasthecainBritainduringthe1980s.

FThefuture,wearetold,edsurveysofsocial

andeconomic

trendsintheEuropeancommunityshowthatEurope'spopulationisfalling

andgettingolder,The

birthrateintheCommunityisnowonlythree-quartersofthelevelneeded

toensurereplacement

ear2020,itispredictedthatmorethan

oneinfourEuropeans

e-year

periodbetween

1983and1988theCommunity'sfemaleworkforcegrewbyalmostsix

ult,51%of

allwomenaged14to64arenoweconomicallyactiveinthelabourmarket

comparedwith78%of

men.

ll

alsomakeit

increasinglyimportantfororganisationswishingtomaintaintheir

competitiveedgetobemore

responsiveandaccommodatingtothechangingneedsoftheirworkforceif

theyaretoretainand

exibleworkinghours,the

opportunityofworkfromhome

orjobshare,theprovisionofchildcarefacilitietc.,willplayamajorrolein

attractingand

retainingstaffinthefuture.

Questions17-22

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReading

Passage2?

Inboxes17-22onyouranswersheetwrite

YESifthestatementagreeswiththewriter

NOifthestatementdoesnotagreewiththewriter

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationaboutthisinthepassage

sationsshouldrecognithattheiremployeesareasignificantpart

oftheir

financialasts.

-structured45minuteinterviewsarethebestmethodtoidentify

suitableemployees.

einthefemaleworkforceintheEuropeanCommunityisa

positivetrend.

logyisagoodpredictoroffuturefobperformance.

uture,thenumberofpeopleinemployableagegroupswill

decline.

2020,thepercentageofthepopulationunder20willbesmallerthan

now.

Questions23-25

NOMORETHAN

ONEorTWOWORDSforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes23-25onyouranswersheet.

READINGPASSAGE3

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions26-38whicharebadon

ReadingPassage3

onpages9and10.

"TheRollfilmRevolution"

Theintroductionofthedryplateprocessbroughtwithitmanyadvantages.

Notonlywasitmuch

moreconvenient,sothatthephotographernolongerneededtopreparehis

materialinadvance,

butitsmuchgreaternsitivitymadepossibleanewgenerationofcameras.

Instantaneous

exposureshadbeenpossiblebefore,butonlywithsomedifficultyandwith

specialequipmentand

,exposuresshortenoughtopermitthecameratotheheld

inthehandwereeasily

asfittingshuttersandviewfinderstotheirconventional

standcameras,

manufacturersbegantoconstructsmallercamerasintendedspecificallyfor

handu.

OneofthefirstdesignstobepublishedwasThomasBolas's'Detective'

cameraof1881.

Externallyaplainbox,quiteunlikethefoldingbellowscameratypicalofthe

period,itcouldbe

ecaughton,andforthenextdecadeorso

almostallhandcameral

werecalled'Detectives',ewdesignsinthe1880swerefor

magazinecameras,in

whichanumberofdryplatescouldbepre-loadedandchangedoneafter

anotherfollowing

ghmuchmoreconvenientthanstandcameras,stilludby

mostriousworkers,

magazineplatecameraswereheavy,andrequiredaccesstoadarkroomfor

loadingand

sallchangedbyayoungAmericanbankclerk

turnedphotographic

manufacturer,GeorgeEastman,fromRochester,NewYork.

neof

thefirsttodosoin

lookedforwaysofsimplifyingphotography,believing

thatmanypeoplewere

ststepwastodevelop,wih

thecamera

,aholderforalongrollofpapernegative

'film'.Thiscouldbe

fittedtoastandardplatecameraanduptoforty-eightexposuresmade

combinedweightofthepaperrollandtheholderwasfarlessthanthesame

numberofglass

ghroll-holdershadbeen

madeaarlyasthe

1850s,nonehadbeenverysuccessfulbecauofthelimitationsofthe

photographicmaterials

n'srollablepaperfilmwasnsitiveandgavenegatives

ofgoodquality;

theEastman-Walkerroll-holderwasagreatsuccess.

Thenextstepwastocombinetheroll-holderwithasmallhandcamera;

Eastman'sfirstdesign

waspatentedwithanemployee,t,otasuccess.

OnlyfiftyEastman

detectivecamerasweremade,andtheyweresoldasalottoadealerin1887;

thecostwastoo

ntaboutdevelopinganew

model,whichwas

smallbox,containingarollofpaperbad

strippingfilm

rationwas

simple:ttheshutterby

pullingawirestring;aimthecamerausingtheVlineimpressioninthe

cameratop;pressthe

releabottontoactivatetheexposure;andturnaspecialkeytowindtothe

ed

exposureshadtobemade,soitwasimportanttorecordeachpictureinthe

memorandumbook

provided,ngavehiscamerathe

inventedname

'Kodak'-twoKs

whichEastmanfelt

wasafirm,uncompromisingkindofletter.

TheimportanceofEastman'snewroll-filmcamerawasnotthatitwasthe

adbeen

veralearliercameras,notablytheStirn'America',firstdemonstratedinthe

springof1887and

soudarollofnegativepaper,andhadsuch

refinementsasa

l

significanceofthefirstKodak

camerawasthatitwasbackedupbyadevelopingandprintingrvice.

Hitherto,virtuallyall

quiredthat

facilitiesofa

darkroomandthetimeandinclinationtohandlethenecessarychemicals,

maketheprintsandso

nrecognizedthatnoteveryonehadtheresourcesorthedesireto

customerhadmadeahundredexposuresintheKodakcamera,hentitto

Eastman'sfactoryin

Rochester(orlaterinHarrowinEngland)wherethefilmwasunloaded,

procesdandprinted,

thecamerareloadedandreturnedtotheowner."YouPresstheButton,We

DotheRest"ran

Eastman'sclassicmarketingslogan;photographyhadbeenbroughtto

ne,thatis,

whocouldafford$25orfiveguineasforthecameraand$10ortwo

guineasforthedeveloping

a($5)wasaweek'swagesformanyatthetime,so

thissimplecameracost

theequivalentofhundredsofdollarstoday.

In1889animprovedmodelwithanewshutterdesignwasintroduced,andit

wascalledtheNo.2

er-badstrippingfilmwascomplicatedto

manipulate,sincethe

procesdnegativeimagehadtobestrippedfromthepaperbaforprinting.

Attheendof1889

,tough,

transparentandflexible,the

newfilmnotonlymadetherollfilmcamerafullypractical,butprovidedthe

rawmaterialforthe

,largermodelswere

introduced,including

veralfoldingversions,oneofwhichtookpictures21.6cmx16.5cmin

manufacturersinAmericaandEuropeintroducedcamerastotakethe

Kodakroll-films,andother

firmsbegantoofferdevelopingandprintingrvicesforthebenefitofthe

newbreedof

Photographers.

BySeptember1889,over5,000KodakcamerashadbeensoldintheUSA,

andthecompanywas

dailyprinting6-7,000negatives,Holidaysandspecialeventscreated

enormoussurgesindemand

forprocessing:900Kodakursreturnedtheircamerasforprocessingand

reloadingintheweek

aftertheNewYorkcentennialcelebration.

Questions26-29

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReading

Passage3?

Inboxes26-29onyouranswersheetwrite

YESifthestatementagreeswiththewriter

NOifthestatementdoesagreewiththewriter

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationaboutthisinthepassage

thedryplateprocessshortexposurescouldonlybachievedwith

camerasheldin

thehand.

'sAmerica'cameralackedKodak'sdevelopingrvice.

stKodakfilmcosttheequivalentofaweek'swagestodevelop.

Eastman's1891rangeofcamerascouldbeloadedindaylight.

Questions30-34

NOMORETHANTHREE

WORDSfromthepassagefor

eachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes30-34onyouranswersheet.

Questions35-38

NOMORETHANTHREEWORDS

fromthepassagefor

eachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes35-38onyouranswersheet.