specifically

Activecenter.活性中心

Aspecializedregionofanenzymewheretheenzymeinteractswiththesubstrateandcatalyzesitsconversiontoproducts.

Manyaminoacylresiduescontributetotheactivecenter.

Adenylylcycla.腺苷酸环化酶

AnenzymethatcatalyzesthesyntheticreactionofcyclicAMPfromATPinrespontohormonessuchapinephrineand

glucagon.

Alanine-glucocycle.丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环

Acooperativepathwaybetweenliverandmuscleinwhichtheammoniaandcarbonfromaminoacidmetabolismare

removedfromthemuscleasalanine,takenupbytheliver,transaminatedtopyruvate,convertedintogluco,andshipped

outbacktothemuscle.

albumin.清蛋白

Albuminmakesup50%to55%oftheproteinsofplasmaandisthoughttobethemaincontributortoosmoticpressureof

rimportantfunctionisthatalbuminhasverybroadandnon-specificbindingproperties.

Allostericenzyme.变构酶

Allostericenzymesareenzymeswhoactivityatthecatalyticsitemaybemodulatedbytheprenceofallostericeffectors

ericmeans“occupyanotherspace”,soanallostericeffectoroccupyanotherspace,givinganeffect

onenzymes.

Allostericregulation.变构调节

Atypeofenzymeregulationinwhichaneffectorbindstoonesiteontheenzymeandincreaordecreastheactivityat

ericregulationprovidesarapidmeansforregulationoftheiractivity.

Aminoacyl-tRNAsyntheta.氨基酰tRNA合成酶

Theenzymesareresponsiblefortherecognitionandattachmentofthe20aminoacidstospecifictRNA.

Anticodon.反密码子

Thetemplate-recognitionsiteontRNAisaquenceofthreebascalledtheanticodon,whichrecognizesa

complementaryquenceofthreebasonmRNA.

Apoprotein.载脂蛋白

diatetheinteractionbetweenlipoproteinsandtissues.

Apoptosis.细胞凋亡

grammedcelldeathistightlyregulated,whichplaysimportantrolesinphysiologic

oreendonucleasdegradeDNA,leading

tocharacteristicladderofdiscreteDNAfragmentonelectrophoresis.

Bilesalts.胆汁酸盐

ilecontainssignificantquantitiesofsodiumandpotassiumandthepHis

alkaline,itisassumedthatthebileacidsandtheirconjugatesareinasaltform,socalled“bilesalts.”

Biotin.生物素

zymesthatcatalyzetheATP-dependentadditionofCO2toa

substrate(likeacetyl-CoAcarboxyla)requiresthecofactorbiotin.

Calcitonin.降钙素

inantbiologicalactionofcalcitoninistomediatealoweringof

ocalcemicandhypophosphatemiceffectsofcalcitoninarebelievedtobeduetoaninhibitionof

PTH-mediatedcalciumresorption.

Calcium-bindingprotein.钙结合蛋白

1,25(OH)2-D3stimulatesgenetranscriptionandformationofspecificmRNAthatcodesfor“calcium-bindingprotein”,also

called“Calbindin”.ThreedistinctvitaminD-induced“Calbindin”hemarefoundexclusivelyinside

theintestinalandkidneycells,whichareactivelyinvolvedincalciumtranslocation.

Calmodulin.钙调蛋白

Aubiquitouscalciumnsorineukaryotes,dingofCa2+to

multiplesitesincalmodulininducesamajorconformationalchangethatconvertsitfromaninactivetoanactiveform.

Activatedcalmodulinbindstomanyenzymesandmodifiestheiractivities.

cAMP.环化腺苷一磷酸

tivatescAMP-dependentproteinkina.

IncrsinthecAMPconcentrationcau

activationofglycogendegradation,increadfattyacidbreakdown,stimulationofglycolysisinmuscle,andstimulationof

gluconeogenesisintheliver.

cAMP-dependentproteinkina，PKA.依赖cAMP的蛋白激酶

MosteffectsofcyclicAMPinyenzymeis

calledproteinkinaAorcAMP-dependentproteinkina,whichalterstheactivitiesoftargetproteinsbyphosphorylating

specificrineorthreonineresidues.

Capping.帽子生成

Puttinga7-methylguanosinetriphosphateonthe5’gisinvolvedintherecognitionof

mRNAandmayincreathestabilityoftheRNAbypreventingtheattackof5’exonucleas.

Carnitineshuttle.肉碱穿梭

cyl-CoAinthecytosolistransferredtocarnitinetomakefattyacylcarnitine,

side,thefattyacylgroupistransferredtoCoAandthecarnitineisreturnedto

themitochondrialmembrane.

Catabolicpathway.分解代谢途径

licpathwaysinvolveoxidativeprocessthatreleafreeenergy.

Catabolicrepression.分解代谢阻遏

Catabolicrepressionmeansthatanintermediateinaquenceofcatabolicenzyme-catalyzedreactionshasabilityto

represssynthesisofcatabolicenzymes.

Catabolitegeneactivatorprotein,CAP.分解（代谢）物基因激活蛋白

AcAMP-bindingproteinthatiscistsoftwo

subunits,eachofwhichcontainsaDNA-bindingdomainandacAMPbindingdomain.

文库

ocDNA.

cDNA.互补DNA

piesfromapopulationofcytoplasmicmRNAusingenzymerevertranscripta,converting

ertranscriptacopiesRNAtemplatesintoDNA-RNAhybrids.

AftertheRNAinthehybridsisspecificallydestroyed,

isacopyofanmRNAsothatitcontainsonlytheexonquences.

cis-actingelement.顺式作用元件

Thisworddescrincerorrepressor

quenceintheDNAisacis-actingelementorfactorthataffectsthetranscriptionofthegene.

cistron.顺反子

AstretchofDNAthatcarriestheinformationforapolypeptidechainiscalledcistron.

Clone.克隆

GroupofcellsorquencesofDNAthatareidenticalwithasingleparentalcellormolecule.

Codingstrand.编码链

ThecodingstrandofDN-called

ingstrandisalsoknownasthenstrand.

codon.密码子

EachaminoacidinaproteinisspecifiedbyanmRNAquenceofthreenucleotides,whichiscalledacodon.

Coenzyme.辅酶

nzymesallowtheenzymetohavefunctionalgroups

thatarenotavailablefromthesidechainsoftheaminoacids.

Competitiveinhibition.竞争性抑制

SubstrateandinhibitorcombineatthesamesiteandresultinraisingtheapparentKmforthesubstrate..Incompetitive

inhibition,inhibitorcanbecompletelydisplacedbyahighconcentrationofthesubstrate.

Configuration.构型

urationcannotbechangedwithoutbreakingandreforming

covalentbonds.

Conformation.构象

formationofamolecularcanbechangedbysimplyrotatinggroupsaround

singlebonds.

Conjugatedbilirubin.结合胆红素

cytesperformtheprocessandconvertbilirubintoawater-soluble

form.

Cosmidvector.柯斯质粒载体

asmidsthatcarrytheλcossite,whichallowsthemtobepackaged

intoλphageparticlesforefficientintroductionintobacteria.

Creatinekina.肌酸激酶

nekinaconvertscreatinetocreatinephosphate,a

majorenergyrervesinmuscle.

denovosynthesis.从头合成

andpyrimidineribonucleotidesaresynthesizedviatwopathways,

inwhichthepurinesarebuiltasnucleotidesviaphosphoribosylintermediates,whereasthepyrimidineringiscompletedto

thestageoforotatebeforecouplingtoribo.

degenerate.简并

Morethanonecodoncanspecifythesameaminoacidandallcodonsareunambiguousinthateachspecifiesnomorethan

oneaminoacid.

Denaturation.变性

Destroythecondary,tertiary,andquaternarystructureofaprotein,DNA,orRNAmolecule.

损伤

DNAdamageisthatchangesintheDNAquenceresultedfromcopyingerrorsandtheeffectsofvariousphysicaland

chemicalagentsorcarcinogens，whichaltersoneormorenucleotidesinDNA.

聚合酶

Theprincipalsyntheticenzyme,DNApolymera,extendstheprimersinthe5’to3’directionbycatalyzingadditionof

deoxyribonucleoside5’-phosphatestotheprimer3’sisproceedsinthe5’to3’directionasthetemplatestrandis

readinthe3’to5’direction.

复制

Generationofanewcopyofdouble-strandedDNAfromaparentalDNAmolecule.

Domain.结构域

Somepoompactglobular

supercondarystructuresarecalleddomains,whichisonelevelofprotein’sstructuresbetweencondarystructureand

tertiarystructure.

Effector.效应剂

dingofaneffectorchangestheconformationofthe

enzymesoastoalterthekineticpropertiesofthecatalyticsite.

Enhancer.增强子

Thequenceelementstershaveno

promoteractivityoftheirownbuttheycanexerttheirstimulatoryactionsoverdistancesofveralthousandbapairs.

Enterohepaticcirculation.肠肝循环

Theprimarybileacidsaresynthondary

bileacidsareabsorbedintheintestine,returningtotheliverthenrecyclebetweenintestineandliver,whichisknownasthe

entero-hepaticcirculation.

Epidermalgrowthfactor(EGF).表皮生长因子

Epidermalge“growthfactor”.

Esntialaminoacid.必需氨基酸

andietmustcontaintheaminoacidstosupportgrowthor

maintainhealth.

exon.外显子

RegionsthatareretainedinthematureRNA.

FAD.黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸

erivedfromvitaminriboflavin,whichrvesascofactorforoxidationandreduction

reactions.

Fat.脂肪

potissuereleasfattyacidsbytheactivationahormone-nsitive

tyacidsarethentransportedthroughtherumandoxidized

viaboxidationinthetissuestoyieldenergy.

Feedbackinhibition.反馈抑制

Feedbackinhibitionreferstotheinhibitionoftheactivityofanenzymeinabiosyntheticpathwaybyanendproductofthat

pathway.

Ferritin.铁蛋白

esironthatcanbeudasconditionrequires.

FH4.四氢叶酸

edformoffolicacidinvolvedintimatelyinone-carbontransferreactions.

Gene.基因

AstretchofDNAthaecistron.

Genome.基因组

Totalinformationofgenecontainedinacell,anorganismoravirus.

GenomicDNAlibrary.基因组DNA文库

epreparedfromthetotalDNAofacelllineortissueby

performingpartiaainxons,introns,

untranslatedregionsthatcanoccurinDNA.

Glucogenicaminoacid.生糖氨基酸

Theaminoacidthatyieldpyruvateorcitriccycleintermediates.

Gluconeogenesis.糖异生

mudtoincludeallmechanismsandpathwaysresponsiblefor

convertingnoncarbohydratetoglucoorglycogen.

Glycerol-a-phosphateshuttle.a-磷酸甘油穿梭

Getelectronfromcytoplasmic

enzymesoftheshuttleinmitochondriaislinkedtotherespiratorychainviaaflavoprotein.

Glycolysis.酵解

Metabolicpatbnceofoxygen,lactateis

producedfromthepyruvatetoregenerateNAD+sothatthepathwaycancontinuetoworkintheabnceofoxygen.

Gout.痛风

Itisaninheritedmetasomepatientshave

apartialdeficiencyofhypoxanthine-guaninephosphoribosyltransfera(HGPRT),itisnotsolecauofthedia.

Growthfactor.生长因子

Smallpolypeptides(moreproperlycalledcytokines)torshave

avarietyofeffects,includingchangesintheuptakeofsmallmolecules,initiationorstimulationofthecellcycle,and

esofcretedcytokinesareEGF(epidermalgrowthfactor),PDGF(platelet-derivedgrowth

factor),andinsulin.

GuideRNA.指导RNA

GuideRNAisaquencethatiscomplementarytothecorrectlyeditedmRNA.

Hairpinstructure.发夹结构

Adouble-helicalstretchformedbybaparingbetweenneighboringcomplementaryquencesofasinglestrandofDNAor

RNA.

Helica.解链酶

AnenzymewhoactivityinvolvedinDNAreplicationthatrelievesthestrainassociatedwithunwindingtheDNAdouble

helixduringreplication.

Heme.血红素

sdifferentfunctionsdependingontheproteinthat

eudtocarryoxygenwithoutoxidizingitinhemoglobinandmyoglobin,butinother

proteins,likecytochromeP450,thehemeironproducesaveryreactiveiron-oxygenspeciesattheactivesite.

Hemoglobin.血红蛋白

Hemoglobinistheoxygen-carryingsystemfoundinerythrocytes,whichtransportsoxygenfromthelungstoalltissuesofthe

ternarystructureofhemoglobinconfersitsallostericpropertiesthatadaptittoitsbiologicrolesandpermitits

preciregulation.

Hexokina.己糖激酶

Responsibleforthephosphorylationofglucoforentryintoglycolysis,glycogensynthesis,orthepentophosphate

pathway.

hnRNA.不均一核内RNA

eformedinthenucleusthatisaprecursortomRNA,whichhasboththeintronand

exonquences.

Hormoneresponelement,HRE.激素反应元件

steroidsandpeptidehormonexerttheireffectsontranscriptionthroughHREs,buttheinitialreactionsaredifferent.

Houkeepinggene.管家基因

Thegenesthatareexpresdatareasonablyconstantrateandnotknowntobesubjecttoregulation.

Induction.诱导

Synthesisofapartmple,thesynthesisofan

enzymecanbeinducedbyitssubstrate.

Intron.内含子

marytranscriptofagenecontainstheregionsthatarenot

sthatareremovedfromtheprimarytranscriptarecalledintrons.

Isoelectricpoint.等电点

ThepHatwhichamoleculehasanetzerocharge.

Isomera.异构酶

Anenzymethatcatalyzesanintramolecularrearrangement.

Isozyme.同工酶

tionandidentificationofisozymesisof

diagnosticvalue.

Jaundice.黄疸

Whenbilirubininthebloodreachesacertainconcentration,hyperbilirubinemiaexistsandbilirubindiffusintothetissues,

ditioniscalledjaundice.

Ketogenicaminoacid.生酮氨基酸

nnotyieldpyruvateortricarboxylicacidcycleintermediates.

Ketonebodies.酮体

Acetoacetate,rateoffattyacidoxidation,theliverproducesconsiderablequantitiesof

mercontinuallyundergoesspontaneousdecarboxylationtoyield

bodiesaremetabolizedinmuscleandbrainasanenergysource.

Km.米氏常数

Ifanenzymefollowshyperbolickinetics,theKmiqualtothesubstrateconcentrationatwhichthereactionrateishalfits

maximalvalue.

Liga.连接酶

ajoinsthebackbonephosphatesina

phosphodiesterbond.

Lipids.脂类

Lipidsconsistofadivertofhydrophobicmoleculesincludingtriglycerides,phospholipids,steroids,

solubleinorganicsolventslikechloroformorether.

Malate-Aspartateshuttle.苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭

GetlectronsfromcytoplasmicNADHintothemitochondriasothat3ATPscanbeproducedbyoxidationoftheNADH.

Mitogen-activited-proteinkina(MAPK).有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶

Mitogen-activatedproteinkina(MAPK)isoneofthemostancientsignalingmoleculesandisinvolvedinmultiplecellular

process,includingcellproliferation,cellgrowth,andcelldeath.

MesngerRNA(mRNA).信使RNA

maryRNAtranscriptisprocesdtomRNAby

addingacapandatailandremovingintrons.

NAD+-NADH.辅酶I

+acceptstwoelectronsandaprotonfromsubstrates

andultimatelytransfersthemtotheelectrontransportchaintomakethreeATPsandH2O.

Nicotinicacid.尼克酸

AvitaminthatrvesasasourceofthepyridineringofNAD+andNADP+.Dietarydeficiencyofnicotinicacidcanleadto

-competitiveinhibition.非竞争性抑制

Innon-competitiveinhibition,inhibitorbindtoadifferentdomainofanenzyme,loweringthemaximumvelocitybutwith

normalKm.

Nucleosides.核苷

tides.核苷酸

Anucleotideisaphosphateesterofanucleosideon3’-or5’-orylationon5’-carbonofriboisthe

onemostcommonlyesterifiedforms.

Okazakifragment.冈崎片段

Theshortdiscontinuousgments,whichlaterarejoinedbyDNAliga,arecalledOkazakifragmentaftertheirdiscoverer.

Oncogene.癌基因

Oncogecogenencodeabnormal

signaltransductionproteinsinvolvedinimitatingtheactionofpolypeptidegrowthfactor.

Operator.操纵序列

dingoftherepressortotheoperatorpreventsthe

transcriptionofthegenes.

Operon.操纵子

Acollectionofprokaryoticstructuralgenesthatareprentinalineararrayandwhoexpressioniscontrolledbythesame

rangementallowssimplecontrolovertheexpressionofproteinsthatareallneededfor

ldbenotedthatanoperonincludesbothoperatoranditsassociatedstructuralgenes.

Osteomalacia.软骨病

OsteomalaciaiscaudbyvitaminDdeficiencyintheadult,whichleadstosofteningandweakeningofbones.

Oxidation.氧化

Whensomethingisoxidized,movalofanelectron,ferrousisoxidizedtoferric

ationisaprocesswiththelossofelectrons.

Oxidativephosphorylation.氧化磷酸化

TheprocessinwhichATPisformedasaresultofthetransferofelectronsfromNADHorFADH2tooxygenbyariesof

electroncarriers.

Parathyroidhormone(PTH).甲状旁腺素

Parathyroidhormone,an84-aminoacid-containingprotein,

biologicalactionsofPTHarerelatedtoregulatecalciummetabolism.

Pentophosphatepathway.磷酸戊糖途径

hwaygeneratesbothNADPHforreductivesynthesandribo

residuesfornucleotidebiosynthesis.

Peptidebond.肽键

Thebondthatthea-carboxylgroupofoneaminoacidisjoinedtothea-aminogroupofanotheraminoacidbyanamide

bondinapolypeptide.

PhospholipaC.磷脂酶C

iveformoftheenzymecatalyzesthehydrolysisof

amembrane-boundedsubstratetoformtwocondmesngers,diacylglycerideandinositol1,4,5-triphosphate.

ol1,4,5-triphosphateiffectiveforthereleaofcalcium

fromintracellularcalciumpool.

Plasmid.质粒

IndependentlyreplicatingcircularpiecesofDNAwhonaturalfunctionistoconferantibioticresistancetothehostcell.

Platelet-derivedgrowthfactor.血小板源生长因子

Platelet-dee“growthfactor”.

Pointmutation.点突变

ItiscaubyasinglebachangeofDNAgemone,whichinturnresultsinachangeinthemesngerRNA,astructural

abnormalityofgeneexpression.

PolycistronicmRNA.多顺反子mRNA

AsinglemRNAthatencodesmorethanoneparatelytranslatedproteinisreferredtoasapolycistronicmRNA,which

containsmultipleindependenttranslationstartandstopcodonsforeachcistron.

Polypeptidechain.多肽链

Manyaminoacidsjoinedbypeptidebondsformapolypeptidechain,whichhastwodifferentends,i.e.N-terminaland

C-terminalrespectively.

Polyribosome.多核糖体

bosomescantranslatethesamemRNAsimultaneously.

Primarytranscript.初级转录本

PrimarytranscriptistheoriginalunmodifiedRNAproductcorrespondingtoatranscriptionunit.

Prima.引物酶

Primacatalyzespolymerizationofribonucleoside5’-uenceofmonomer

additionisdictatedbyatemplatestrandofDNAandthechainlengthsofprimersareusually10-50nucleotides.

Promoter.启动子

PromoterisaregionofDNAinvolvedinbindingofRNApolymeratoinitiatetranscription.

Prostheticgroup.辅基

Manyproteinsrequiretightlybound,nitiscalleda

prostheticgroup.

Protea.蛋白酶

oteasrecognizeaspecifictypeofaminoacidsidechain

andcleavetheproteinatspecificpoints.

Proto-oncogene.原癌基因

Normalcellulargeneswiththepotent

rvedquenceswereimportantcomponentsofnormal

cellsandtheirproductsarebelievedtoplayimportantrolesinnormaldifferentiationandothercellularprocess.

Pyridoxalphosphate.磷酸吡多醛

ortantfunctionalgroupsofthecoenzyme

arethealdehydegroup,whichcanformaSchiffbawiththea-aminogroupofanaminoacidandfacilitatetransamination.

Rate-limitingenzyme.限速酶

Enzymescatalyzingcommittedstepsinunidirectionalanabolicandcatabolicpathways,whichactasnaturalgovernorsof

metabolicflowandreprentthemostefficientregulatoryintervention.

Receptor.受体

Allofreceptorsareproteinsthatcanlectivelybindspecificmoleculeandinitiatetheirbiologiceffects.

RecombinantDNA.重组DNA

inationcanoccurbetweengeneswithsimilar

quencesorbetweengeneswithdifferentquences.

Reduction.还原

Chemically,+owsthatreductionisaccompanied

byoxidationofanelectrondonor.

Replication.复制

Generationofanewcopyofdouble-strandedDNAfromaparentalDNAmolecule.

Residue.残基

Inapolypeptidechain,anaminoacidunitiscalledaresidue.

Respiratorychain.呼吸链

Existsinthemitochondria,piratorychainprovidesmostoftheenergy

capturedinmetabolism.

Restrictionendonuclea.限制性内切核酸酶

TheclassofendonucleascutDNAatspecificDNAquenceswithinthemolecule.

Revertranscripta.反转录酶

AnRNA-directedDNApolymerainretrovirus;capableofmakingDNAcomplementarytoanRNA.

Revertranscription.反转录

RNA-directedsynthesisofDNA,catalyzedbyrevertranscripta.

Ribosomes.核糖体

ComplexcationofmRNAoccursonit.

Ribozyme.核酶

atalyticRNAscatalyzehighlyspecific

hydrolysisofphosphodiesterbondsinRNAsandareimportantintheprocessingeventsinvolvedinmaturationofpre-mRNA.

Rickets.佝偻病

VitaminDdeficiencyinchildhoodproducesricketscharacterizedbylowplasmacalciumandphosphoruslevelsandby

poorlymineralizedbonewithassociatedskeletaldeformities.

编辑

TheinformationcontentofsomemRNAisalteredfollowingtranscriptionbyprocessotherthanRNAsplicing.

聚合酶

RNAPolymeraisanenzymethatsynthesizesRNAusingaDNAtemplate.

rRNA.核蛋白体rRNA

reveraldiscretesizeclassofrRNA,usuallyreferredto

bytheirdimentationcoefficientsas5S,5.8S,18S,and28Sineucaryoticcells.

S-adenosylmethionine,SAM.S腺苷蛋氨酸

SAMisamajordonorofone-carbonunitatthemethyloxidationstate,whichisformedfrommethyl-THFandhomocysteine

byavitaminB12-dependentreaction.

Saltingout.盐析

Thesolubilityoftheproteinsisloweredathighsaltconcentrations,so-calledthe“saltingout”.Itcanbeudtofractionate

proteinsbecauthedependenceofsolubilityonsaltconcentrationdiffersfromoneproteintoanother.

Salvagepathway.补救合成途径

ThepathwaysthatpurinesandpyrimidinesderivedfromnucleicacidcatabolismreactwithPRPPandformthe

pondingdeoxyribonucleotidesareproducedbyreductionoftheribonucleoside

diphosphates,usingNADPHasthereducingagent.

Semiconrvativereplication.半保留复制

DNAreplicationfollowsalawcalledmiconrvativereplication,i.e.,oneofthestrandsofeachdaughterDNAmoleculeis

newlysynthesized,whereastheotherispasdonunchangedfromtheparentDNAmolecule.

Sigmafactor.σ因子

Sigemajorinfluenceonlectionofbinding

sites(promoters).

Signaltransduction.信号转导

Theprocessbywhichmple,growthfactors

actonthecellcycleandmitosisviatransmembranesignaltransduction.

snRNA.小核RNA

verolesinRNAprocessingbutarenotdirectlyinvolvedinproteinsynthesis.

Splicing.剪接

SplicingdescribestheremovalofintronsandjoiningofexonsinRNA;thusintronsaresplicedout,whileexonsarespliced

together.

Substrate.底物

Reagentinacatalyticreactionbyanenzyme.

Syntha.合酶

Asynthaisanenzymethatmakessomethingbutdoesn’tdirectlyrequirethehydrolysisofATPtodoit.

Syntheta.合成酶

AsynthetarequiresthehydrolysisofATPtomakethereactiongo.

Telomere.端粒

Specializedstructureattheendsofchromosomesthatallowsreplicationoftheextreme5’endsoftheDNAwithoutlossof

geneticinformation.

Templatestrand.模板链

Thetemplatestrand,alsoknownastheantinstrand,isonestrandthatthegeneticinformationresidesinthequence

thestrandofDNAthatiscopiedduringnucleicacidsynthesis.

Terminator.终止子

TerminatorisaquenceofDNA,reprentedattheendofthetranscript,thatcausRNApolymeratoterminate

transcription.

Thiaminepyrophosphate,TPP.焦磷酸硫胺素

Itisderivedfromthevitaminthiamine,whichisrequiredfordecarboxylationofa-ketoacidsandalsoinvolvedinsome

transferreactionsofaldehydederivatives.

Topoisomera.拓扑异构酶

EnzymesthatcatalyzetopologicchangesofDNAarecalledtopoisomeras,whichcanrelaxorinrtsupercoils.

TopoisomerofDNAcanbeinterconvertedonlybycuttingoneorbothDNAstrandsandthenrejoiningthem.

trans-actingfactor.反式作用因子

Trans-actingfactorisudtodescribetheeffectofaproductfromonegeneonthetranscriptionofanothergene.

Transamination.转氨基作用

Theaminoacidaredegradedviareactionoftransamination,inwhichthea-aminogroupistransferredtoaacceptor

a-ketoacidwithproductionofthea-ketoderivativeoftheaminoacid.

Transcription.转录作用

ymeracatalyzesthesynthesisandustheantinstrandasa

template.

Transferrin.运铁蛋白

Transferrincarriestationwithtransferrin

diminishesthepotentialtoxicityoffreeironanddirectsirontowhereitisrequiredinthebody.

Translation.翻译

ationoccursonribosomes.

Triglyceride.甘油三酯

rmedbyglycerolmoleculeandthreefattyacidchains,whichattachedthroughester

linkages.

tRNA.转运RNA

rveasadaptorforthetranslationoftheinformationinthequenceofnucleotidesofthemRNAinto

specificaminoacids.

Ubiquinone.泛醌

Aredoxcarrierprentedintherespiratorychain,tsinmitochondria,linkingthe

flavoproteinstocytochromeb.

Uncouples.解偶联

AllowprotonsbackintothemitochondriawithoutmakinganyATP.

Upstream.上游

Upstreamidentifiesquenceproceedingintheoppositedirectionfromexpression;forexample,thebacterialpromoteris

upstreamofthetranscriptionunit,theinitiationcodonisupstreamofcodingregion.

Ureacycle.尿素循环

Thepathwaythatexcessammoniaproduc

ureasynthesisconvertstoxicammoniatonontoxicurea,thedefectsinureasynthesisresultinammoniaintoxication.

Vectors.载体

SrtisthepieceofDNAthathasbeen

nB12.维生素B12

als,orptionofvitamin

B12intheintestineismediatedbyreceptorsites,i.e.,ic,deficiencyofvitaminB12canleadtoanemia.

VitaminD.维生素D

ousmetabolicchangesinthebody,cholesterolisconvertedintocalcitiol,

whichplaysanesntialroleinthecontrolofcalciumandphosphorusmetabolism.

Zwitterion.兼性离子

Anaminoacidexhibitsdipolarions(Zwitterion)ipolarformofan

aminoacid,theaminogroupisprotonatedandthecarboxylgroupisdissociatedsothatamoleculehaszerocharge.

ρfactor.ρ因子

Apolymeratoterminatetranscriptionatcertain(rho-dependent)

sites.

100个常用生物技术术语解释（Glossary）

Thisglossarycontainsabout100commonlyudbiotechnologyterms.

Agrobacteriumtumefaciens

Acommonsoilbacteriumthaistsalter

Agrobacteenuthisaltered

Agrobacteriumtoferrydesirablegenesintoplants.

Aminoacid

iniscompodofachainofhundredsorthousandsofamino

r,eightaminoacids(calledesntialaminoacids)must

beobtainedfromfood.

Antibody

Aproteinproducedinrespontotheprenceofaspecificantigen.

Antigen

Aforeignsubstancethatelicitstheproductionofantibodies.

Anti-ntechnology

TheuofanRNAchniqueisud

commerciallyintomatoestoslowripeningforbettershippingandlongershelflife

Assay

AmethodfordeterminingtheprenceorquantityofacomponentBlymphocytes(Bcells).Atypeofcellthatproduces

antibodies.

Bacillusthuringiensis

usthuringiensisproducesaprotein(Bttoxin)thatistoxiconly

tocertaininctlarvaethatconsumeit.

Bacteriophage

lledaphage.

Bioassay

Amethodofdeterminingtheeffectofacompoundbyquantifyingitffectonlivingorganismsortheircomponentparts.

Biocatalyst

icalcontrolTheuofoneorganismtocontrolthe

populationsizeofanotherorganism.

Biologicalmolecules

Large,complexmolecules,suchasproteins,nucleicacids,lipidsandcarbohydrates,thatareproducedonlybyliving

icalmoleculesareoftenreferredtoasmacromoleculesorbiopolymers.

Bioprocessing

Atechniqueinwhichmicroorganisms,livingcells,ortheircomponentsareudtoproduceadesiredendproduct.

Bioreactor

Acontainerudforbioprocessing.

Bioremediation

Theuoforganisms,usuallymicroorganisms,tobreakdownpollutantsinsoil,airorgroundwater.

Bionsortechnology

Theuofcellsorbitsofabiological

nsingagentcoupledwithamicroelectroniccircuit.

Biosynthesis

Productionofachemicalbyalivingorganism.

Biotechnology

(Ancientdefinition:)Theuoflivingorganismstosolveproblemsandmakeufulproducts.(Moderndefinition:)A

collectionoftechnologiesthatulivingcellsand/orbiologicalmoleculestosolveproblemsandmakeufulproducts.

Callus

Aclusterofundifferentiatedplantcellsthathavethecapacitytoregenerateawholeplantinsomespecies.

Catalyst

Asubstancethatspeedsupachemicalreaction,butisnotitlfchangedduringthereaction.

Cell

Thesmalleststructuralunitoflivingorganismsthatisabletogrowandreproduceindependently.

Cellculture

Atechniqueforgrowingcellsunderlaboratoryconditions.

Cellfusion

Theformationofahybridcellproducedbyfusingtwodifferentcells.

Chromosome

somesoccurin

pairs:oneobtainedfromthemother;somesofdifferentpairsareoftenvisiblydifferentfrom

eachother(ealsoDNA).

Clone

areproducedfromasingleparentcell.

Culture

Togrowlivingorganismsinapreparedmediumormedia.

Culturemedium

Anutrientsystemforartificiallygrowingbacteriaorothercells.

DNA(deoxyribonucleicacid)

eDNAisaverylong,thin

molecule,ongstoaclassofbiologicalmoleculescallednucleicacids.

DNAfingerprinting(orDNAtyping)

Atechniqueforidentihniquehas

applicationsinforensics,paternitytesting,anthropology,conrvationbiologyandecologicalrearch.

DNAliga

AnenzymethatrejoinscutpiecesofDNA.

DNAprobe

Amoleculethathasbeenlabeledwitharadioactiveisotope,dyeorenzymeandisudtolocateaparticularportionofa

DNAmolecule.

DNAquence

TheorderofnucleotidebasintheDNAmolecule.

Doublehelix

ixconsistsoftwospiralingstrandsofnucleotidesheld

togetherwithchemicalbonds.

(Escherichiacoli)

edextensivelyinrecombinantDNArearch

becauithasbeengeneticallywellcharacterized.

Enzyme

sarecatalyststhatpromotereactionsrepeatedly,without

beingdamagedbythereactions.

Eukaryote

,fungi,protozoans,plantsandanimalsare

eukaryotes.

Expression

Thephysicalmanifestationoftheinformationcontainedinagene.

Fermentation

Aprocessofgrowingesareusually

tationisaspecifictypeofbioprocessing.

Gene

sactionofaDNAmoleculethatspecifiestheproductionofaparticularprotein.

Moreongenes.

Geneamplification

Theincrea,withinacell,ofthenumberofcopiesofagivengene.

Genemapping

Determiningtherelativelocationsofgenesonachromosome.

Geneticcode

thewaygeneticinformationisstoredinlivingorganisms.

Geneticengineering

Thetechniqueofremoving,modifyingora

changingthisinformation,geneticengineeringchangesthetypeoramountofproteinsanorganismiscapableofproducing.

Genome

Thetotalhereditarymaterialofacell.

Genotype

Thespecificgeneticmakeupofanorganism,ascontrastedwiththeactualcharacteristicsofanorganism(ephenotype).

Hybridization

Productionofoffspring,orhybrids,ctivebreeding,itusuallyreferstotheoffspring

oftwodifferentspecies.

Hybridoma

mphocytes(antibody-producingcells)are

fudtothetumorcells,theresultinghybridomasproduceantibodiesandmaintainrapid,sustainedgrowth,producinglarge

omasarethesourceof

monoclonalantibodies.

Immunoassay

Atechniqueforidentifyingsubstances,badontheuofantibodies.

Immunotoxin

Thecouplingofanantibodyandamoleculethatistoxictothecell.

Invitro

Performedinatesttubeorotherlaboratoryapparatus.

Invitrolection

Selectionatthecellularorcallusstageofindividualsposssingcertaintraits,suchasherbicideresistance.

Invivo

Inthelivingorganism.

Interferon

eastheresistanceofsurroundingcellstoattacksbyvirus.

Onetypeofinterferon,alphainterferon,mayproveeffectiveintreating

autoimmunedias.

Interleukin

reatleast18knownkindsof

interleukins.

Leukocyte

Awhitebloodcell,animportantcomponentofthebody’simmunesystem.

Lymphocyte

Atypeofleukocytefoundintheblood,cytesarecontinuouslymadeinthebone

marrow(ealsoBlymphocytesandTlymphocytes).

Macrophage

AtypeofwhitebloodcellthatingestsdeadtissueandcellsandisinvolvedinproducingInterleukin1.

Markergene

Genesthatidentifywhichplantshavebeensuccessfullytransformed.

Moleculargenetics

Thestudyofthemolecularstructureandfunctionofgenes.

Monoclonalantibody

Highlyspecific,purifiedantibodythatisderivedfromonlyonecloneofcellsandrecognizesonlyoneantigen.

Multigenic

Manygenesareinvolvedintheexpressionofatrait.

Mutagen

Asubstancethatinducesmutations.

Mutant

Acellmicroorganismthatmanifestsnewcharacteristicsduetoachangeinitsgeneticmaterial.

Mutation

Achangeinthegeneticinformation.

Nucleicacid

adeofthousandsoffourdifferentnucleotides

repeatedrandomly.

Nucleotide

Acompoundmadeupofthethreecomponents:asugar,sindividual

molecules(e.g.,ATP,theenergymolecule),orasmanynucleotideslinkedtogetherinachain(nucleicacidsuchasDNA).

Oncogene

Agenethoughttobecapableofproducingcancer.

Oncology

Studyoftumors.

Phenotype

Theobrvablecharacteristicsofanorganismasoppodtothetofgenesitposss(itsgenotype).Thephenotype

thataore,organismswiththesame

ly,organismswiththesamephenotypes

mayhavedifferentgenotypes.

Plasmid

Asmall,dsaretheprincipaltoolsforinrtingnew

geneticinformationintomicroorganismsorplants.

Polymerachainreaction(PCR)

AtechniqueforquicklymakingmanycopiesofaspecificgmentofDNA.

Prokaryotes

tcommonexamplesarebacteria.

Protein

Acnshavemanydifferentfunctions:

structure(collagen);movement(actinandmyosin);catalysis(enzymes);transport(hemoglobin);regulationofcellular

process(insulin);andrespontothestimuli(receptorproteinson

surfaceofallcells).TheinformationformakingproteinsisstoredinthequenceofnucleotidesintheDNAmolecule.

Proteinengineering

Atechniqueudintheproductionofproteinswithneworartificialaminoacidquences.

Protoplast

Aplantorbacterialcellthathashaditscellwallremoved.

RecombinantDNA

directtheformationofrecombinantDNA

throughlectivebreedingandgeneticengineering.

RecombinantDNA(rDNA)technology

ThelaboratorymanipulationofDNAinwhichDNA,orfragmentsofDNAfromdifferentsources,arecutandrecombined

chnologyisusuallyud

synonymouslywithgeneticengineering.

Recombination

inationoccursnaturallyinplantsandanimalsduringtheproductionof

xcells(sperm,eggs,pollen)obes,geneticmaterialisrecombined

naturallyduringconjugation.

Regeneration

Theprocessofgrowinganentireplantfromasinglecellorgroupofcells.

Restrictionenzymes

BacterialenzymesthatcleaveDNAatveryspecificlocations.

Restrictionmap

Adiagramthatshowsrestrictionsites(i.e.,wherearestrictionenzymecleavesDNA)inrelationtooneanother.

RNA(Ribonucleicacid)

LikeDNA,rethreemajortypes:mesngerRNA,transferRNA,

involvedinthesynthesisofproteinsfromtheinformationcontainedintheDNAmolecule.

Tissueculture

Aprocedureforgrowingorcloningenoughcellsthroughinvitrotechniquestomakeatissue.

Tlymphocytes(Tcells)

Whitebloodcells,producedinthebonemarrow,so

areinstrumentalinrejectionofforeigntissue,andmaybeimportantinthebody’sdefenagainstcancer.

Transformation

AchangeinthegeneticstructureofanorganismasaresultoftheuptakeandincorporationofforeignDNA.

Transposon

Amobilegeneticelementthatcanmovefromonelocationinthegeneandreinrtatanothersite.

Vector

sorplasmidsareoftenudasvectors.

Virus

Aninfectiousagentcompodofasingletypeofnucleicacid,DNAorRNA,scan

multiplyonlywithinlivingcells.