pope francis

PartITheAnglo-SaxonPeriod(449-1066)

IBackground

449theTeutons(theJutes,theAnglos,theSaxons)

IILiterature

Theliteratureofthisperiodfallsintotwodivisions—paganandChristian

TwoAnglo-saxonChristianpoets:

Caedmon（凯德蒙，公元7世纪盎各鲁－萨克逊基督教诗人）wholivedinthelatterhalfofthe

7thcenturyandwhowroteapoeticParaphraoftheBible.

Cynewulf（基涅武甫,盎各鲁――萨克逊诗人，生活在公元9世纪，其古英语诗稿于10世纪被发现，有

《埃琳娜》,《使徒们的命运》，《基督升天》和《朱莉安娜》）,theauthorofpoemsonreligious

subjects

IIITheSongofBeowulf(Beowulf,公元7-8世纪之交开始流传于民间的同名史诗中的主人公，曾与水

怪，火龙搏斗)

Status:England’snationalepic

Writtenatthebeginningofthetenthcentury

Compodmuchearlier

Length:3182

Thewholesongisntiallypaganinspiritandmatter.

Features:alliteration;metaphors;understatement

Subjectmatter

PartIITheAnglo-NormanPeriod(1066—1350)

Ihistoricalbackground:TheNormanConquest

erature

TheliteraturewhichtheybroughttoEnglandisremarkableforitsbright,romantic

talesofloveandadventure.

e

ewastheprevailingformofliteratureinfeudalEngland.

tionandfeatures(理解)

ainandtheGreenKnight

alate-14thcenturymiddle-EnglishoutlininganadventureofSirGawain,aknightof

KingArthur’sRoundTable.

Itwasaverromanceof2530lines,consideredasthebestofArthurianromances.

PartIIIGeoffreyChaucer(1340?-1400)

IMajorworks

TheRomauntoftheRo《玫瑰传奇》isatranslationfromaFrenchpoem.

Hismasterpiece:TheCanterburyTales

IIContributions

r—theforerunnerofRenaissance

r–amasterofrealism

3Chaucer—“fatherofEnglishpoetry”

①IncontradistinctiontothealliterativeveroftheAnglo-Saxonpoetry,Chaucer

chothemetricalformwhichlaidthefoundationoftheEnglishtonic-syllabicver.

②HeintroducedfromFrancetherhymedcouplet(twosuccessivelinesofver

equalinlengthandwiththyme)ofiambicpentameterwhichistobecalledlaterthe

heroiccouplet

IIItheCanterburytales

TheCanterburyTalesisChaucer'smasterpieceandoneofthemonumentalworksin

Englishliterature

ains

(1)ageneralprologue(over800lines)

(2)24tales

(3)parateprologuesand“thelinksthataccompanysomeofthetales”

PartIVTheRenaissance

aissance

Features

①Athirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature.

②Thekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity.

Esnce:humanism

16thcenturyEngland

aissanceLiteratureinEngland

Figures

1/ThomasMore(1478-1535,托马斯·莫尔)—theForerunnerofutopiansocialism

Utopia《乌托邦》(1516)

2/FranceBacon(1561-1626,弗朗西斯·培根）--thescientist,philosopherandessayist

3/ThomasWyatt(1503?-1542,托玛斯·维亚特）--apoet,thefirsttointroducethe

sonnetintoEnglishliterature

4/.EdmundSpenr(1552-1599,埃德蒙·斯宾塞)，agreatpoet

TheFaerieQueene《仙后》（1590）

5/ChristopherMarlowe(1564-1593)—thegreatestpioneerofEnglishdrama

Contributions:

HereformedthegenreofdramainEnglandandperfectedthelanguageandverof

dramaticworks.

Hemadeblankvertheprincipalvehicleofexpressionindrama

6/Prowriters

JohnLily(1553-1606，约翰·黎利)Eupheus（尤弗伊斯）givesthetermof

euphuism

ThomasLoge(1558-1625，托马斯·洛奇)

ThomasDeloney(1543-1600,托马斯·德罗尼）

ThomasNashe（1567-1601，托马斯·纳西）

WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)

:thegreatestofallEnglishauthors;oneofthoraregeniusof

mankind;landmarkinthehistoryofworldculture;oneofthefirstfoundersof

realism;amasterhandatrealisticportrayalofhumancharactersandrelations

thegreatestdramatistinhumanhistoryandthesupremepoetoftheEnglish

language—hewrotepoemsandplays

IIworks

①Poems

sonnets:154

2narrativepoems

VenusandAdonis《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》

TheRapeofLucrece《鲁克莉斯受辱记》

②plays(38)

tragedies

RomeoandJuliet

4greattragedies(Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth)

comedies

Mid-Summer’Night’sDream

histories

edreading

①Hamlet

②Sonnet18

FrancisBacon(1561-1626)

Ititle：Philosopher,scientist(theinventorofscientificmethod);Statesman

Jurist(法学家）;essayist

Bacon’sworksmaybedividedintothreeclass:

losophicalworks:

AdvancementofLearning(1605,inEnglish)

NovumOrganum(1620,inLatin)

DeAugmentis(1623,inlatin)

eraryworks:

Essays(1597,1612,1625)

fessionalworks:

MaxismoftheLaw

ReadingontheStatuteofUs用益权法

PartVThe17thCenturyTheperiodofRevolutionandRestoration

Background

17thcenturywasoneofthemosttempestuous[动荡的]periodsin

Englishhistory.

1642,thecivilwar(Englishrevolution/Puritanrevolution)brokeout

betweenCharlesIandtheparliament.

toration(1660)

riousrevolution(1688)

nandPuritanism

tureofthe17thcentury

olutionperiod

GeneralCharacteristics

①TheRevolutionPeriodwasoneofconfusioninliteratureduetothebreaking

disapprovedofthesonnetsandthelovepoetrywritteninthepreviousperiod.

②shard,

sternctproducedagreatpoet,JohnMilton,andagreatprowriter,John

Bunyan.

③sbrightesthours

werefollowedbygloomandpessimism.

④JohnMilton,whoworkwouldglorifyanyageandpeople,andinhiswork

theindomitable（不屈服的）revolutionaryspiritfounditsnoblestexpression.

Forthisreason,thisperiodisalsocalledAgeofMilton．

⑤sMilton,therewere

twoothergroupsofpoets,theMetaphysicalPoetsandtheCavalierPoets.

tureoftheRestoration

generalcharacteristics

①asuddenbreakingawayfromoldstandards

②

periodofFrenchinfluence.

rimedcouplets-blankver

Theunities

Amoreregularconstruction

Theprentationsoftypesratherthanindividuals

③restorationcomedies

Restorationcreatedaliteratureofitsownthatwasoftenwittyandclever,buton

tpopulargenrewasthatofcomedy

ediesare

coarinlanguageandtheirviewoftherelationsbetweenmenandwomenis

immoralanddishonest.

④JohnDryden(1631-1670)

critic,poet,andplaywright

themostdistinguishedliteraryfigureofthetime

(一)JohnDonne(1573-1631)

I①ThefounderoftheMetaphysicalSchoolandveryinfluentialuponmodern

writers

②apreacherfamousforhismagnificentrmonsathistime

IIIMajorWorks

Earlyworks:SongsandSonnets

(writtenbefore1600,55lovepoems)

TheFlea《跳蚤》

Song:GoandCatchaFallingStar

Woman’sConstancy《女人的忠贞》

AValediction:ofWeeping《别离辞：哭泣》

AValediction:ForbiddingMourning《别离辞：节哀》

lateworks:Religiouspoemsandrmons

(二)JohnMilton(1608-1674)

Istatus①Agreatpuritanpoet

②hisworkwouldglorifyanyageorpeople,andinhimtheindomitablepuritanspiritfindsthe

noblestexpression.

IIMilton’sWorks

Threeliteraryperiods:

①earlyperiod:poemswritteninCambridgeandatHorton

②middle-agedperiod:propamphlets

Areopagitica(SpeechfortheLibertyofUnlicend

Printing,1644)

Eikonoklastes(ImageBreaker,1649)

DefenfortheEnglishPeople(1650)

③theperiodofhisoldage:greatpoems

ParadiLost(1658-1664)

ParadiRegained(1671)

SamsonAgonistes(1671)

IIIParadiLost

①status:

•theonlygreatepicsinceBeowulf

•oneofthegreatestpoemsoftheEnglishlanguage

②Theme

Thethemeis“thefallofman,”'sdisobedienceandthelossofparadi,withitscau

–Satan.

(三)JohnBunyan1628—1688

Istatus

•HereceivedspiritualindependencefromtheReformation

•thechiefPuritanwriterofpro

•Hegaveustheonlygreatallegory——ThePilgrim’sProgress

IIThePilgrim’sProgress(1678)

①ItisaboutChristian’sjourneyfromhishometown“thecityofDestruction”tothe“Celestial

City”,andhixperiencesandadventuresonhisjourney.

ItdepictsthepilgrimageofahumansoulinarchofSalvation.

②Itwaswrittenintheformofallegoryanddream.

③Christian’sjourneyin10stages(scenes)

SloughofDespond

TheHouofInterpreter

TheHillofDifficulty

HouBeautiful

ValleyofHumiliation

ThevalleyoftheShadowofDeath

VanityFair

DoubtingCastle

TheDelectableMountains

CelestialCity

④vanityfair

•VanityFairisoneofthemostremarkablepassagesofThePilgrim’sProgress

•“Vanity”means“emptiness”or“worthless”,hence

•thefairisanallegoryofworldliness&thecorruptionofthereligiouslifethroughthe

attractionsoftheworld

•thegreatcriticalrealistofthe19thcentury,ray,employed“VanityFair”

asthetitleforhismasterpiecethatgivesacomprehensivesatiricalpictureofthe

aristocraticbourgeoissocietyof19thcenturyEngland

PartVIThe18thcenturyTheAgeofEnlightenmentinEngland

（theageofreason)

icalbackground

TheEnlightenment

Version1:p165-166

ture

ssicism

writers

JohnDryden(1631-1700)

AlexanderPope(1660-1744)

散文《论批评》AnEssayonCriticism

讽刺史诗《夺发记》TheRapeoftheLock

SamuelJohnson(1709-1784)

《英文大词典》ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage

JophAddison(1672-1719)

RichardSteele(1667-1745)

TheTatler

TheSpectator

Englishnovel

Writers

DanielDefoe(1661-1731)RobinsonCrusoe

HenryFielding(1707-1754)TheHistoryofTomJones,AFoundling

t(1721-1771)satiricalnovels

SamuelRichardson(1689-1761)Pamela

OliverGoldsmith(1728-1774)TheVicarofWakefield

JonathanSwift(1667-1745)Gulliver'sTravels

LawrenceSterne(1713-1768)SentimentalJourney

RobinsonCras

HenryfieldingandTobiasGeorgeSmolletwhobecametherealfoundersofthegenreofthe

bourgeoisrealisticnovelinEnglandandEurope.

•OliverGoldsmith(1728-1774)

ShestoopstoConquer

•RichardBrinsleySheridan(1751-1816)

theRivals

theSchoolforScandal

entalism

Novelists

SamuelRichardsonPamela帕米拉

LaurenceSterneSentimentalJourney

Poets

ThomasGray(1716-1771)ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard

OliverGoldsmith(1728-1774)TheDertedVillage

GeorgeCrabbe(1754-1832)TheVillage

6Gothicnovel

writers

HoraceWalpole(1727-1797)

TheCastleofOtranto奥特伦托城堡

AnnRadcliff(1764-1823)

TheMysteriesofUdolpho尤道弗之谜

-romanticism

thepoets

•WilliamBlake(1757-1821)

•RobertBurns(1759-1796)

（一）DanielDefoe(1661-1731)

works

et

TheShortestWaywiththeDisnters

n(picaresquenovel)

RobinCrusoe(1719)

CaptainSingleton(1720)

DuncanCampbell(1720)

MemoirsofCavalier(1720)

ColonelJack(1722)

MollFlanders(1722)

JournalofthePlagueYear(1722)

AccountofJonathanWild(1725)

TheHistoryoftheDevil(1726)

（二）JonathanSwift(1667-1745)

I①Asatirist

②Thesupremepromasterinthefirstpartofthe18thcenturyisSwift.

IITheworksofSwift:

TheBattleoftheBooks书的战争（1704）

ATaleofATub一只桶的故事（1704）

TheJournaltoStella斯特拉日记（1710-1713）

AModestProposal一个温和的建议（1729）

Drapier’sLetters布商的信（1724，1725）

Gulliver’sTravels格列佛游记（1726）

IIIGulliver’sTravels

fourvoyagesofLemuelGulliver

Thefirstpart:Lilliput

Thecondpart:Brobdingnag

Thelastpart:thelandofHouyhnhnms

Thethirdpart:Laputa

IVAModestProposal(1729)

AModestProposalisthebestandmostfamouspoliticalsatireofSwift.

（三）JophAddison(1672-1719)

RichardSteele(1672-1729)

ler

startedby_______

containing:news,gossip,storiesandjokes

published______timesaweek

_______smallpages

runabout______years

ctator

Publishedeverymorning

Containingonlyfamiliaressays

form:ThespectatorwassuppodtobeeditedbyasmallclubrunbyMrSpectator,including

mainlySirRogerdeCoverleyandveralothers.

Content:commentonbooks;earnesteffortsafterreform;CharactersketchesofsirRoger

po

ningandinfluenceoftheTandtheS

leofAddison

P230

erarygenreofessay

p228L7-L13

（四）HenryFielding(1707-1754)

Ichieflyanovelist

thenadramatist

thefounderofEnglishrealisticnovel

“FatherofEnglishnovel”

IIworks

①1742《约瑟

夫·安德鲁斯》aparodyofRichardson’sPamela

②JonathanWild,theGreat1743《大伟人乔纳森·威尔德传》thestoryofarogue

③TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling1749《弃儿汤姆琼斯的历史》masterpiece

④TheHistoryofAmelia1751《艾米利亚》

（五）ThomasGray(1716-1771)

ElegywritteninaCountryChurchyard

①Type:elegy(asomberpoemorsongthatpraisorlamentsthedead)

②Keydates:Graybeganwritingthepoemin1742,putitasideforawhile,andfinisheditin

eticulous:evedthatoneimpreci

uently,In“ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard,”he

laboredonuntilallthewordswereright

③tting:ChurchyardatStokePogesinBuckinghamshire,sburiedinthat

churchyard.

④format:four-linestanzasiniambicpentameter.

Ineachstanza,thefirstlinerhymeswiththethirdandthecondrhymeswiththefourth.

⑤status:sstructure,rhymescheme,

imageryandmessageintoabrilliantworkthatconfersonGrayeverlastingfame.

⑥school:ntimentalpoetry

thegraveyardschool

（六）OliverGoldsmith(1728-1774)

I①anIrishWriter

②areprentativeofSentimentalism

③Oneofthemostversatileofauthorsandmadedistinguishedcontributionsinveralliterary

forms.

IIWorks

Anovel

ThevicarofWakefield1761-1762

威克菲尔德的牧师/威克菲牧师传

comedies

ShestoopstoConquer1773委曲求全

Good-naturedMan1768好性情的人

Ariesofessays

TheCitizenoftheWorld1762世界公民

Poems:

TheTraveler1764旅行者

TheDertedVilliage1770荒村

（七）RichardBrinsleySheridan(1751-1816)

I①themostimportantEnglishplaywrightofthe18thcentury.

②Hisplays,especiallyTheRivalsandTheSchoolforScandal,aregenerallyregardedas

importantlinksbetweenthemasterpiecesofShakespeareandthoofBernardShaw.

ofSheridan

TheRivals情敌1775

TheSchoolforScandal造谣学校1777

TheCritic1779

（七）WilliamBlake(1757-1827)

Ithemostindependentandthemostoriginalromanticpoet

Thepoetofinspiration

Themysticandtranscendentalpoet

Themostextraordinaryliterarygenius

IIworks

alSketches(1783)

acollectionofyouthfulpoems.

Joy,laughter,loveandharmonyaretheprevailingnotes.

fInnocence(1789)

fExperience(1794)

IIIlectedreading

（八）RobertBurns（1759-1796）

I①thegreatestofScottishpoet

MostofhispoemsandsongswerewritteninScotchdialect.

Burnshadadeepknowledgeandanexcellentmasteryofthe

oldScotchsongtradition.

②afarmerpoet.

fromthepeopleandwrote

hepeople’spoet.

③apre-romanticpoet

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