conveyed

WhenIwaspreparingthepostgraduateentranceexaminationofNNU(NanjingNormal

University),someofthefollowingconceptshadbeentested,butthere'sno

specificorclearexplanationinthetextbookrequiredbytheinpreparingthe

cond-roundexaminationIreadtheminotherrelevantbooks,Iwrotedownhere

foryourtheyareufultosomeofyou.

uration(同化过程）isaprocessinwhichmembersofoneculturalgroup

adoptthebeliefsandbehaviorsofanothergroup.

ncypair（相邻语对）;aquenceoftwoutterancesbydifferentspeakers

ondisarespontothefirst,suchasquestion/answer

quencesandgreeting/greetingexchange.

:aboundmorphemethatisattachedtoastemandmodifiesitsmeaningin

someway.

ent(concord)（一致）:agrammaticalphenomenoninwhichtheformofone

wordinantenceisdeterminedbytheformofanotherwordwhichisgrammatically

linkedtoit..inthentenceTheboygoestoschooleveryisanagreementin

numberbetweenboyandgoes.

（发音器官):thetongue,lips,andvelum,whichchangetheshapeofthevocaltract

toproducedifferentspeechsounds.

(体）:thegrammaticalcategoryreprentingdistinctioninthetemporalstructure

hhastwoaspectconstruction---theperfectandthe

progressive.(完成体和进行体)

(吐气）;thepuffofairthatsometimesfollowsthepronounciationofastop

consonant../p/inthewordpit.

（辅音）;aspeechsoundproducedbypartialorcompleteclosureofpartofthevocal

tract,antsare

describedintermsofvoicing,placeofarticulation,andmannerofarticulation.

stionalimplicature（会话含义）:meaningsthatareexplicableinthelight

ofconverationalmaxims.

competence（交际能力）;theabilitytoulanguageappropriatelyinsocial

situations.

tuent（成分）:asyntacticunitthatfunctionsaspartofalargeunit

withinantence;typicalconstituenttypesareverbphra,nounphra,

prepositionalphraandclau.

(格)：thegrammaticalcategoryininflectionallanguagesbywhichtheformofanoun

hhasonlyoneca

distinctioninnouns—thegenitiveca(所有格),butEnglishpronounshavethree

formsthatcorrespondtothreeofthesixcasinLatin.

（小句）:ea

ntenceorpartofantence.

class（封闭词类）:agroupofwordswhomembershipissmallanddoesnotreadily

acceptnewmembers.

（创新词）:theconstructionandadditionofnewwords.

(分布）:thetofpositionsinwhichagivenlinguisticelementorformcanappear

inalanguage.

（双重结构）:atypeofdouble-layerstructureinwhichasmallnumberofmeaningless

unitsarecombinedtoproducealargenumberofmeaningfulunits.

（包含）;therelationshipbetweentwontenceswherethetruthofone(thecond)

isinferredfromthetruthoftheother.

（委婉语）:awordorphrathatreplacesataboowordorisudtoavoidreference

tocertainactsorsubjects,.powderroomfortoilet.

pathntence（花园小径句）:antenceinwhichthecomprehenderassumesa

particularmeaningofawordoraphrabutlaterdiscoversthattheassumption

wasincorrect,forcingthecomprehendertobacktrackandreinterpretthentence

variation;(自由变异)arelationbetweentwospeechsoundssuchthateitherone

canoccurinacertainpositionandthesubstitutionofonefortheothernevermakes

tance,theunexploded(失去爆破)

stop/d/inthephraGoodmorningisinfreevaritationwiththeexploded(爆

破)counterpart.

（屈折变化）:themorphologicalprocessbywhichaffixescombinewithwordsorstems

toindicatesuchgrammaticalcategoriesastenorplurity.

（支配）:thegrammaticalphonomenoninwhichtheprenceofaparticularwordin

antencerequiresacondwordwhichisgrammaticallinkedwithittoappearin

aparticularform..aprepositionoraverbrequiresthatthepronounfollowing

itbeintheobjectiveform,asinwithme,tohim.

universal(语言共性):anypropertythatissharedbymost,ifnotall,human

lanugages.

franca:(通用语)Alanguagevarietyudforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeople

mple,Englishisthelinguafranca

oftheinternationalscientificcommunity.

;Thestudyoftheeffectoflanguageonsociety.

:Thestudyoftheeffectofanyandallaspectsofsociety,includingculturalnorms,

expetationsandcontexts,tensimplycalled

sociolinguistics.

relation:(纵组合关系)Thesubstitutionalrelationbetweenatoflinguistic

items,thatis,linguisticforms(letters,wordsandphras)canbesubstitutedfor

eachotherinthesamepositioninawordorntence.,b,p,s,fareinparadigmatic

relationinthewordsbit,pit,sit,fit,soareNature,Beauty,Love,Honestyinthe

ntences:

Naturepurifiesthemind.

Beautypurifiesthemind.

Lovepurifiesthemind.

Honestypurifiesthemind.

relation:(横组合关系)Therelationbetweenanylinguisticelementswhichare

simultaneouslyprentinastructure..inthewordbit,b,i,tareinsyntagmatic

relation,soarenature,purifies,the,mind,inthentenceNaturepurifiesthe

mind.

（预设）:implicitassumptionsabouttheworldacquiredtomakeanutterance

meaningfulorappropriate,e,g,“someteahasalreadybeentaken”isa

presuppostionof“Takesomemoretea”.

(典型):Whatmembersofaparticularcommunitythinkofasthebestexampleofa

lexicalcategory,someEnglishspeakers“cabbage”(ratherthan,say,carrot)might

betheprototypicalvegetable.

(词根):themorphemethatremainswhenallaffixesarestrippedfromacomplexword..

systemfromun-+system+atic+ally.

（词干）:thebatowhichoneormoreaffixesareattachedtocreateamorecomplex

formthatmaybeanotherstemoraword.

（禁忌语）:wordsthatareoffensiveorembarrassing,consideredinappropriatefor

“politesociety”,thustobeavoidedinconversation.

restriction(选择限制):arestrictiononthecombiningofwordsinantence

resultingfromtheirmeaning.

universal:(语言共性)Thelinguisticuniversalsareprinciplesthatenable

childrentoacquireaparticularlanguageunconsciously,withoutinstructioninthe

letheyarereferredtoasUniversalGrammar.

distribution(对比分布)：Ifthespeechsoundsoccurinthesamephoneticcontext

andthesubstitutionresultsacontrastinmeaning,wesaytheyareincontrastive

distribution.

constituentanalysis（直接成分分析法）isthetechniqueofbreakingupntences

intowordgroupsbymakingsuccessivebinarycuttingsuntilthelevelofsinglewords

isreached.

construction:(向心结构或内心结构)Oneconstructionwhodistributionis

functionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents.

ThetypicalEnglishendocentricconstructionsarenounphrasandadjective

phras.

construction(离心结构或外心结构)theoppositeofendocentricconstruction,refers

toagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionally

nstructionsareexocentric.

canbedefinedasthemeanmployedtoshowawarenessofanotherperson’spublic

lf-image.

(politenessprinciple)tactmaxim;generosityprinciple;approbationmaxim;modesty

maxim;agreementmaxim;sympathymaxim.

(反语)istheuofwordstoexpresssomethingotherthanandespeciallytheopposite

oftheliteralmeaningoftheutterance.

:(语码转换)meansthealternationbetweentwoormorelanguages,languagevarieties

orregistersincommunication.

filter(情感过滤)：Ascreenofemotionthatcanblocklanguageacquisitionor

learningifitkeepsthelearnersbeingtoolf-consciousortooembarrasdto

takerisksduringcommunicativeexchanges.

（转类构词）isachangeinthegrammaticalfunctionofawordwithoutaddingor

elongingtoonepartofspeechixtendedtoanother

socalledfunctionalshiftorzeroderivation.

meaningVSgrammaticalmeaning(词汇意义与语法意义)

Themeaningofantenceiscarriedbythewordsproperaswellasbythepatterns

tofthe

ntencemeaningcontributedbywordsiscalledthelexicalmeaningandthepart

ofntencemeaningthatdependsuponthewaythewordsareputtogetheriscalled

grammaticalmeaning,inwhichthefunctionwordsandthewordorderplayavery

importantrole.

meaningVSnon-linguisticmeaning(副语言意义与非语言意义)

Inhumancommunication,apartfromthelinguisticmeaningconveyedbylanguage

itlf,therearenumerousparalinguisticmeaningsandnon-linguisticmeaningsthat

nguisticmeaningsaretho

attachedtotheverbalexpressionsbyqualityofvoice,tempoof

speech,posture,-linguisticmeaningsaretho

indicatedbynon-verbalnoissuchascough,sigh,tongue-clicking,variouskinds

ofbodylanguagesanddifferentcontextsofsituation.

VSconnotation(外延与内涵)

Denotationisastraightforward,literalmeaningofthewordeverymemberofthe

ationisnotthebasicmeaingof

thewordbutsomeemotiveorevaluativemeaingsassociatedwiththewordby

individuallanguageursintheirmind.

relativityVSlinguisticdeterminism(语言相对论与语言决定论)

TheSapir-WholfHypothesisstatesthatthereisasystematicrelationshipbetween

thegrammaticalcategoriesofthelanguageapersonspeaksandhowthatpersonboth

sdowntotwoprinciples:linguistic

relativityandlinguisticdeterminism.

Linguisticrelativitystatesthatdisctinctionncodedinonelanguageareunique

tothatlangagealone,andthatthereisnolimittothestructuraldiversityof

languages.

Linguisticdeterminismreferstotheideathatthelanguageweudetermines,to

someextent,ncept

hastwoversions;strong

ongversion,whichhasfewfollowerstoday,

holdsthatlanguageactuallydeterminesthought,whereasthatweakversion,which

iswidelyacceptedtoday,merelyholdsthatlanguageaffectsthought.