electoral college

英语故事

HeWonaWarandTwoElections,andMade

EverybodyLikeHim

德怀特•戴维•艾森豪威尔，美国第34任总统，他赢了一场战

争和两次选举，人人都喜欢他。他还被美国的权威期刊《大西洋月刊》

评为影响美国的100位人物第28名。

HeWonaWarandTwoElections,andMadeEverybodyLikeHim

-DwightEinhower

DwightDavid“Ike”Einhower(October14,1890–

march28,1969)wasafive-stargeneralintheUnitedStates

armyandthe34thpresidentoftheUnitedStates,from1953

WorldWarII,hervedassupremecommander

ofthealliedforcesinEurope,withresponsibilityfor

planningandsupervisingthesuccessfulinvasionofFranceand

Germanyin1944–45,1951,hebecame

thefirstsupremecommanderofNATO.

Arepublican,Einhowerenteredthe1952presidential

,

andtocrusadeagainst“communism,Koreaandcorruption”

(thatis,thepoliciesofPresidentHarryTrumanintho

areas).hewonbyalandslide,endingtwodecadesofnewdeal

ident,Einhower

threatenedtounuclearweapons,forcingchinatoagreeto

tainedpressureonthe

SovietUnionduringthecoldwar,gaveprioritytoinexpensive

nuclearweaponsandreducedtheotherforcestosavemoney.

Hehadtoplaycatch-upinthespaceraceafterthesoviets

omesticfront,

hehelpedremoveJophMcCarthyfrompowerbutotherwileft

mostpoliticalchorestohisvicepresident,RichardNixon.

Einhowerrefudtoroll-backthenewdeal,butinstead

enlargedthesocialcurityprogramandlaunchedthe

hefirstterm-limited

terms

werepeaceful,andgenerallyprosperouxceptforasharp

economicrecessionin1958–ianstypicallyrank

ents.

Athleticcareer

Einhowerlatersaidthat“notmakingthebaball

teamatwestpointwasoneofthegreatestdisappointmentsof

mylife,maybemygreatest.”howeverhedidmakethehigh

visibilityfootballteam,andwasavarsitystarterasrunning

ofafabledmatch-up,

Ikeinjuredhisknee;itbecamepermanentlydamagedon

dlaterrveasjunior

varsityfootballcoachandyellleader.

In1916,whilestationedatfortSamHouston,Einhower

ollege,’s

university.

Einhowerplayedgolfveryenthusiasticallylaterin

life,

playedgolffrequentlyduringhistwotermsaspresident,and

afterhisretirementaswell,nevershyingawayfromthemedia

small,basicgolf

facilityinstalledatCampDavid,andbecameclofriendswith

AugustanationalchairmanCliffordRoberts,invitingRoberts

tostayatthewhitehouonveraloccasions;Roberts,an

investmentbroker,alsohandledtheEinhowerfamily’s

salsoadvidEinhowerontaxaspects

ofpublishinghismemoirs,whichprovedtobefinancially

lucrative.

WorldWarII

AftertheJapaneattackonPearlHarbor,Einhower

wasassignedtothegeneralstaffinWashington,wherehe

rveduntilJune1942withresponsibilityforcreatingthe

ppointed

deputychiefinchargeofpacificdefensunderthechiefof

warplansdivision,,andthen

wasappointedassistantchiefofstaffinchargeofoperations

ll,who

spottedtalentandpromotedaccordingly.

In1942,Einhowerwasappointedcommandinggeneral,

Europeantheaterofoperations(ETOUSA)andwasbadinLondon.

InNovember,hewasalsoappointedsupremecommanderallied

(expeditionary)forceoftheNorthAfricantheaterof

operations(NATOUSA)throughthenewoperationalheadquarters

A(E)d“Expeditionary”wasdroppedsoonafterhis

uary1943,his

authoritywaxtendedascommanderofAFHQacrossthe

MediterraneanbasintoincludetheBritish8tharmy,commanded

8tharmyhadadvanced

acrossthewesterndertfromtheeastandwasreadyforthe

owergainedhisfourth

starandgaveupcommandofETOUSAtobecommanderofNATOUSA.

AfterthecapitulationofaxisforcesinNorthAfrica,

EinhoweroversawtheinvasionofSicilyandtheinvasionof

theItalianmainland.

InDecember1943,RooveltdecidedthatEinhower—

notMarshall—

January1944,heresumedcommandofETOUSAandthefollowing

monthwasofficiallydesignatedasthesupremeallied

commanderofthealliedexpeditionaryforce(SHAEF),rving

inadualroleuntiltheendofhostilitiesinEuropeinmay

epositionshewaschargedwithplanningand

carryingoutthealliedassaultonthecoastofNormandyin

June1944underthecodenameoperationoverlord,the

liberationofWesternEuropeandtheinvasionofGermany.A

MonthaftertheNormandyd-daylandingsonJune6,1944,the

invasionofsouthernFrancetookplace,andcontrolofthe

forceswhichtookpartinthesoutherninvasionpasdfrom

enuntiltheendofthewarin

EuropeonMay8,1945,EinhowerthroughSHAEFhadsupreme

commandofalloperationalalliedforces2,andthroughhis

commandofETOUSA,,

onthewesternfrontnorthoftheAlps.

Asrecognitionofhisniorpositionintheallied

command,onDecember20,1944,hewaspromotedtoGeneralof

theArmy,equivalenttotherankoffieldmarshalinmost

andtheprevioushighcommandsheheld,

Einhowershowedhisgreattalentsforleadershipand

ghhehadneverenactionhimlf,hewon

tskillfullywith

difficultsubordinatessuchasPatton,andalliessuchas

WinstonChurchill,fieldmarshalBernardMontgomeryand

undamentaldisagreements

withChurchillandMontgomeryoverquestionsofstrategy,but

tiated

withsovietmarshalZhukov,andsuchwastheconfidencethat

elthadinhim;hesometimesworked

directlywithStalin,muchtothechagrinoftheBritishhigh

commandwhodislikedbeingbypasd.

Itwasnevercertainthatoperationoverlordwould

iousnesssurroundingtheentiredecision,

includingthetimingandthelocationoftheNormandyinvasion,

mightbesummarizedbyacondshorterspeechthatEinhower

wroteinadvance,terthe

successfullandingsond-dayandtheBBCbroadcastof

Einhower’sbriefspeechconcerningthem,thenever-ud

:

OurlandingsintheCherbourgHavreareahavefailedto

gainasatisfactoryfootholdandIhavewithdrawnthetroops.

Mydecisiontoattackatthistimeandplacewasbadonthe

ops,theairandthenavy

lame

orfaultattachestotheattempt,itisminealone.

Presidency1953–1961

Throughouthispresidency,Einhowerpreacheda

inuedallthemajor

newdealprogramsstillinoperation,especiallysocial

ndeditsprogramsandrolledthemintoanew

cabinet-levelagency,thedepartmentofhealth,educationand

welfare,whileextendingbenefitstoanadditionaltenmillion

inet,consistingofveralcorporate

executivesandonelaborleader,wasdubbedbyonejournalist,

“eightmillionairesandaplumber.”

Einhowerwonhiscondtermin1956with457of531

votesintheElectoralCollege,and57.6%ofthepopularvote.

Post-presidency

EinhowerretiredtotheplacewhereheandMamiehad

spentmuchoftheirpost-wartime,aworkingfarmadjacentto

thebattlefieldatGettysburg,1967,the

Einhowersdonatedthefarmtothenationalparkrviceand

since1980ithasbeenopentothepublicastheEinhower

rement,hedidnotcompletely

retreatfrompoliticallife;hespokeatthe1964republican

nationalconventionandappearedwithBarryGoldwaterina

republicancampaigncommercialfromGettysburg.