meditations

英国文学史资料BritishWritersandWorks

一.Anglo-Saxonperiod

贝奥武夫:thenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons

Epic:longnarrativepoemsthatrecordtheadventuresorheroicdeedsofahero

leofepicisgrandandelevated.(主

题严肃，语言庄重)

’sIliadandOdysy

Artisticfeatures:

lliteration(押头韵)（该文最大修辞特点，每行第一个词辅

音韵）

Definitionofalliteration:arhetoricaldevice,meaningsomewordsina

ntencebeginwiththesameconsonantsound（辅音）

etaphor（暗喻，隐喻）andunderstatement

Definitionofunderstatement:expressingsomethinginacontrolled

wayUnderstatementisatypicalwayforEnglishmentoexpresstheir

ideas

二.TheMiddleAges（MedievalAges）

GeofferyChaucer杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400

(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（JohnDryden）

称其为

“英国诗歌之父”ThefatherofEnglishpoetry.

firsttimetou‘heroiccouplet’(英雄双韵体)bymiddleEnglish

代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》《TheCanterburytales》。

Itis____alonewho,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,prentedtousacomprehensive(综合

的，广泛的)realisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvivid

charactersfromallwalksoflife.(A)

wer

writingstyle:wisdom,humor,humanity.

①坎特伯雷故事集：

firsttimetou‘heroiccouplet’(英雄双韵体)bymiddleEnglish

②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德

③声誉之宫

MedievalAges’popularLiteraryform:Romance(传奇故事)

Famousthree：KingArthur

SirGawainandtheGreenKnight

Beowulf

精品文库

欢迎下载

2

三.TheRenaissancePeriodkeyword:humanism

(Bacon,Shakespeare,Marlowe)

zabethandramaistherealmainstream

oftheEnglishRenaissance.

Renaissance:theactivity,spirit,ortimeofthegreatrevivalofart,literature,

andlearninginEuropebeginninginthe14thcenturyandextendingtothe17th

century,markingthetransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.

ThreehistoricaleventsoftheRenaissance–rebirthorrevival:

coveriesingeographyandastrology(占星术/学、星座)

igiousreformationandeconomicexpansion

overyofancientRomanandGreekculture

Themostfamousdramatists:

ChristopherMarlowe

WilliamShakespeare

BenJohnson.

1FrancisBacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626（散文之父）

ThefirstEnglishessayist.

（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一

著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）

Philosopher,scientist,st

Englishessayist.

Writingstyle:brevity,compactness&powerfulness,well-arrangingand

enrichingbyBiblicalallusions,metaphorsandphilosophytoman’sreason.

①学术的推进

②随笔(famousquotas:)

ThethemeofOfStudies:usandbenefitsofstudyanddifferentways

adoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies.

2ChristopherMarlowe柯里斯托弗•马洛1564~1595

“UniversityWits”(大学才子派),thepioneerofEnglishdrama（完善了无韵体

诗。）

Blankver:writteninunrhymediambicpentameter.（不押韵的抑扬格

五音步）

Marlowegavenewvigorto____withhis“mightylines”(D)

a

er

①浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国

民间故事书写成）

②帖木耳大帝

③马耳他的犹太人

精品文库

欢迎下载

3

3WilliamShakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616

①Historicalplays:HenryVI;HenryIV:RichardIII;HenryV；RichardII；

HenryVIII

②FourComedies:皆大欢喜;

第十二夜;

仲夏夜之梦;

威尼斯商人

③FourTragedies:哈姆莱特;

奥赛罗;

李尔王;

麦克白

④ShakespeareSonnet:154

Threequatrainandonecouplet,ababcdcdefefgg

Asonnetisalyricconsistingof14lines,usuallyin

iambicpentameterrestrictedtoadefinitionrhymescheme.

son

①

②狐狸

5EdmundSpenr埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599

（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。）Thepoets’sttobeburiedinthe

Poet’scornerofWesterminsterAbbey

WhichofthefollowingstatementsisnotthereasonforthatEdmundSpenrisfamousfor“the

poet’spoet”?(B)

r’uggleforcriteria

uisitemelody

①仙后(forQueenElizabeth)

Thethemeisnot“Armsandtheman”,butsomethingmoreromantic

“Fiercewarsandfaithfullloves”.

Artisticfeatures:

penrianStanza

DefinitionofSpenrianStanza:astanzaofninelinesababbcbcc.

Eightlinesiniambicpentameter,andlastlineiniambic

hexameter.

②牧人日历

ThethemeistolamentoverthelossofRosalind.

③爱情小唱

6ThomasMore托马斯•莫尔1478~1535乌托邦

精品文库

欢迎下载

4

四.RevolutionandRestoration(资产阶级革命与王朝复辟)The17th

Century

（JohnMilton，Marvell,Donne,Dryden）

Theme:xanddeath

1JohnMilton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674(文风：庄严，敬畏)

（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》.）

agreatmasteroftheblankver

①Epics:失乐园theme:fallofman

复乐园

②Dramaticpoem:力士参孙

③论出版自由

为英国人民声辩

④我的失明

TheMetaphysicalpoet(玄学派诗人).(Marvell,Donne,Dryden)

Milton和Bunyan对比

(1)Milton

chiefPuritanpoet;

theonlyepicsinceBeowulf;

thePuritanidealsfortheeducatedclass;

(2)Bunyan

chiefPuritanwriterofpro;

theonlygreatallegory----ThePilgrim’sProgress;

orthecommonpeople.

MetaphysicalPoetry(玄学诗)：Poetryofagroupof17thcenturyEnglishpoetswho

verischaracterizedbyanintellectuallychallengingstyleandextendedmetaphors

comparingverydissimilarthings

mysticismincontentandfantasticalityinform(主题神秘，语言奇特)

thediction（用语）issimple,theimagery(意象)isfromtheactual,theformis

frequentlyanargumentwiththepoet’sbeloved,withgod,orwithhimlf.（主

题：love,religious,thought）

Artisticfeatures:

ts（狂想，自负，幻想）orimagery奇思妙喻

ism三段论

①Meditations沉思录

TheFlea虱子(Donne)

②SongsAndSonnets

HolySonnets

③Valediction:

nyan约翰•班扬1628~1688

精品文库

欢迎下载

5

（代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是

英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并

列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）

Puritanpoet(清教徒派诗人)

①ReligionaryAllegory:天路历程

五．The18thCentury：EnlightenmentandNeo-Classical

(Pope,Swift,Defoe,)

同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与

音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。

Arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,order,logic,（秩序，逻辑）

restrainedemotion(抑制情感)andaccuracy

TheAgeofEnlightenment/Reason:themovementwasafurtheranceofthe

Renaissanceofthe15thand16thcentries,aprogressiveintellectualmovement,

reason(rationality),equality&science(the18thcentury)

小说崛起（theriofEnglishnovel）：Inthemid-century,thenewlyliteraryform,

modernEnglishnovelrid(realisticnovel现实主义小说)

Gothicnovel(哥特式小说)：mystery,horror,castles(frommiddleparttotheendof

century)

CharacteristicsofNeo-Classicalliterature

Pro:shouldbepreci,direct,smooth,flexible

Poetry:shouldbelyrical,epical,didacticanddramaticandeachclassshouldbe

guidedbyitsownprinciples;

Dram:shouldbewrittenintheheroiccouplets

1AlexanderPope亚历山大•蒲柏1688~1744

（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/“heroiccouplets”。

词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）

AsareprentativeoftheEnlightenment，Popewasoneofthefirsttointroduce

rationalism（理性主义）toEngland....

AmongthereprentativesoftheEnlightenment,whowasoneofthefirsttointroducerationalism

toEngland?(C)

anSwift

①批评论

Artisticfeatures:

“heroiccouplets”

②卷发遇劫记

③道德论

人论

精品文库

欢迎下载

6

愚人记

anSwift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745讽刺小说家amastersatirist

①格列佛游记(fictionalwork)

Yahoos出自格列佛游记。半人半兽的马

Fourparts:

Lilliput小人国Brobdingnag大人国

FlyingIsland飞岛Houyhnhnm马岛

一个小小的建议

②书战

③木桶的故事

④一个麻布商的书信

Defoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731

鲁宾逊漂流记

（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠

基人。）

Heisthefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople,hislanguageis

smooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular,andheisthefounderof

realisticnovel.

①鲁宾逊漂流记

ItpraithefortitudeofthehumanlaborandthePuritan.

Robinsongrewfromanaiveandartlessyouthintoashrewdand

hardenedman,temperedbynumeroustrialsinhiventfullife.

Itisanadventurestory,Robinson,narrateshowhegoestoa,gets

shipwreckedandmaroonedonalonelyisland,strugglestolivefor

24-yearsthereandfinallygetsrelievedandreturnstoEngland.

②

③

④

Burns罗伯特•彭斯1759~1796（前浪漫主义，苏格兰民间诗人,

NationalpoetofScottish）

ThegreatestScottishpoetinthelate18thcentury.

PoemsChieflyintheScottishDialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗

①约翰•安德生，我的爱人

②一朵红红的玫瑰

③往昔时光

ielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754

（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父”。）

精品文库

欢迎下载

7

Heiscalled“FatherofEnglishnovel”.Hewasthefirsttowritea

“Comicepicinpro”(散文体史诗),andthefirsttogivethemodern

novelitsstructureandstyle.

①novels:

弃婴汤姆•琼斯

约瑟夫•安德鲁

大诗人江奈生•威尔德

爱米利亚

②plays:

一七三六年历史记事

堂吉柯德在英国

六．TheRomanticPeriod

Ageofpassionrebellionandcreativity

Theromanticperiodbeganin1798thepublicationofWordsworthand

Coleridge’s,andendin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeath.

Romanticism:Itemphasizethespecialqualitiesofeachindividual’smind.(人应

该是独立自由的个体)

Init,emotionoverreason,spontaneoumotion,achange

fromtheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldof

thehumanspirit,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules,

imagination,nature,commonplace.

TwomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)and

WalterScott(romantic).

mWordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850

被称作Worshipperofnature,Nature’sprient

（与柯尔律治(Coleridge)、骚塞(Southey)同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。TheLake

Poets）

①抒情歌谣集(withSamuelTaylorColeridge):a

landmarkinEnglishpoetry

②

Theme:embodieshumanbeingsintheirdiver

turethatgivehim“strengthand

knowledgefullofpeace”

isstorecolledthebeautyofnatureinpoetmindwhileheis

insolitude.

Comment:Thepoetisverycheerfulwithrecallingthebeautiful

oemonthebeautyofnature,the

readerisprentedavividpictureoflivelyand

精品文库

欢迎下载

8

lovelydaffodils(水仙)andpoet’sphilosophical

ideasandmysticalthoughts.

③LinesCompodAFewMilesAboveTinternAbbey

④TheSolitaryReaper孤独的割麦女

②序曲

TaylorColeridge塞缪尔•泰勒•科尔律治1772~1834

TheLakePoets

①古舟子颂

②柯里斯塔贝尔

③忽必烈汗

Artisticfeatures:mysticism,demonismwithstrongimagination,

astrangeterritory

④半夜冰霜

⑤忧郁颂

⑥抒情歌谣集(withWilliamWordsworth)

GordonByron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~1824

（拜伦式英雄Byronicheroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。

内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第

一个“拜伦式英雄”。）

“Byronichero”isaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin,against

tyrannicalrulesormoralprinciples.

①唐•璜

恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记

该隐

②当初我们俩分别

yssheShelley波西•比希•雪莱1792~1822

①PoeticDrama：解放了的普罗米修斯

Theme:thedramacelebraiesman’svictoryovertyrannyand

oppression

②麦布女王

伊斯兰的反叛

钦契一家

诗辩

无神论的必要性

②Lyrics:

西风颂(destroyerandprerver)

Theme:Theauthorexpresshiagernesstoenjoytheboundless

ethewestwindto

destroyeroftheoldwhodrivesthelastsignsoflifefrom

thetrees,andprerverofthenewwhoscatterthe

精品文库

欢迎下载

9

apoem

aboutrenewal,aboutthewindblowinglifebackintodeadthings,

implyingnotjustanarcoflife(whichwouldendatdeath)buta

cycle,whichonlystartsagainwhensomethingdies.

Comment:PercyByssheShelley's"OdetotheWestWind"iswrittenin

ainsfivesonnetlengthstanzas,each

mingschemeformisaba

llagreethatthis

poemisaninvocationforanunenforcetotakecontroland

revivelife.

Artisticfeatures:

Usingrerzarima(三行诗ababcbcdcdedefe…)

致云雀

Ode:Alonglyricpoemthatis

Seriousinsubjectandtreatment;

Elevatedinstyle;

Elaborateinstanzaicstructure

ats约翰•济慈1795~1821

(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。)

①Fourgreatodes:希腊古瓮颂

夜莺颂

心灵颂

忧郁颂

②秋颂

Theme:ThethemeofJohnKeats'poem,"ToAutumn",isthatchangeis

mpraistheglories

ofthefallasonbyusingalmosteverytypeofimagery

tobothcharmandappealtothereader.

Comment:Thespeakerinthepoemacknowledgesthattimepass

by,butalsoasrtsthatthischangeusuallyyields

ofthepoem'sthreestanzasreprentstheevolvingof

eofchange

showninthepoemisthechangeofperiodsinaday.

《Onfirstlookingintochapman’shomer》

sten简•奥斯丁1775~1817

Shecomparedherworkstoafineengravinguponaliterarypieceof

ivoryonlyinchessquire.

①理智与感情

傲慢与偏见(chapterI)

精品文库

欢迎下载

10

Scott沃尔特•斯科特1771~1832

(历史小说之父”)Fatherofhistorynovels

①罗伯•罗伊

②艾凡赫

PoetryintheNeo-classicalperiod:

Tooartificial;toorhetoricalinlanguage;toorestrainedinitxpressionofemotion;

toorepressiveoftheimagination

“prefaceto《LyricalBallads》”:

Spontaneousoverflowofemotion;poetasmantalkingtoman;languageofcommon

man;commonpeoplereprentnaturalman

七TheVictorianPeriod1832-1900(RealismandNaturalism)

(现实主义Realism，小说为主)

Commonnandmoralpropreity,againbecamethepredominant

alrealistswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthe

commonpeopleandeverydayevents.

sDickens查尔斯•狄更斯1812~1870

（批判现实主义小说家）criticalrealistwriter

①匹克威克外传

②奥利弗•特维斯特（雾都孤儿）

③老古玩店

④圣诞颂歌

⑤董贝父子

⑥大卫•科波菲尔

⑦荒凉山庄

艰难时世

⑧双城记(London&Paris)

⑨远大前程

⑩我们共同的朋友

是英国19世纪小说繁荣时期最杰出的代表作家，影响遍及欧美以及世界各

国。他那富有社会批判意义的现实主义小说不仅使英国文坛焕然一新，而且对世界文学的

发展也产生了深远的影响。

tteBronte夏洛蒂•勃朗特1816~1855（勃朗特三姐妹）

①简•爱

JaneEyre,aplainlittleorphan,wasnttoLowood,acharity

hesufferalotand8yearslatersheleftschooland

hefallsinlovewiththe

精品文库

欢迎下载

11

master,ter.

Itisnotedforitssharpcriticismoftheexistingsociety,y

institutionsuchasLowoodSchool

Itisasuccessfulintroductiontothefirstgovernessheoineinthe

Englishnovel,whomreprentsthomiddle-classworkingwomen

strugglingforrecognitionoftheirbasicrightsandequalityasahuman

being.

②雪莉

③教师

EmilyBronte艾米莉•勃朗特1818~1854

①呼啸山庄

Astoryabouttwofamilieandanintrudingstranger.

【TheEarnshawFamily】aw,hiswife,thesonHindley,the

daughterCatherine,Heathcliff

【TheLintonFamily】,hiswife,sonEdgar,daughterIsabella

②

AnneBronte诗人

Tennyson阿尔弗莱德•丁尼生1809~1892

（维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人）

PoetLaureate（桂冠诗人）

①悼念

Tomemorializehisfriend

②

③国王叙事诗

Browning罗伯特•白朗宁1812~1889

①我已故的公爵夫人

②海外乡思