雅思真题

.

.

,WashingtonState,astoundedtheworldwith

ticexplosiontoremuchofthevolcano'ssummittofragments;theenergy

releadwaqualtothatof500ofthenuclearbombsthatdestroyedHiroshimain1945.

BTheeventoccurredalongtheboundaryoftwoofthemovingplatesthatmakeuptheEarth's

edgeofthecontinentalNorthAmericanplateover-ridestheoceanicJuandeFucamicro-plate,

producingthevolcanicCascaderangethatincludesMountsBaker,RainierandHood,andLasn

.

begantostir,onlyMountBakerandLasnPeakhadshownsignsof

ingtogeologicalevidencefoundbytheUnitedStates

GeologicalSurvey,intherecent

(geologicallyspeaking)past:around1900B.C.,hearrivalof

Europeansintheregion,ithadexperiencedasingleperiodofspasmodicactivity,between1831

,formorethanacentury,laydormant.

DBy1979,theGeologicalSurvey,alertedbysignsofrenewedactivity,hadbeenmonitoring

edthelocalpopulationagainstbeingdeceivedbythe

mountain'soutwardcalm,andforecastthataneruptionwouldtakeplacebeforetheendofthe

h27,1980,afew

cloudsofsmokeformedabovethesummit,28th,largerand

darkerclouds,.consistingofgasandashes,.emergedandclimbedashighas20,l

aslightlullensued,,inearlyMay,thenorthern

flankofthemountainbulged,andthesummitroby500feet.

-campers,hikers,timbercuttersleftthe

-four-year-oldHarryTruman,aholidaylodgeownerwhohadlived

thereformorethan50years,refudtobeevacuated,inspiteofofficialandpublic,includingan

entireclassofschoolchildren,wrotetohim,rdid.

FOnMay18,at8.32inthemorning,ly,itwas

lfacubicmileofrockhad

amemoment,anearthquakewithanintensityof5ontheRichterscalewas

ithhotrock-theentirenorthfaceof

fscorchingvolcanicgasandrockfragmentsshot

horizontallyfromthevolcano'srivenflank,liding

iceandsnowmelted,ittouchedoffdevastatingtorrentsofmudanddebris,whichdestroyedall

id,idrockclimbedasa

y,viscouslava,accompaniedbyburningcloudsofashand

gas,welledoutofvolcano'snewcrater,andfromlesrventsandcracksinitsflanks.

.

.

GAfterwards,,magmamolten

gedintothevolcanofromtheEarth'

build-upwasaccompaniedbyanaccumulationofgas,whichincreadasthemassofmagma

,theriingaspressure

jectedtheshatteredsummitlikeacorkfromashaken

esummitgone,themoltenrockwithinwasreleadinajetofgasand

fragmentedmagma,andlavawelledfromthecrater.

allthetreesofthe

surroundingforest,irbranchesandbarkrippedoffby

ticashsilted

uptheColumbiaRiver35milesaway,reducingthedebristhataccumulatedatthefootofthe

es,of200feet.

wasoneofthemostclolyobrvedandanalydin

egeologistshadbeenexpectingtheevent,theywereabletoamassvastamountsof

fatmosphericparticlesformedasaresultofthe

explosionshowedthatdropletsofsulphuricacid,actingasascreenbetweentheSunandthe

Earth'ssurface,snodoubtthattheactivityofMount

,ithasbeen

-aquarterofacubicmile-was

negligibleincomparisonwiththatthrownoutbyearliereruptions,suchasthatofMountKatmai

inAlaskain1912(threecubicmiles).meshaveformedinside

thenewcrater,eatofMountStHelensliveson.

.Questions1and2

Answerquestions1and2bywritingtheappropriateletterA-Iinboxes1and2onyouranswer

sheet.

ExampleAnswer

WhichparagraphcomparestheeruptiontotheenergyA

releadbynuclearbomb?

aragraphdescribestheevacuationofthemountain?

?

Questions3and4

before1980?

WriteTWOdatesinbox3onyouranswersheet.

4Howdoscientistsknowthatthevolcanoexplodedaroundthetwodatesabove?

UsingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDS,writeyouranswerinbox4onyouranswer

sheet

Questions5-8

NOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes5-8onyouranswersheet.

In1979theGeologicalSurveywarned...(5)...toexpectaviolenteruptionbeforetheendofthe

.

.

ndofMarchthereweretremorsand

sfollowedbyalull,butinearlyMaythetopofthe

mountainroby...(6)....Peoplewere...(7)...y,onMay18th

at...(8)...,exploded.

Question9and10

eruption.

Writeyouranswersinboxes9and10onyouranswersheet.

ItemEquivalentto

Example

Theenergyreleadbytheexplosionof

Answer

500nuclearbombs

Theareaoflandcoveredinmudorash...(9)...

Thequantityofdustejected...(10)...

Question11

ChootheappropriateletterA-Dandwriteitinbox11oneyouranswersheet.

andothervolcanoeshasinfluencedour

climateby...

Aincreasingtheamountofrainfall.

Bheatingtheatmosphere.

Ccoolingtheairtemperature.

Dcausingatmosphericstorms.

READINGPASSAGE2

Questions12-16

ReadingPassage2hasvenparagraphsA-G.

ChoothemostsuitableheadingsforparagraphsB-EandGfromthelistofheadingbelow.

Writetheappropriatenumbers(i-x)inboxes12-16onyouranswersheet.

NBTherearemoreheadingsthanparagraphssoyouwillnotuallofthem.

Youmayuanyoftheheadingsmorethanonce.

ListofHeadings

(i)Theeffectofchangingdemographicsonorganisations

(ii)FuturechangesintheEuropeanworkforce

(iii)Theunstructuredinterviewanditsvalidity

(iv)Theperson-skillsmatchapproachtolection

(v)Theimplicationsofapoorperson-environmentfit

(vi)Somepoorlectiondecisions

(vii)Thevalidityoflectionprocedures

(viii)Theperson-environmentfit

(ix)PastandfuturedemographicchangesinEurope

(x)Adequateandinadequateexplanationsoforganisationalfailure

ExampleParagraphAAnswer(x)

aphB

aphC

.

.

aphD

aphE

aphG

PEOPLEANDORGANISATIONS:THESELECTIONISSUE

AIn1991,accordingtotheDepartmentofTradeandIndustry,arecord48,000British

sinessfail,thepost-mortemanalysisistraditionally

ablyorganisationsdofailbecauof

undercapitalisation,poorfinancialmanagement,,converly,

organisationswithsoundfinancialbacking,goodproductideasandmarketacumenoften

underperformandfailtomeetshareholders'plexity,degreeandsustainment

oforganisationalperformancerequiresanexplanationwhichgoesbeyondthebalancesheetand

the"paperconversion"omplete

explanationof"whatwentwrong"necessarilymustconsidertheesnceofwhatanorganisation

actuallyisandthatoneofthefinancialinputs,themostimportantandoftenthemostexpensive,is

people.

ingtherightpersonforthe

jobinvolvesmorethanidentifyingtheesntialordesirablerangeofskills,educationaland

professionalqualificationsnecessarytoperformthejobandthenrecruitingthecandidatewhois

mostlikelytopossstheskillsoratleastisperceivedtohavetheabilityandpredispositionto

apurelyperson/skillsmatchapproachtolection.

CWorkinvariablytakesplaceintheprenceand/orunderthedirectionofothers,ina

ividualhasto"fit"inwiththeworkenvironment,with

otheremployees,withtheorganisationalclimate,styleorwork,organisationandcultureofthe

entorganisationshavedifferentcultures(Cartwright&Cooper,1991;1992).

WorkingasanengineeratBritishAerospacewillnotnecessarilybeasimilarexperienceto

workinginthesamecapacityatGECorPlesy.

mple,thecostsoftrainingapolicemanare

about£20,000($30,000).Thecostsofemployinganunsuitabletechnicianonanoil

rigorinanuclearplantcould,inanemergency,resultinmillionsofpoundsofdamageorlossof

harmonyofapoorperson-environmentfit(PE-fit)islikelytoresultinlowjob

satisfaction,lackoforganisationalcommitmentandemployeestress,whichaffectorganisational

tivity,highlabourturnoverandabnteeism,andindividualoutcomesi.e.

physical,psychologicalandmentalwell-being.

EHowever,despitetheimportanceoftherecruitmentdecisionandtherangeofsophisticated

andmoreobjectivelectiontechniquesavailable,includingtheuofpsychometrictests,

asssmentcentretc.,manyorganisationsarestillpreparedtomakethisdecisiononthebasisof

,rearchhasdemonstratedthatalection

emainingtime,the

interviewerthenattendxclusivelytoinformationthatreinforcestheinitial"accept"or"reject"

.

.

chintothevalidityoflectionmethodshasconsistentlydemonstratedthatthe

unstructuredinterview,wheretheinterviewerasksanyquestionsheorshelikes,isapoor

predictoroffuturejobperformanceandfareslittlebetterthatmorecontroversialmethodslike

sofhighunemployment,!recruitmentbecomesa"buyer's

market"andthiswasthecainBritainduringthe1980s.

FThefuture,wearetold,edsurveysofsocialandeconomic

trendsintheEuropeancommunityshowthatEurope'spopulationisfallingandgettingolder,The

birthrateintheCommunityisnowonlythree-quartersofthelevelneededtoensurereplacement

ear2020,itispredictedthatmorethanoneinfourEuropeans

e-yearperiodbetween

1983and1988theCommunity'ult,51%of

allwomenaged14to64arenoweconomicallyactiveinthelabourmarketcomparedwith78%of

men.

llalsomakeit

increasinglyimportantfororganisationswishingtomaintaintheircompetitiveedgetobemore

responsiveandaccommodatingtothechangingneedsoftheirworkforceiftheyaretoretainand

exibleworkinghours,theopportunityofworkfromhome

orjobshare,theprovisionofchildcarefacilitietc.,willplayamajorroleinattractingand

retainingstaffinthefuture.

Questions17-22

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReadingPassage2?

Inboxes17-22onyouranswersheetwrite

YESifthestatementagreeswiththewriter

NOifthestatementdoesnotagreewiththewriter

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationaboutthisinthepassage

sationsshouldrecognithattheiremployeesareasignificantpartoftheir

financialasts.

-structured45minuteinterviewsarethebestmethodtoidentifysuitableemployees.

einthefemaleworkforceintheEuropeanCommunityisapositivetrend.

logyisagoodpredictoroffuturefobperformance.

uture,thenumberofpeopleinemployableagegroupswilldecline.

2020,thepercentageofthepopulationunder20willbesmallerthannow.

Questions23-25

ORETHAN

ONEorTWOWORDSforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes23-25onyouranswersheet.

.

.

READINGPASSAGE3

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions26-38whicharebadonReadingPassage3

onpages9and10.

"TheRollfilmRevolution"

ywasitmuch

moreconvenient,sothatthephotographernolongerneededtopreparehismaterialinadvance,

taneous

exposureshadbeenpossiblebefore,butonlywithsomedifficultyandwithspecialequipmentand

,exposuresshortenoughtopermitthecameratotheheldinthehandwereeasily

asfittingshuttersandviewfinderstotheirconventionalstandcameras,

manufacturersbegantoconstructsmallercamerasintendedspecificallyforhandu.

OneofthefirstdesignstobepublishedwasThomasBolas's'Detective'cameraof1881.

Externallyaplainbox,quiteunlikethefoldingbellowscameratypicaloftheperiod,itcouldbe

ecaughton,andforthenextdecadeorsoalmostallhandcameral

werecalled'Detectives',ewdesignsinthe1880swereformagazinecameras,in

whichanumberofdryplatescouldbepre-loadedandchangedoneafteranotherfollowing

ghmuchmoreconvenientthanstandcameras,stilludbymostriousworkers,

magazineplatecameraswereheavy,andrequiredaccesstoadarkroomforloadingand

sallchangedbyayoungAmericanbankclerkturnedphotographic

manufacturer,GeorgeEastman,fromRochester,NewYork.

neofthefirsttodosoin

lookedforwaysofsimplifyingphotography,believingthatmanypeoplewere

ststepwastodevelop,wihthecamera

,aholderforalongrollofpapernegative'film'.Thiscouldbe

fittedtoast

.

.

combinedweightofthepaperrollandtheholderwasfarlessthanthesamenumberofglass

ghroll-holdershadbeenmadeaarlyasthe

1850s,nonehadbeenverysuccessfulbecauofthelimitationsofthephotographicmaterials

n'srollablepaperfilmwasnsitiveandgavenegativesofgoodquality;

theEastman-Walkerroll-holderwasagreatsuccess.

Thenextstepwastocombinetheroll-holderwithasmallhandcamera;Eastman'sfirstdesign

waspatentedwithanemployee,t,ftyEastman

detectivecamerasweremade,andtheyweresoldasalottoadealerin1887;thecostwastoo

ntaboutdevelopinganewmodel,whichwas

smallbox,containingarollofpaperbadstrippingfilm

rationwassimple:ttheshutterby

pullingawirestring;aimthecamerausingtheVlineimpressioninthecameratop;pressthe

releabottontoactivatetheexposure;ed

exposureshadtobemade,soitwasimportanttorecordeachpictureinthememorandumbook

provided,ngavehiscameratheinventedname

'Kodak'-twoKswhichEastmanfelt

wasafirm,uncompromisingkindofletter.

TheimportanceofEastman'adbeen

veralearliercameras,notablytheStirn'America',firstdemonstratedinthespringof1887and

soudarollofnegativepaper,andhadsuchrefinementsasa

lsignificanceofthefirstKodak

to,virtuallyall

quiredthatfacilitiesofa

darkroomandthetimeandinclinationtohandlethenecessarychemicals,maketheprintsandso

customerhadmadeahundredexposuresintheKodakcamera,hentittoEastman'sfactoryin

Rochester(orlaterinHarrowinEngland)wherethefilmwasunloaded,procesdandprinted,

thecamerareloadedandreturnedtotheowner."YouPresstheButton,WeDotheRest"ran

Eastman'sclassicmarketingslogan;ne,thatis,

whocouldafford$25orfiveguineasforthecameraand$10ortwoguineasforthedeveloping

a($5)wasaweek'swagesformanyatthetime,sothissimplecameracost

theequivalentofhundredsofdollarstoday.

In1889animprovedmodelwithanewshutterdesignwasintroduced,anditwascalledtheNo.2

er-badstrippingfilmwascomplicatedtomanipulate,sincethe

pndof1889

,tough,transparentandflexible,the

newfilmnotonlymadetherollfilmcamerafullypractical,butprovidedtherawmaterialforthe

,largermodelswereintroduced,including

veralfoldingversions,

manufacturersinAmericaandEuropeintroducedcamerastotaketheKodakroll-films,andother

firmsbegantoofferdevelopingandprintingrvicesforthebenefitofthenewbreedof

Photographers.

BySeptember1889,over5,000KodakcamerashadbeensoldintheUSA,andthecompanywas

dailyprinting6-7,000negatives,Holidaysandspecialeventscreatedenormoussurgesindemand

.

.

forprocessing:900Kodakursreturnedtheircamerasforprocessingandreloadingintheweek

aftertheNewYorkcentennialcelebration.

Questions26-29

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReadingPassage3?

Inboxes26-29onyouranswersheetwrite

YESifthestatementagreeswiththewriter

NOifthestatementdoesagreewiththewriter

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationaboutthisinthepassage

thedryplateprocessshortexposurescouldonlybachievedwithcamerasheldin

thehand.

'sAmerica'cameralackedKodak'sdevelopingrvice.

stKodakfilmcosttheequivalentofaweek'swagestodevelop.

Eastman's1891rangeofcamerascouldbeloadedindaylight.

Questions30-34

NOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassagefor

eachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes30-34onyouranswersheet.

Questions35-38

NOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassagefor

eachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes35-38onyouranswersheet.