托福考试真题

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0308托福试题

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Question1-11

Iffoodisallowedtostandforsometime,it

eputrefiedmaterial

ixaminedmicroscopically,itisfoundtobe

othe

bacteriacomefrom,sincetheyarenotenin

freshfood?Evenuntilthemid-nineteenth

century,manypeoplebelievedthatsuch

microorganismsoriginatedbyspontaneous

(5)generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhich

livingorganismsdevelopfromnonliving

matter.

Themostpowerfulopponentofthetheoryof

spontaneousgenerationwastheFrenchchemist

andmicrobiologistLouisPasteur(1822-

1895).Pasteurshowedthatstructures

prentinairclolyremblethe

(10)thisbypassingairthroughguncottonfilters,

theguncottonwasdissolvedinamixtureof

alcoholandether,theparticlesthatithad

trappedfelltothebottomoftheliquidandwere

r

foundthatinordinaryairtheexistsavarietyof

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solidstructuresranginginsizefrom

the

bodiesrembledthereproductive

(15)structuresofcommonmolds,single-celled

animals,andvariousothermicrobialcells.

Asmanyas20to30ofthemwerefoundinfifteen

litersofordinaryair,andtheycould

notbedistinguishedfromtheorganismsfoundin

muchlargernumbersinputrefyingmaterials

.Pasteurconcludedthattheorganismsfoundin

putrefyingmaterialsoriginated

postulatedthatthebodiesareconstantly

(20)beingdepositedonallobjects.

Pasteurshowedthatifanutrientsolutionwas

aledinaglassflaskandheatedto

boilingtodestroyallthelivingorganisms

contaminatingit,

proponentsofspontaneousgenerationdeclared

thatfreshairwasnecessaryfor

spontaneousgenerationandthattheairinside

thealedflaskwasaffectedinsomeway

(25)byheatingsothatitwouldnolongersupport

rconstructeda

swan-neckedflaskinwhichputrefyingmaterials

couldheheatedtoboiling,butair

dsintheneckprevented

microorganismsfromgettingintheflask..

Materialsterilizedinsuchaflaskdidnotputrefy.

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1,Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(a)Pasteur’sinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthe

microscope.

(b)Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.

(c)Theeffectsofpasteurizationonfood.

(d)Pasteur’sargumentagainstthetheoryof

spontaneousgeneration.

2,Thephra“teemingwith”inline2isclostin

meaningto

(a)fullof

(b)developinginto

(c)resistantto

(d)hurtby

3,Whichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryof

spontaneousgenerationattempttoanswer?

(a)Whatistheoriginofthelivingorganismsareen

onsomefood?

(b)Howmanytypesoforganismscanbefoundon

food?

(c)Whatisthemosteffectivewaytoprepareliving

organismsformicroscopicexamination?

(d)Howlongcanfoodstandbeforeitputrefies?

4,Theword“remble” inline9isclostin

meaningto

(a)benefitfrom

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(b)appearsimilarto

(c)jointogetherwith

(d)growfrom

5,Thepurpoofthe“guncotton” mentionedin

paragraph2wasto

(a)trapparticlesforanalysis

(b)slowtheprocessofputrefaction

(c)increatheairflowtothemicroscopicslide

(d)aidthemixingofalcoholandether

6,Theauthormention“1.0mm”inline14in

describingthe

(a)thicknessofalayeroforganismsthatwas

depositedonanobject

(b)diameterofthefibersthatwereintheguncotton

filters

(c)thicknessofthemicroscopeslidesthatwereud

(d)sizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollected

d“postulated”inline19isclostin

meaningto

(a)analyzed

(b)doubted

(c)persuaded

(d)suggested

ectsthatPasteutremovedfromtheairin

hixperimentwereremarkablebecautheywere

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(a)primarilysingle-celledorganisms

(b)nodifferentfromobjectsfoundinputrefying

materials

(c)fairlyrare

(d)abletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandether

d“it”inline22refersto

(a)anutrientsolution

(b)aglassflask

(c)boiling

(d)spontaneousgeneration

ingtoparagraph3,proponentsof

spontaneousgenerationbelievedthatwhichofthe

followingwasimportantfortheprocesstosucceed?

(a)Aaledcontainer

(b)Freshair

(c)Heat

(d)Theprenceofnutrients

einferredfromparagraph3thatPasteur

employedaswam-neckedflaskto

(a)storesterilizedliquidsforuinfuture

experiments

(b)preventheatfrombuildingupinasolution

(c)disproveacriticismofhisconclusions

(d)estimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofair

Questions12-20

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IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates,the

agrarianmovementpromotedthefarmer

associety’indsofagrarian

thinkersandwriters,thefarmerwasapersonon

whowell-beingthehealthofthenewcountry

iodbetweenthe

Revolution,whichendedin1783,andtheCivil

War,whichendedin1865,wastheageof

(5)an

philosophers,reprentedmosteloquentlyby

ThomasJefferson,celebratedfarmers

extravagantlyfortheirsuppodcentralityinagood

society,theirpoliticalvirtue,andtheirSuperior

tuallyallpolicymakers,whether

theysubscribedtothetenetsofthephilosophy

heldbyJeffersonornot,recognizedagricultureas

thekeycomponentoftheAmericaneconomy

.Conquently,governmentat

(10)alllevelsworkedtoencouragefarmersasa

socialgroupandagricultureaconomic

enterpri.

Boththenationalandstategovernments

developedtransportationinfrastructure,building

canals,roads,bridges,andrailroads,deepening

harbors,andremovingobstructionsfrom

ionalgovernment

importedplantandanimalvarietiesand

(15)launchedexploringexpeditionsintoprospective

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tion,

governmenttradepoliciesfacilitatedtheexporting

ofagriculturalproducts.

Fortheirpart,farmersemedtomeetthe

socialexpectationsagrarianphilosophers

hadforthem,astheirbroaderhorizonsand

greaterlf-respect,bothproductsofthe

Revolution,werereflectedtosomedegreeintheir

semedtobecome

(20)morescientific,joiningagriculturalsocietiesand

readingthefarmnewspapersthatsprang

ganusing

improvedimplements,triednewcropsand

pureanimalbreeds,andbecamemorereceptive

tomoderntheoriesofsoilimprovement.

Theyalsorespondedtoinducementsbynational

s

streamedtotheWest,fillingfrontierlandswith

mersresponded

(25)lesstotheexpectationsofagrariansand

governmentinducementsthantogrowingmarket

andemandforfoodfrom

,

industrialization,andurbanizationallkept

Statescities

andindustriesgrewaswell;evenindustriesnot

directlyrelatedtofarmingthrivedbecau

ofthemarket,money,andlaborthatagriculture

provided.

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esthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(a)TheagrarianphilosophyofThomasJefferson

(b)Theroleofthenationalgovernmentinthe

developmentofagriculture

(c)Improvementsinfarmingtechniques

(d)Theimpactoftheincreadimportanceofthe

farmer

d“depended” inline3isclostin

meaningto

(a)improved

(b)relied

(c)demanded

(d)explained

hormentionsThomasJeffersonin

paragraph1asanexampleof

(a)aleaderduringtheRevolution

(b)aninventorofnewfarmingtechniques

(c)aphilosopherwhobelievedfarmerswereesntial

tothecreationofagoodsociety

(d)afarmerwhoguidedtheagrarianmovement

towardanemphasisoneconomicdevelopment

a“subscribedto”inline8isclost

inmeaningto

(a)contributedto

(b)agreedwith

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(c)thoughtabout

(d)expandedon

fthefollowingstatementsissupported

bytheinformationinparagraph1?

(a)Allgovernmentpolicymakersaccepted

Jefferson’sviewsofagricultureandfarmers.

(b)Agriculturalproductiondeclinedbetween1783

and1861.

(c)Themajorityoffarmersworkedforthe

government.

(d)Agriculturewasavitalpartofthenation’s

economy.

ingtothepassage,thenationalandstate

governmentsdidallofthefollowingEXCEPT

(a)buildroads

(b)importnewplantvarieties

(c)givefarmersmoneyfortheircrops

(d)developpoliciesthathelpedfarmerxporttheir

products

hefollowingarementionedaxamplesof

farmers’ meetingtheexpectationsofagrarian

philosophersEXCEPT

(a)obtaininginformationfromfarmnewspapers

(b)accumulatingpersonalwealth

(c)plantingnewcrops

(d)becomingmorescientific

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d“stunning” inline24isclostin

meaningto

(a)predictable

(b)impressive

(c)famous

(d)gradual

fthefollowingstatementsisbest

supportedbyparagraph4?

(a)Agriculturaldevelopmentcontributedto

developmentinotherpartsoftheeconomy.

(b)Europeanagriculturalproductswereofahigher

qualitythanthoproducedintheUnitedStates.

(c)ThegrowingttlementoftheWestledtoa

decreainagriculturalproduction.

(d)Farmerswereinfluencedmorebygovernment

policiesthanbymarketopportunities.

Question21-29

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ThewidevarietyofclimatesinNorthAmerica

hashelpedspawnacomplexpatternof

ral,therealm’ssoilsalso

reflectthebroadenvironmentalpartitioning

into“humidAmerica” and“aridAmerica.”

Whereannualprecipitationexceeds20inches

(50centimeters),soilsinhumidareastendtobe

acidicinchemicalcontent,Sincecrops

(5)dobestinsoilsthatareneitheracidic(higherin

acidcontent)noralkaline(higherinsalt

content).fertilizationisnecessarytoachievethe

desiredlevelofneutralitybetweenthe

erica’ssoilsaretypicallyalkaline

andmustbefertilizedbacktoward

neutralitybyaddingacidiccompounds.

Althoughmanyofthedrylandsoils,particularly

intheGreatPlains,arequitefertile,European

ttlerslearnedoveracenturyagothat

(10)wateristhemainmissingingredientin

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1970’s,certainirrigationmethodswere

perfectedandfinallyprovidedarealopportunity

toexpandmoreintensivefarmingwestfromthe

CentralLowlandintothedrierportions

tionalsoenhancedthe

richlegacyoffertilesoilsinthecentral

UnitedStates,bothfromthedepositionof

mineral-richglacialdebrisleftbymeltwater

(15)andfromthicklayersoffinewind-blownglacial

material,calledloess,inandaroundthe

middleMississippiValley.

Naturalvegetationpatternscouldbe

displayedonamapofNorthAmerica,butthe

enormoushumanmodificationoftheNorth

Americanenvironmentinmoderntimeshas

allbutreducedthisregionalizationschemeto

eless,

(20)thehumidAmerica-aridAmericadichotomyis

stillavalidgeneralization:thenatural

vegetationofareasreceivingmorethan20inches

ofwateryearlyisforest,whereasthe

forestsofNorthAmericatenttomake

anadian

North,needle-leafforestsdominate,but

theconiferoustreesbecomemixedwith

broadleafdeciduoustreesasonecrossthe

(25)

proceedstowardtheSoutheast,broadleaf

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erica

mostlyconsistsofshort-grassprairiesor

yareasoftruedertareinthe

Southwest.

21WhataspectofNorthAmericadoesthepassage

mainlydiscuss?

(A)Thewidevarietyofclimates

(B)Soiltypesandvegetationpatterns

(C)Improvedirrigationmethodsandtheexpansion

ofagriculture

(D)Thechangeinprecipitationpatterns

22Theword“spawn” inline1isclostin

meaningto

(A)distinguish

(B)eliminate

(C)protect

(D)create

23Theword“partitioning” inline2isclostin

meaningto

(A)division

(B)modification

(C)opening

(D)circulating

24Accordingtothepassage,acidicsoilstenttobe

associatedwith

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(A)ahighsaltcontent

(B)anincreainfarming

(C)largeamountsofrain

(D)glacialmeltwater

25Theword“enhanced” inline13isclostin

meaningto

(A)implied

(B)incread

(C)indicated

(D)informed

26HowdidglacialmeltdownaffectthesoilinNorth

America?

(A)Itredistributedthesoiltypes

(B)Itaddedsalttothesoil

(C)Itmadethesoilmoreneutralincontent

(D)Itaddedmineralstothesoil

27Thephra“thisregionalizationscheme” in

line19referstothe

(A)movementsofglacialdeposits

(B)patternsofnaturalvegetation

(C)humanmodificationoftheNorthAmerican

environment

(D)distinctionbetweenhumidAmericaandarid

America

28Theword“transition” inline23isclostin

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meaningto

(A)elevation

(B)change

(C)advantage

(D)condition

29Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowing

statements?

(A)AridAmericaisnotnecessarilycharacterizedby

theprenceofderts

(B)MostofCanadaandthenortheasternUnited

Statesconsistsofshort-grassprairieswherever

naturalvegetationhasnotbeenmodifiedby

humans

(C)Theaccumulationofloessisprimarilythe

resultofirrigation

(D)Glaciationremovedthefertilelayerofsoilfrom

muchoftheMississippiValley

Questions30-40

Mostsourcesofilluminationgeneratelight

overanappreciableperiod,andindeedif

anobjectislitforaverybrieftime(lessthat

1/25cond),thehumaneyewillnotreact

graphic

emulsion---thatis,alight-nsitivecoatingon

photographicfilm,paper,orglass---will,however,

recordmuchshorterburstsoflight.A

(5)photographicflashcanthereforebeudto

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capturehigh-speedmovementonfilmaswell

astocorrectdeficienciesofthenormal

lashisnowgenerated

electronically,buttheearliestform,firstudin

1864,wasapaperbagcontaining

magnesiumwireandsomeoxygen-rich

substance,e

bagwasignited,themetalburnedwithan

mporaryobrverreported

(10)that“thisquiteunsafedeviceemstohave

donenothingworthatengulftheroomin

densmokeandleadtopicturesofdubious

qualityandoddpos.”

Theevolutionofthephotoflashwasslow,

flashbulbs,containingfinewiremadeofa

metal,suchasmagnesiumoraluminum,

capableofbeingignitedinanatmosphereofpure

oxygenatlowpressure,wereintroducedonlyin

the1920’arliesttype,themetal

(15)wasparatedfromtheoxygenbyathinglass

shwasfiredbypiercingthe

bulbandallowingtheoxygentocomeintocontact

withthemetal,whichignited

ulbswerefiredbyan

electricbattery,whichheatedthewireby

combinations,suchasthepairingofoxygen

difluoridewithzirconium,

eachcaenoughenergyisgivenoutto

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(20)heattheoxidizablemetalmomentarilytoa

ke

particlesaresosmallthattheycoolrapidly;but

sincetheyarewhite,theycontributetothe

brilliancebyreflectingthelightfromtheirstill-

tlybiggerform

ofthemetalwillburnforalongertime.

30Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Thehistoryofthephotoflash

(B)Theoriesabouthowtheeyereactstolight

(C)Thetechnologyofmodernphotography

(D)Thedangersofusingtheearlyphotoflash

31Accordingtothepassage,1/25condisthe

minimumamountoftimerequiredforthe

(A)recordingofanimageonfilm

(B)generationofartificiallight

(C)creationofaphotographicemulsion

(D)humaneyetoreacttolight

32Accordingtothepassage,anadvantageofusing

aphotoflashisthatit

(A)canproducerepeatedburstsoflight

(B)intensitiescolorsinphotographs

(C)isshortenoughnottobotherhumaneyes

(D)supplementxistinglighting

33Theword“ignited” inline9isclostin

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meaningto

(A)tonfire

(B)cutinto

(C)opened

(D)shaken

34Whichofthefollowingphrasisdefinedin

paragraph1?

(A)”appreciableperiod”(line1)

(B)”photographicemulsion”(line3)

(C)”high-speedmovement”(line5)

(D)”oddpos”(line11)

35Theword“evolution” inline12isclostin

meaningto

(A)publicity

(B)adoption

(C)development

(D)manufacture

36Thefunctionoftheglassinthefirstflashbulbs

wasto

(A)producethesparkthatinitiatedtheflash

(B)magnifythelightproducedbytheflash

(C)protectthephotographerfromtheheatofthe

flash

(D)keepthemetalandoxygenapartbeforethe

flash

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37Theword“it”inline18refersto

(A)oxygen

(B)battery

(C)wire

(D)current

38Theword“momentarily”inline20isclostin

meaningto

(A)effortlessly

(B)briefly

(C)electronically

(D)gradually

39Accordingtothepassage,thewhitecolorofthe

smokeparticlesgeneratedbyaflashbulb

contributesto

(A)rapidcooling

(B)brightillumination

(C)electricalconductivity

(D)intenheat

40Accordingtothepassage,aflashbulbcanbe

madetoburnlongerbyusing

(A)thickerwire

(B)moreoxygen

(C)thinnerglass

(D)continuoulectricity

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Questions41-50

Thestylisticinnovationinpainingknownas

Impressionismbeganinthe1870’

Impressionistswantedtodepictwhattheysawin

nature,buttheywereinspiredtoportray

fragmentarymomentsbytheincreasinglyfast

ncentratedon

theplayoflightoverobjects,people,andnature,

breakingupeminglysolidsurfaces,

(5)stressingvividcontrastbetweencolorsin

sunlightandshade,anddepictionreflectedlight

earlierartists,

theydidnotwanttoobrvetheworldfrom

andonedthestudio,paintingin

theopenairandrecordingspontaneous

Impressionsoftheirsubjectsinsteadofmaking

outsidesketchesandthenmovingindoors

tocompletetheworkformmemory.

(10)SomeoftheImpressionists’ painting

methodswereaffectedbytechnological

mple,theshiftfromthestudio

totheopenairwasmadepossiblein

partbytheadventofcheaprailtravel,which

permittedeasyandquickaccesstothe

countrysideorashore,aswellasbynewly

developedchemicaldyesandoilsthatled

tocollapsiblepainttubes,whichenabledartists

tofinishtheirpaintingsonthespot.

(15)Impressionismacquireditsnamenotfrom

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supportersbutfromangryartloverswho

m

“Impressionism”wasbornin1874,when

agroupofartistswhohadbeenworking

togetherorganizedanexhibitionoftheir

paintingsinordertodrawpublicattentionto

onfromthepublicand

presswasimmediate,he

165paintingxhibitedwasonecalled

(20)Impression:Sunri,byClaudeMonet(1840-

1926),Viewedthroughhostileeyes,

Monet’spaintingofarisingsunoveramisty,

waterysceneemedmessy,slapdash,

ingMonet’s

title,artcriticxtendedtheterm

“Impressionism”

respon,Monetandhis29fellowartistsin

theexhibitadoptedthesamenameasabadgeof

theirunity,despiteindividualdifferences.

(25)Fromthenuntil1886Impressionismhadallthe

zealofa“church”,asthepainterRenoir

asfaithfultotheImpressionist

creeduntilhisdeath,althoughmanyofthe

othersmovedontonewstyles.

41Whataspectofpaintinginthenineteenth

centurydoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Theimpactofsomeartists’resistancetothefast

paceoflife

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(B)Thedifferencesbetweentwomajorstylesofart

(C)Atechnologicaladvanceinthematerialsud

byartists

(D)Agroupofartistswithanewtechniqueand

approachtoart

42Theword“depict” inline2isclostin

meaningto

(A)reorganize

(B)deform

(C)reprent

(D)justify

43Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowing

wasoneofthedistinguishingcharacteristicsof

Impressionistpainting?

(A)Theemphasisonpeopleratherthannature

scenes

(B)Thewaythesubjectswereprentedfrom

multipleangles

(C)Thefocusonsmallsolidobjects

(D)Thedepictionoftheeffectsoflightandcolor

44Whichofthefollowingisasignificantwayin

whichImpressionistsweredifferentfromtheartists

thatprecededthem?

(A)Theybeganbymakingsketchesoftheirsubjects

(B)Theypaintedtheirsubjectsout-of-doors

(C)Theypreferredtopaintfrommemory

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(D)Theyudsubjectsdrawnfrommodernlife

45Theword“advent” inline12isclostin

meaningto

(A)achievement

(B)acceptance

(C)arrival

(D)advantage

46Theexhibitionofpaintingsorganizedin1874

resultedinallofthefollowingEXCEPT

(A)attractingattentionfromthepublic

(B)anegativereactionfromthepress

(C)animmediatedemandforthepaintings

exhibited

(D)creatinganameforanewstyleofpainting

47Theword“affront” inline22isclostin

meaningto

(A)insult

(B)encouragement

(C)return

(D)credit

48TherejectionoftheImpressionistexhibitionby

criticswascaudbywhichofthefollowing?

(A)Thesmallnumberofpaintingsondisplay

(B)Lackofinterestinexhibitionsbyyoungartists

(C)Thesimilaritybetweenallthepaintings

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exhibited

(D)Angerabouteminglypoorlypaintedart

49TheauthormentionsRenoirinline25togivean

exampleofanartistwho

(A)becameasfamousasMonet

(B)wasconsistentlypraidbyartcritics

(C)describedtheenthusiasmoftheImpressionists

fortheirwork

(D)wasinfavorofatraditionalstyleofpainting

50Theword“others”inline27refersto

(A)artcritics

(B)fellowartists

(C)individualdifferences

(D)newstyles

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