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最新TOEFL托福阅读理解真题

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托福阅读真题1

Itistimatedthatover99percentofallspeciesthateverexisted

uxtinction?Whenaspeciesisno

longeradaptedtoachangedenvironment,ct

example,temperaturesmaychangeandaspeciesmaynotbeableto

sourcesmaybeaffectedbyenvironmentalchanges,which

speciesmaybecomebetteradaptedtoanenvironment,resultingin

competitionand,ultimately,inthedeathofaspecies.

Thefossilrecordrevealsthatextinctionhasoccurredthroughout

analyshavealsorevealedthatonsome

occasionsmanyspeciesbecameextinctatthesametime—amass

hebest-knownexamplesofmasxtinctionoccurred

65millionyearsagowiththedemiofdinosaursandmanyotherforms

sthelargestmasxtinctionwastheonethatoccurred

225millionyearsago,whenapproximately95percentofallspeciesdied,

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masxtinctionscanbecaudbyarelativelyrapidchangeinthe

environmentandcanbewornedbytheclointerrelationshipofmany

,forexample,somethingweretohappentodestroymuchof

theplanktonintheoceans,thentheoxygencontentofEarthwoulddrop,

hangewould

probablyleadtoamasxtinction.

Oneinteresting,andcontroversial,findingisthatextinctionsduring

thepast250millionyearshavetendedtobemoreintenevery26

riodicextinctionmightbeduetointerctionofthe

Earthsorbitwithacloudofcomets,butthistheoryispurelyspeculative.

Somerearchershavealsospeculatedthatextinctionmayoftenbe

,certainspeciesmaybeeliminatedandothersmay

essurvivalmayhavenothingto

,someofevolutionaryhistory

mayreflectaquenceofesntiallyrandomevents.

ditinline3refersto

(A)environment

(B)species

(C)extinction

(D)99percent

dultimatelyinline8isclostinmeaningto

(A)exceptionally

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(B)dramatically

(C)eventually

(D)unfortunately

estheauthorsayinparagraph1regardingmostspecies

inEarthshistory

(A)Theyhaveremainedbasicallyunchangedfromtheiroriginal

forms.

(B)Theyhavebeenabletoadapttoecologicalchanges.

(C)Theyhavecaudrapidchangeintheenvironment.

(D)Theyarenolongerinexistence.

fthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph1as

resultingfromrapidecological

change?

(A)Temperaturechanges

(B)Availabilityoffoodresources

(C)Introductionofnewspecies

(D)Competitionamongspecies

ddemiinline12isclostinmeaningto

(A)change

(B)recovery

(C)help

(D)death

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lanktonmentionedinline17?

(A)Todemonstratetheinterdependenceofdifferentspecies.

(B)Toemphasizetheimportanceoffoodresourcesinpreventing

masxtinction.

(C)Toillustrateacomparisonbetweenorganismsthatliveonthe

landandthothatliveinthe

ocean.

(D)Topointoutthatcertainspeciescouldneverbecomeextinct.

ingtoparagraph2,evidencefromfossilssuggeststhat

(A)Extinctionofspecieshasoccurredfromtimetotimethroughout

Earthshistory.

(B)ExtinctionsonEarthhavegenerallybeenmassive

(C)TherehasbeenonlyonemasxtinctioninEarthshistory.

(D)Dinosaursbecameextinctmuchearlierthanscientistsoriginally

believed.

dfindinginline20isclostinmeaningto

(A)publishedinformation

(B)rearchmethod

(C)ongoingexperiment

(D)scientificdiscovery

fthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutthetheory

mentionedinLine21-23?

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(A)Manyscientistscouldbeexpectedtodisagreewithit.

(B)Evidencetosupportthetheoryhasrecentlybeenfound.

(C)Thetheoryisnolongerriouslyconsidered.

(D)Mostscientistsbelievethetheorytobeaccurate.

graph3,theauthormakeswhichofthefollowing

statementsaboutaspeciessurvival?

(A)Itreflectstheinterrelationshipofmanyspecies.

(B)Itmaydependonchanceevents.

(C)Itdoesnotvarygreatlyfromspeciestospecies

(D)Itisassociatedwithastronomicalconditions.

ingtothepassage,itisbelievedthatthelargest

extinctionofaspeciesoccurred

(A)26millionyearsago

(B)65millionyearsago

(C)225millionyearsago

(D)250millionyearsago

PASSAGE77BCDCDAADABC

托福阅读真题2

Archaeologicaldiscoverieshaveledsomescholarstobelievethat

thefirstMesopotamianinventorsofwritingmayhavebeenapeoplethe

ingtotradition,theycame

t3100B.C.,

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theywereapparentlysubjugatedinsouthernMesopotamiabythe

Sumerians,whonamebecamesynonymouswiththeregion

immediatelynorthofthePersianGulf,inthefertilelowervalleysofthe

eSumerianswerealreadywellestablished

dinventedbronze,analloythatcouldbe

castinmolds,vedin

cities,smost

important,theSumeriansadaptedwriting(probablyfromtheSubarians)

intoaflexibletoolofcommunication.

ArchaeologistshaveknownabouttheSumeriansforover150years.

ArchaeologistsworkingatNinevehinnorthernMesopotamiainthe

ey

coulddecipherbecauthelanguagewasaSemiticone(Akkadian),on

er

tabletswereinscribedinanotherlanguagethatwasnotSemiticand

etheinscriptionsmadereferencetothe

kingofSumerandAkkad,ascholarsuggestedthatthenewlanguagebe

calledSumerian.

Butitwasnotuntilthe1890sthatarchaeologistxcavatingin

city-stateswelltothesouthofNinevehfoundmanythousandsoftablets

etheAkkadiansthoughtofSumerian

asaclassicallanguage(asancientGreekandLatinareconsideredtoday),

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theytaughtittoeducatedpersonsandtheyinscribedvocabulary,

translationexercis,gfrom

knownAkkadiantopreviouslyunknownSumerian,scholarssincethe

1890shavelearnedhowtoreadtheSumerianlanguagemoderatelywell.

VastquantitiesoftabletsinSumerianhavebeenunearthedduringthe

interveningyearsfromnumeroussites.

ingtothepassage,theinventorsofwrittenlanguagein

Mesopotamiawereprobably

the

(A)Babylonians

(B)Subarians

(C)Akkadians

(D)Sumerians

dsubjugatedinline4isclostinmeaningto

(A)distinguished

(B)gregated

(C)concentrated

(D)conquered

asynonymouswithinline5isclostinmeaningto

(A)equivalentto

(B)importantfor

(C)respectedin

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(D)familiarwith

ingtothepassage,erians

hadalreadydoneallofthe

followingEXCEPT:

(A)TheyhadabandonedtheareanorthofthePersianGulf.

(B)Theyhadestablishedthemlvesincities.

(C)Theyhadstartedtocommunicatethrough

(D)Theyhadcreatedbronzetoolsandweapons.

dsomeinline14refersto

(A)Archaeologists

(B)Sumerians

(C)years

(D)claytablets

fthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage

concerningtheSumerians?

(A)TheyweredescendantsofthePersians.

(B)TheywerethefirstpeopletocultivatethevalleyoftheTigris.

(C)Theywereaccomplishedmusicians.

(D)Theyhadthebeginningsofaneconomy.

ingtothepassage,whendidarchaeologistsbegintobe

abletounderstandtablets

inscribedinSumerian?

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(A)intheearlynineteenthcentury

(B)morethan150yearsago

(C)afterthe1890s

(D)inthemid-eighteenthcentury

ingtothepassage,inwhatwaydidtheSumerian

languagerembleancientGreekand

Latin?

(A)ItwasinventedinMesopotamia.

(B)Itbecamewellestablishedaround3000B.C.

(C)Itbecameaclassicallanguage.

(D)Itwasudexclusivelyforbusinesstransactions.

dexcavatinginline19isclostinmeaningto

(A)living

(B)digging

(C)asmbling

(D)building

ingtothepassage,howdidarchaeologistslearntoread

theSumerianlanguage?

(A)bytranslatingtheworkoftheSubarians

(B)byusingtheirknowledgeofspokenSemiticlanguages

(C)bycomparingSumeriantootherclassicallanguages

(D)byusingtheirknowledgeofAkkadian

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PASSAGE78BDAADDCCBD

托福阅读真题3

Someanimalbehavioristsarguethatcertainanimalscanremember

pastevents,anticipatefutureones,makeplansandchoices,and

cientists,however,are

cautiousabouttheextenttowhichanimalscanbecreditedwith

consciousprocessing.

Explanationsofanimalbehaviorthatleaveoutanysortof

consciousnessatallandascribeactionntirelytoinstinctleavemany

mpleofsuchunexplainedbehavior:

honeybeescommunicatethesourcesofnectartooneanotherbydoing

entationofthedanceconveys

thepositionofthefoodrelativetothesunspositioninthesky,andthe

rearchersassumethattheabilitytoperformandencodethedanceis

nestudy,when

experimenterskeptchangingthesiteofthefoodsource,eachtime

movingthefood25percentfartherfromtheprevioussite,foraging

honeybeesbegantoanticipatewherethefoodsourcewouldappear

erearchersarrivedatthenewlocation,theywouldfind

thebeescirclingthespot,asyet

explainedhowbees,whobrainsweighfourten-thousandthsofan

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ounce,couldhaveinferredthelocationofthenewsite.

Otherbehaviorsthatmayindicatesomecognitionincludetoolu.

Manyanimals,liketheotterwhousastonetocrackmuslshells,are

capableofusingobjectsinthenaturalenvironmentasrudimentarytools.

Onerearcherhasfoundthatmotherchimpanzeesoccasionallyshow

tudy,

chimpanzeescomparedtwopairsoffoodwellscontainingchocolate

rmightcontain,say,fivechipsandthreechips,theother

dtochoowhichpairtheywanted,

thechimpanzeesalmostalwayschotheonewiththehighertotal,

himpanzeeshavelearned

tounumeralstolabelquantitiesofitemsanddosimplesums.

esthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Theroleofinstinctinanimalbehavior

(B)Obrvationsthatsuggestconsciousnessinanimalbehavior

(C)Theuoffoodinstudiesofanimalbehavior

(D)Differencesbetweenthebehaviorofanimalsintheirnatural

environmentsandinlaboratory

experiments.

fthefollowingisNOTdiscusdasanabilityanimalsare

thoughttohave?

(A)Selectingamongchoices

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(B)Anticipatingeventstocome

(C)Rememberingpastexperiences

(D)Communicatingemotions

thepurpoofthehoneybeedance?

(A)Todeterminethequantityoffoodatasite

(B)Tocommunicatethelocationoffood

(C)Toincreathespeedoftraveltofoodsources

(D)Toidentifythetypeofnectarthatisavailable

dyetinline15isclostinmeaningto

(A)however

(B)since

(C)generally

(D)sofar

drearchersdiscoverinthestudyofhoneybees

discusdinparagraph2?

(A)Beesareabletotravelatgreaterspeedsthanscientiststhought.

(B)Thebeescouldtravel25%fartherthanscientistxpected.

(C)Thebeeswereabletodetermineinadvancewherescientists

wouldplacetheirfood.

(D)Changingthelocationoffoodcaudbeestodecreatheir

danceactivity.

einferredfromthepassagethatbrainsizeisassumedto

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(A)beanindicatorofcognitiveability

(B)varyamongindividualswithinaspecies

(C)berelatedtofoodconsumption

(D)correspondtolevelsofactivity

ottersandmuslshellsincludedinthediscussionin

paragraph3?

(A)Toprovideanexampleoftooluamonganimals

(B)Toprovethatcertainspeciesdemonstrategreaterabilityintool

uthanotherspecies

(C)Toillustratehowottersareusingobjectsastools

(D)Todemonstratewhymotherchimpanzeesshowtheiryoung

howtoutools

drudimentaryinline20isclostinmeaningto

(A)superior

(B)original

(C)basic

(D)technical

einferredfromthestatementaboutmotherchimpanzees

andtheiryoung(lines20-22)

thatyoungchimpanzeeshavedifficulty

(A)communicatingwiththeirmothers

(B)addingquantities

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(C)makingchoices

(D)openinghardnuts

atheoneinline24-25referstothe

(A)study

(B)pair

(C)chimpanzee

(D)ability

istsconcludedfromtheexperimentwithchimpanzeesand

chocolatechipsthat

chimpanzees

(A)lackabilitiesthatotherprimateshave

(B)prefertoworkinpairsorgroups

(C)exhibitbehaviorthatindicatescertainmathematicalabilities

(D)havedifficultylectingwhengivenchoices

PASSAGE79BDBDCAACDBC

最新TOEFL托福阅读理解真题