雅思作文

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全球化的缺点：

•经济上，发展中国家的劳动力被剥削，资源被取用，而产品却不能够进人发达国家，国内产业受到外商和外企

的冲击；•社会上，外国的产品流人一个国家，会改变人们的生活习惯和购买习惯；年轻人比较喜欢外同产品，

比如说食品、衣服、电子产品和娱乐方式；

•文化上，本土文化会被削弱，本土语言会受到威胁，文化多样性会逐步损失；

•环境上，工业化生产和交通量的加大会增加温室气体的排放；游人的增多会对自然环境构成威胁。

Topic1:Increasingtravelsbetweencountrienablepeopletolearndifferentculturesortoincrea

tensionbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcountries?

外来人口的增加有利于文化的交流：

•游客或者移民都具备经济利益和价值（commercialinterestandeconomicvalue)；而外同人的停留时间是和东道

国的合作密切相关的（Thelengthofstaydependsonthecooperationofthehostsociety.);很多当地人因此表现得非常

好客和友好，这有助于文化的交流（Manylocalpeopleareveryfriendlyandhospitable,whichpromotethecultural

communications.)；

•对其他的文化和人民更为了解（abetterunderstandingofotherculturesandotherpeoples),改变人们对其他民族和

文化的态度（alterone'sattitudestowardsanotherpeopleorculture);人们因此可以接受不同的文化和价值观（embrace

differentvaluesandcultures),可以和平共处（createmotivationtocoexistpeacefully),并促进对"多元文化的理解

(promotemulti-culturalunderstanding)；

•促进文化的融合（promoteintegration),消除文化障碍（removeculturalbarriers),外来人口的增加导致冲突：

•违反当地的习俗会激怒当地人（breachoflocalcustomscanirritatethelocals);

•不同文化的人看待同一事物总有不同的角度（harbourdifferentperceptions),并给予不同的解释(different

interpretations)，比如对手势、衣服、言行举止有不同的理解；举止不当会引起当地人意想不到的反应(provoke

unanticipatedrespons);•外国游客增多会对当地环境造成压力，甚至破坏环境，而移民增多可能导致工作机会

减少，致使竞争更加激烈，这些都有可能引起当地人的反感（caurentmentinlocalcommunities).

范文

Globalizationisacatch-alltermthatreferstoanyactivitythatinvolvesmorethanonecountry,forexample,travelfrom

maticincreaintransnationaltravelinrecentyearshassparkedcontroversyoverthe

potentialimpactsofthistrendoninople

areconcernedthattheupsurgeinnewarrivalswillpromptlocalhostilityagainstvisitorsinsteadofpromotingtheir

tionshouldberejectedasonecanemanyfactsinfavorofthis

developmentbetweencountries.

Thefirstreasonwhyinternationaltravelswouldneverbringconflictisrootedinthefactthatbothvisitorsandlocalsare

ationaltravelopensupopportunitiesforbusinessdevelopmentthroughouttheworld.

Entrepreneursanersshouldlearnthe

,localsshouldshowtheirhospitalitytovisitorsin

areaviewthatacceptanceofeachother'sculturalbackgroundisanecessarycondition

forcooperation.

encesinsocialbackground,culturalvaluesandreligiousbelief

mightmakethediscrepancyofforeignersandlocalinhabitantsonsomeissuesindelible;however,thehigherinteraction,

ns,forexample,udtoconsiderwesternersastheirfoes.

nitialstage,theirdivergenceemed

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inherentbutovertime,withbettermutualunderstanding,theytakethesamepositiononmanyissues.

Undeniably,itislikelythatinsomeresorts,foreignvisitorsrepelthelocalcommunitywiththeirscantregardforthe

r,itshouldbenotedthatmostoffenisaccidental,

d,visitorsdisobeyrulesandconventionssimplybecautheyhavenoknowledgeofthem.

Thissituationixpectedtobeimprovedwiththepassingoftimewhenvisitorsfromdifferentcountriesincreatheir

knowledgeofalocalculture.

Accordingtotheaboveanalysis,wecanobrvethattheincreaintheinternationaltravelshouldnotbetakenasthe

atively,oneshouldrecognizeitsroleinimprovingmutual

understandingbetweentwocountries.

近义词表

-all=all-embracing:包罗甚广的；包括一切的ity=enmity=rentment:敌意,怨'恨,愤恨

in=derivedfrom=badon:基于reneur=tycoon=mogul=industrialist:企业家，实业家

pancy=disagreement=difference=divergence:分歧，矛盾

=enemy=rival:敌人，竟争对手te=tangible=solid:具体的，实际的

me=induecour=soonerorlater:最终，早

:胜地；touristresort:旅游胜地；holidayresort：度假胜地；beachresort:海边度假胜地；scenicspot:景观；

placeofinterest:旅游景点

=revolt=repul:使厌恶，憎恶=limited=scarce:缺乏的，不足的

Topic2:Wheninternationalmedia(includingmovies,fashionshows,advertimentsandotherTV

programs)conveythesamemessagestotheglobalaudience,peoplearguethattheexpansionof

youropinion?

媒体信息一致的缺点：

•国际媒体（globalmedia)—般掌握在少数几个有实力的机构手中（inthehandsofafew,large,powerful

organizations)；有了媒体的宣传(propaganda)后,西方文化成了主流(domineeringforce),大规模的、有吸引力的广告

(massductiveadvertising)唤起了落后地区人们对物质新的向往（createfreshdesires),经济联系增强（strong

economicties),西方产品取代了本地产品，使人们更加向往西方的文化；

•文化开始融合在一起(mingle),人们被新的价值观所围绕(bombardedwithnewvalues)，对自己的文化失去信心

和自豪感（confidenceandpride),拒绝接受自己的文化传统（rejectionoftheirculturalheritage)转而接受西方的文化

习惯（adoptionofWesternculturalpractices);西方媒体削弱了民族的特征(ethnicidentity)和社会的凝聚力（social

cohesion);因为担心失去观众(alossofviewers),当地的电视台也开始播放西方的电视节目（televisionshows),

•国际媒体的普遍会降低世界文化的品质和多样性（degradethequalityanddiversityofworldculture);文化被商业

化（commercialized),—些文化产品（culturalgoods),如音乐、服装，都变成了商品（commoditiesinthemarketplace)。

因此，即便一些文化在世界其他地方传播，它原来的性质（authenticity)已经丧失。

媒体信息一致的优点：

•国家之间的频繁交往会促进文化之间的交流。因此，相互了解和相互认同的可能性(likelihoodofmutual

understandingandmutualacceptance)就会增加，这是顺应全球化的趋势；

•未必一定放弃传统观念（notnecessarilyleadtotheabolitionoftraditionalvalues),事实上媒体可以起到宣传和稳

固传统文化的作用；

•主流媒体一般都会反应文化多元性（Thedominantmediareflectculturaldiversity.);—些外国节目其实促进了文

化多元性(Mostforeignprogrammingispromotingculturaldiversity.),适应了当地的条件（adapttolocalconditions)，

注意到了当地文化的敏感性（awareofculturalnsitivity).自我调节来适应市场(exercilf-censorshiptosuitthe

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market:)。

范文

Asinternationalmediacompaniexpandacrosstheworld,thegrowingpopularityanduniformityofsomemedia

programs(suchasTVshows,movies,fashionshows)oplehavestrongviews

inion,internationalmediaisclolylinkedtoculturalglobalizationandculturalhomogeneity.

ThedominanceofinternationalmediaisasignofWesternculturalimperialismandhasthepotentialtothwartcultural

tacretthatinternationalmediaisownedandoperatedbyahandfulofgiantcorporations,suchas

ntrolltraction

inthenumberofmediaownerswillcauaproportionalreduction,mple,

painting,musicandmoviesaccessibleinthemediahaveasmallnumberofgenres,imposingrestraintsonone's

knowledgeofartworksofdifferentculturalbackgrounds.

Inadditiontoizingcontroloverthocreativeindustries,globalentertainmentcompaniesaffectculturaldiversityby

reshapingtheperceptions,theculturalvaluesand

anculturevaluesindividuality,

maximizationofone'sbenefitsandmaterialwealth,ratherthancommunallifeandfamilysolidarity,thevaluesand

normspreviouslytreasuredin"unately,manyAsianpeoplenowimitateAmericanpeople,

dicalchangecanbeattributedtothomoviesandTV

programsthatportraythesuccessofAmericanindividualsorcorporations.

Thelossofmediadiversityisalsoresponsibleforpeople'ingclassofmany

countriesspeaksEnglish,favorsWesternfood,

peoplearecaptivatedbyAmericanbasketballandsomeevendaubingthenamesofNBAstarsontheirschoolsweatsuits.

Allthetransformationsinlifearetheresultoftheaudience'xposuretoHollywoodmovies,TVshowsandsports

sofmediadiversitywill

worryingtrend,aspeopleneedculturaldiversitytoprerveandpassontheirvaluableheritagetofuturegenerations,

includinglifestyle.

Asshownabove,internationalmedia,controlledbyahandfuloftransnationalmediacorporations,ixportingWestern

culturformityofmediaprogramshas

ledtothatofartworks,normsandwaysoflifewhereverinternationalmediagoes.

近义词表

nce=domination=power:统治，力量=symbol=mark=signal=indication：标志，象征

=prevent=spoil=ruin:阻止，破坏

ulof=asmallnumberof:少数的ction-reduction：减少

tional=relative：相对的，成比例的tion=view=opinion:看法

=value=belief=principle:观点，观念；标准rity=unity=harmony=cohesion:团结

ivatedby=beobsdwith=bepassionateabout=beaddictedto=bekeenon=beenthusiasticabout:被…所吸

引

=give=impart=convey:传递，灌输

Topic3:Thereisadisagreementontheimpactofincreadbusinessandculturecontactbetween

countriesonacountry'youropinion?

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商业和文化的接触增多会导致一个国家特征的丧失：

•影响文化：文化不是静态的，而是动态的（notstatic,butdynamic)；—种文化的改变主要是由于社会环境(social

environment)发生了变化。比如说，人们的饮食习惯发生了改变，这是学习夕卜界文化的结果(People'atinghabits

havebeenchangedastheresultoflearnedbehaviour.)；快餐文化源自美国，有些人将此作为财富的象征(symbolsof

wealth),从而喜欢快餐；另外，本地的饮食文化会改变，以适应外国人的口味（suitthetastesofvisitors);

•影响生活方式：进口商品的增多，对外国产品的喜好（preferenceforimports);人们更加熟悉他国的文化，而忘

记自身的特点（nofidentity)，社会的团结也有所损害（anerosionofsocialsolidarity);服装、饮食、娱乐等等

都被两化了（westernized),比如说，西装现在是流行的男性服装(thesuitisthemostpopularoutfitformen)；

•欠发达国家在技术革新中起到的作用甚微(playasmallroleinthetechnologicalrevolution),所以需要"出卖"自己

国家的主权或者利益来获得国际的帮助（concedesovereigntyandintereststoothercountriesforaid)；贫富差距加大

(wideninggapbetweentherichestandpoorestpartsoftheworld)；

•接受西方文化的人们成为一个国家新的统治阶级（newrulingclass);人们摒弃传统的观念(renounce

traditionally-heldbeliefs),觉得传统观念是过时的和低人一等的（outdatedandinferior);主流文化会取代老式的和各

种各样的文化（Adominantculturetakesoverdivercultures.),人们不再尊重传统文化（lorespectoldercultures),

而传统观念最终成为历史{consignedtohistory)。

商业和文化的接触增多会加强一个国家的特征：

•外来文化让人们意识到自己文化的特点，从而更加注意维持这种文化；•一种特殊文化会引起世界的关注，

人们会更加注意保护。

范文

Oneofthemostconspicuoustrendsinthe21stcenturyisaclorconnectionbetweencountries,inbotheconomicand

sawidespreadworrythatthiswillleadtothegradualdemiofcountries’sue

shouldbeviewedandanalyzedfrommultipleperspectives.

Whenacountrytendstodevelopaclorrelationshipwiththerestoftheworld,itdoesnotnecessarilygiveupits

genousculturecandistinguishonecountryfrom

others,touriststravelabroadforlearningdifferentcultures

andsamplingdifferentwaysoflife,suchasBeijingoperainChina,JapaneteacultureandThaitemples,many

countrieshaverespondedwithprotectingandprervingtheirculturalidentities,inanefforttokeepthemlvesinthe

dtourisminstillsfreshlifeforceintothecountries,aidingthe

conrvationoftheirfeatures.

Whiletourismprovidesadrivingforceforculturalconversation,somecomponentsofaculture,suchastraditions^

sthatinsomecountries,thelocalshavebecomemoreaccustomedto

ectsthecombinedeffectsoftheinvasionofforeigncultures,eitherthroughmediaorthroughdirect

mple,twodecadesago,xwasataboosubjectinChinaandmostChinepeoplefelt

metheWesternculturehaspermeatedintotheChinelifestyle,andthe

rsintherestoftheworldaswell.

Asoutlinedabove,increadinteractionbetweencountriesinthedomainsofbusinessandculturecaneitherstrengthen

orunderminetheidentitiesofcountriesinvolved,Todatethereisnodefiniteanswertothisquestion.

近义词表

cuous-noticeable=prominent=striking:显箸的，突出的

tion=linkage=relation=relationship:关系，联系=disappearance=vanishing=fading:消失，死亡

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le=manifold=numerous=various=many:不同的，很多的ce=dishonour=shame=humiliation:耻辱

rce=soul=esnce：生命力vation=protection=prervation:保存，保护

=bizarre=outlandish=fromafar=mysteriouslyunusual:外来的，奇异的

=offensive=embarrassing=unacceptable=disgraceful=dishonourable=humiliating:无礼的，侮辱性的；忌讳的

te=epinto=pervade=leakinto:渗透-honoured=age-old=long-established：历史悠久的

ction=interplay=communication=relationship:相互作用

Topic4:Somepeoplebelievethatculturewillberuinedifitisudtoearntourismrevenue,butothers

sbothsidesandgiveyourown

opinion.

旅游业有益文化保护（culturalprervation)的论点：

•除了自然景观（landscape)之外，文化和历史是吸引旅游者去一个国家或者一个旅游景点(tourismsite)观光的

最主要原因（motivator);旅游业和文化遗产相结合（integratetourismandculturalheritage)为文化保护提供了经济

支持（economicincentives)；

•在文化领域提供一些旅游选择(introducethetourismoptionsavailablewiththeculturalctors)，如博物馆、历史

景点、活动禾卩奠食等（includingmuums,historicalsites,eventsandcuisine),游客会深人了解当地传统和习俗

（getaninsightintolocalcustomsandtraditions),感受当地传统和艺术（experiencelocaltraditions,artsandheritage),

从而更加尊重当地社区和周围的环境(respectthehostcommunityanditnvironment),促进不同国家之间关于自

然和文化资源保护的交流与对话(thedialogueoverconrvationofnaturalandculturalresources)0一

旅游业导致文化破坏culturaldestruction)的观点：

•保护的一般是食物、时尚、节日等（prervefood,fashion,festivalsandsoforth)—些文化的表面一，征（superficial

elementsofaculture),；|各文化定格成表演者（freezecultureasperformers),导致了文化、宗教、传统仪式、物质

文化和语言的损失（thelossofculture,religion,rituals,materialcultureandlanguage)；将文化商业化(commerciali

theculture),破坏了文化神圣和独特的本质(erodethesacredanduniquenature)；虽然很多活动是娱乐活动（entertain,

ratherthaneducatetourists),但有些是对当地人的一种羞辱(humiliatethelocalpeople)；

•垃圾、涂鸦、破坏和噪音不断增加（increasinglitter,graffiti,vandalismandnoi)，游客在没有被允许的情况下

进人建筑物、神殿、神圣的土地（enterbuildings,shrinesorsacredlandswithoutpermission).这都与当地文化相冲突，

是一种文化侮辱（aninsulttothelocalculture)

范文

Thereislittleroomfr,itsimpacton

saywillelaborateonbothpositiveandnegativeeffectsoftourism

fromaculturalperspective.

Providingeconomicincentivesforcul

tourists,cuindthasbeenrecognid

bymanytourismsitesandmoneyhasbeensubquentlydirectedtowardculturalprotection,includingthemaintenance

misthereforeoneoftheprimaryforcescontributingtotheprervationofaculture.

Inadditiontoraisingfinancing,tourismcanmakeanindigenouscultureknowntotheworldandrallysupportworldwide

istoricsiteorasitethatshowsacountry'sculturalheritageismadeaccessibletothepublic,

llsharetheirexperienceinthelocalculturewiththeir

friendsandfamiliesoncetheyreturnhome,nancialandtechnological

supportwillfloodinfortheconrvationofnaturalandculturalresources.

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Onthenegativeside,,festivals,costumesandother

stimulatingelementsofaculturearehighlightedtoentertaintourists,constitutinganinsulttothelocalsandcausing

er,culturalcommercializationhasmadethesacredelementsofa

culturecommonplaceandtouristsareencouragedtoattachlittleimportancetoauniquetradition,whichcannotbefound

elwhere.

Inthelightofthefacts,onecants

endeavourloprotectanindigenouscultureshouldberecognized,ithasputtheintegrityofacultureatrisk.

近义词表

ably=unquestionably=indisputably=undeniably:无可置提地，无可否认地

ation=site=place:地点nance=prervation=upholding=protection:保护，保存

nous=original=aboriginal：本土的，原始的=reputation=recognition=eminence:名气，名声

xpenof=atthecostof:以牺牲…为前提ain=amu=keepsomebodyamud:使愉快

=offence:侮辱place=ordinary:平凡的

ightof=inviewof=considering=takingintoaccount:考虑到

our=effort=attempt:努力，尝试ity=entirety=unity:完整性

isk=endanger=jeopardi:危及，使…危险

政府投资

政府的投资主要有以下用途：

•国防（defen):保护一个国家免受攻击或者其他威胁（Protectacountryagainstattackorotherthreats.)；

•保证法律和公共秩序的实施（enforcementoflawandpublicorder)以及政府的运作（operationofgovernment)；

•社会保障（socialcurity)和医疗保健（healthcaresystems)；

•福利(welfare):为那些不能够自给自足的人（peoplewhoareunabletosupportthemlvesalone)提供经济援助

(financialassistance),包括退休和残疾人的福利（retirementanddisabilitybenefits)、失业工人的福利（unemployment

benefits)等；政府援助在这一方面是重要的，可以减轻社会压力（releathepressureofsociety),并最终帮助这些

人获得生存能力（gaintheabilitytosurvive)；

•公共运输(publictransportation)和公共服务(publicrvices)。政府的资金主要来自于税收(taxes),贷款(government

borrowing)或者国际援助3和政府投资相关的争执主要集中在关键行业（esntialctors)和非紧要行业

（non-esntialctors)——前者是为了公众的方便，可以带来直接和明显的好处（immediateandtangiblebenefits),

包括教育和医疗保健；而后者所带来的好处是间接的（indirectbenefits),可以给人们带来情感上的快乐(emotional

wellbeing),包括娱乐

Topic5:oplearguethatthemoney

greeordisagree?

支持太空探索的观点：

•地球上的资源是有限的，迟早会被消耗完（finiteandexhaustible),因此需要开拓太空上的能源(openenergyand

materialresourcesofspaceforhumanbenefit)；促进经济±曾长(supporteconomicgrowth),使商业更力口繁荣(an

increainbusinessactivity);

•人口增长导致地球承载压力加大（cautheusablespacetoshrink)，因此太空探索有利于为人类找到一个新的居

住地（findasanctuary)；

•有利于环境考察（environmentalmonitoring),有利于收集人类生存环境（livingenvironment)的数据，比如天气预

报（weatherforecasting).,环境保护和可持续发展（sustainabledevelopment)等相关数据；

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•提高一些产业的科学竞争力（technologicalcompetitiveness),特别在国际商业领域（ininternationalbusiness；),

创造人力资源和高级别的专业技术（humancapitalandhigh-levelexperti);可以增加年轻人对自然科学的兴趣

(theinterestofyoungpeopleinnaturalsciences)

反对太空探索的观点：

•需要长期的努力和大量资金（long-termcommitmentsandfunding),大部分国家支付不起(unaffordabletomost

countries)，这些资金应该用于解决些更实际的问题，比如饥荒(famine)等5

•很多项目收效甚微（makelittleprogress),甚至被证明是徒劳无益的（taxingandunrewarding)。

范文

Inrecentyears,therehavebeenmoeof

theenormousrearchexpendituresincurred,oplesuggestthat

governmentfundingsuatingthemerits

ofspaceambition,estmentinspacerearchcanbepaidoffsomedayin

thefuture.

Thefirstreasontosupportitisthatourplanetisnowfacinganunprecedentedresourceproblem,whichcanbetackled

ruorscarcityofsomeresourcesontheEarth

tals,suchasgoldorsilver,willeventuallybedepleted,asindustrialproductionexpands.

Themetalsandothernaturalresources,althoughrareonEarth,ca,conducting

spacerearchisapromisingadventure.

Meanwhile,theworld'spopulationisnowgrowingtoastagewheretherearetoomanypeoplefortheplanettosupport,

highlightingtheneedtoeklandsuitableforpeople'newurbandevelopmentsare

abletoaccommodatetheincreasingpopulation,waterandelectricitysupply,wastetreatment,wagedisposaland

earecountlessplanetsorbitingstars

throughouttheuniver,onecanbeconfidentthatatleastoneofthemissuitableforourcondhomeplanetMars,for

example,bearingacloremblancetotheEarth,isconsideredapotentialbackup.

Inadditiontoarchingforashelterforfuturegenerations,spaceprogrammescontributeconsiderablytothewell-being

mple,bymonitoringtheozonehole,globalwarming,thelossofrainforests

andotherenvironmentalthreatstohumansurvival,remotensingsatelliteshelppeopletracetherecoveryfromthe

ile,spacerearchprovidesanewplatform

onwhichscientistscancarryoutexperimentsandmakenewdiscoveriesinavarietyoffields,suchasagriculture.

Assuggestedabove,inlocatingnewresources,positioningnewttlements,addressingenvironmentalconcernsand

facilitatingscientificdiscovery,spacerearchwillprovetobenotonlyworthwhile,butalsocrucialtothesurvivaland

sustainabilityofhumancivilization.

近义词表

=merit=worthiness=worth:价值=redirect=reroute=switch:蜂令向，转用于

e=overexploitation:过分使用

=beplentiful=thrive=flourish=:proliferate=growingreatnumbers:大量存在

ure=voyage=journey:征途，旅行，旅程-ttlement=relocation=immigration:迀居，搬迁

=sullage=wastewater:废水，排泄物geable=uncontrollable=untruly;不可控制的

=candidate=replacement:替代品，后备ry=healing=recuperation:恢复

rm=stage:舞台

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Topic6:epeopleargue

youropinion?

登月的重要性体现在三方面，科学（science)、开发思维（inspiration}和能源（resources):

•科学调查：提供一个平台去观察宇宙(obrvetheuniver)如何结合人和机器探索行星表面(combineeffortsof

bothhumansandmachinesinexploringaplanetarysurface)；

•开发思维：激发人们的想像力（triggerimagination),敢于面对新领域的未知因素和挑战(confrontingunknownsand

challengesonnewfrontiers)；用于探索月球的科技可以转为民用(convertedforcivilu)，促进科技发展；

•能源开发：月球上有水存在(WaterexistsinthedarkandcoldregionsnearthepolesoftheMoon.),可以开发能源。

反对登月的可能意见：

•消耗资源和时间（consumeresourcesandtaketime)，而没太大的效果（benefitsarelimited)；

•分散政府和公众在一些更重要事情上的注意力（distractthegovernmentandthepublicfromsomemoresignificant

issues)

范文

Theideaoftravellingthroughspace,evenlivingandworkingonotherplanets,hasfascinatedpeopleforcenturies.

Despitenumeroustbacksanddauntingexpenditures,travellingintheouterspacehasneverfailedtoattractpeople's

earsafterthefirstMoonlanding,peoplequestionwhetherthefeat,previously

thoughtofasagiantleapformankind,hassubstantiallybenefitedpeople'inion,landingontheMoonhas

enormousrelevanceforthequalityoflife,albeitnotalwayxplicit.

Thefirstimplicationof,astheobjectin

theouterspaceclottotheEarth,noatmosphere,the

Moonisapermanentbaforpeopletoobrvetheunivereasilyandprovidethemwithsufficientevidencethey

requirefordecisionmakingonagreatmanysignificantissues,

example,onecanlearnmoreaboutthetreatofpotentiallyhazardousobjectsthatareLikelytohittheEarthanddestroy

ourcivilization.

AnotherremarkablebreakthroughmadebytheMoonlandingisthatitreignitespeople'nthusiasminthenatural

day'syouthsbecomeincreasinglyinterestedinsuchsubjectsascommerce,financeandbusiness,space

explorationsoungmindsareconvincedthat

travellingtheunknownoftheuniverisfeasible，einspiredtothinkforthefuture,

insteadofbeingpreoccupiedwithcontemporaryissuesonly.

ItshouldalsobenotedthattheMoonhaswater,thebasicresourceforpeople'ssurvival,anditaboundsinsolarenergy,a

y,if

peopleareforcedtomoveofftheEarth,ghpeoplehavenotyetfullyexplored

thispossibilityatthisstage,preliminaryinvestigationisimperative.

Badontheabove-mentionedfacts,onecanconcludethattheMoonlandinggreatlyimpactsondistantfuture,although

nistheeventualgatewaytootherplanetsandpotentiallytheplace

entificknowledgeandeconomicbenefitstobegainedbybuildinga

sustainableMoonbaarehuge.

近义词表

9

=achievement=accomplishment：成就nce=significance=importance=weight:重要性

it=overt:明显的e=watch=monitor:观察

l=findananswerto=workout:揭开，解开n=mysterious=unfamiliar;神秘的，未知的

le=practicable=viable=practical=realistic:可行的，实际的

able=available=accessible:可以获寻的，可以得到的inary=initial=preceding:最初的;初步的

tive=necessary=esntial=critical=vital:必要的，关键的

timebeing=fornow=forthemoment:现在，暂时y=entry=doorway=access:入口，通道

Topic7:Somepeoplearguethatthegovernmentshouldspendmoneyonpublicrvicesandfacilities,

greeordisagree?

政府投资公共设施的原因：

•符合公众的利益(generalinterest),给人们带来方便；

•一般来说，私人企业(privatector)不会对公共设施感兴趣，因此公共设施只能依靠政府投资。而艺术作为人

们的爱好和文化传统(culturaltraditions),会代代相传(pasdonfromonegenerationtoanother),因此不需要政府投

资。

政府投资艺术的原因：

•艺木对现代生活是至关重要的（esntialtomodernlife),对于一个文明社会有着非常重要的作用（centraltoa

civilizedsociety),艺术品传播的是语言所不能传播的东西（Worksofartconveytheineffable.)，是人们文化生活的主

要部分（anintegralpartofculturallife)；•艺术给人们提供了排解情绪的渠道(providepositiveoutlets),比如看电影

和听音乐；•艺术是一种民族文化，保护艺术有助于保护一种文化(prerveaculture);艺术可以吸引外国游客观

光(attractforeigntouristsforsighteing),产生旅游收入(producetourismrevenue)；

•一些艺术作品（artobjects),譬如说雕塑和建筑（sculptureandarchitecture),使人们享受城市或者郊区风景的美

丽(enjoythebeautyofurbanorrurallandscape),赏心悦目(pleasingtotheeye)，为生活增添情趣。

范文

Theroleofartsinmodernlifeisunique,providingpeoplewithentertainmentandyieldingvariouspsychological

rewards,ethebenefits,

suggestedthatpublicmoneyofacityshouldbeconcentratedinprojectslikepublicfacilities,whicharcmorelikelyto

bringimmediatebenefitstothepublic,reanumberoffactsindicatingthatthispositionis

right.

Publicfacilities,widelyacceptedasoneofthemainprecursorstoacity'sdevelopment,shouldbeoneofthehighest

nderdevelopedcitiesinparticular,

municipalofficebuildings,courthousandpostofficesareesntialcomponentsofpublicrvices,libraries,hospitals,

parks,playingfields,gymnasiumsandswimmingpoolsareavailabletothepublicforsocial,educational,athleticand

tingspendingonpublicfacilities,citiesaremorecapabletosatisfytheneedsofcitizensand

improvetheirstandardofliving.

Inadditiontosocialbenefits,grated

transportnetwork(maritime,landandinlandwaterwaystransportandcivilaviation),forexample,promisthesmooth

rialproducts,aswellasagriculturalproduceofacity,canbe

ing

accesstoinformationbyimprovingInternetandothertelecommunicationsfacilitieshasrelevancetotheeawithwhich

businessinacityreceive,process,exaggerationtosaythatentrepreneurs,either

fromhomeorabroad,willfirstexaminetheinfrastructureofacitybeforedecidingwhethertopursuebusiness

10

opportunitiesthere.

Thearts,bycomparison,althoughenablingpeopletoetheworldandthehumanconditiondifferentlyandtoeatruth

onemightignorebefore,streasonisthatthearts---referringtomusic,film

andliteraturealtogether---aremorelikss

peoplecontinuetoinvestintheartsintheexpectationofearninglumpsumincomeandtheartsinreturn,continueto

ile,theartsareakeycomponentofacultureandnaturallypasd

publicfacilities,theyrequirenomoneytosurvive.

Itisthereforeclearthatconscernabout

thewell-beingofindividualcitizensandthatofacityismoreacutethantheapprehensionaboutthesurvivaland

prospectsofthearts,somethingthatbusinesshaveastakein.

近义词表

sor=forerunner=foundation:先驱，基础pal=urban=metropolitan:城市的

=value=advantage:优点ate=amalgamate=combine=mix:合成，综合

=derve=earn:值得sh=thrive=burgeon=boom:蓬勃发展

ension=anxiety=uneasiness=dread=fearfulness:忧虑，担心

=involvement=concern=interest=share:兴趣，参与

Topic8:Somepeoplearguethatthegovernmentshouldspendmoneyonlyonmedicalcareand

greeordisagree?

政府投资教育和医疗的好处：

•教育可以帮助人们摆脱贫穷（breakthecycleofpoverty);如果没有政府资助，穷人的孩子上不起大学，那么他

们可能代代贫穷(remainpoorthroughouttheirlifespanandevenacrossgenerations.)；

•教育可以提高一个人的工作能力（improveproductivity),从而提高一个国家的产出能力，对国家的繁荣

(prosperity)有着深远的影响（havefar-reachingeffects);

•完善的医疗健康服务（highqualityandavailabilityofhealthcare)可以赢得人们对国家的忠诚度(wintheloyalty),

使人们愿意在一个国家生活和工作，以此留住有生产能力和技术的工作者(productiveandskilledworkers)；为残

疾人、退休者及贫穷的人提供帮助（renderassistancetothedisabled,retiredanddisadvantaged)；提高国民的健康

(improvehealth)；

•体育设施和歌剧院有私人企业赞助(privatelyfinanced),而且大部分时间只符合少数人的兴趣。政府投资体育设

施或者歌剧院的好处：

•满足人们的精神需求（spiritualneeds),丰富人们的文化生活（enrichone'sculturallife),是一个城市文明的标志（a

signofacivilizedcity),

范文

opleadvocatethatthegovernment

shouldfundthectorsthatbringtangibleandimmediatebenefitstothepublic,suchasmedicalcareandeducational

systems,whileopponentssuggestthattholargeurbandevelopments,suchasstadiumsandtheatres,areworth

inion,thepossibilityremainsthatthetwoopinionscanbereconciledandthegovernment

cancoordinatebudgetingtomeettheneedsofboth.

Medicalcareisntialtotheeconomicandsocialwell-beingofacountry,particularlyofanunderdevelopedcountry.

Bothempiricalknowledgeandacademicrearchsuggestthatmakingeducationavailablethroughoutacountryand

11

ivingeducation,childrenfromimpoverished

familiescanshakeoffpoverty,ionalsoallowscitizenstocure

employmentandearnregularincome,untryasa

whole,educationislinkedtoskilledworkforceandtohighproductivity,affectingbothresourceuandnationaloutput.

Governmentinbilityofaffordable

midingtheneedypeoplewith

medicalrvice,feelassuredlivingandworkinginacountrywhere

theycanbegivenmedicalrvicewhenunemployed,sick,arison,iftheycannotaffordthe

highcostofvisitingtheclinic,hospitalisation,orbuyingdrugs,solidarity

willeventuallysuffer.

Althougheducationandmedicalrvicesarefundamentaltothestabilityanddevelopmentofacountry,itisnottosay

ierarchyofhumanneeds,thoneedsforfood,shelter

hetargetsareattained,peopleturntohigheraspirations,entertainmentand

efacilitieslikestadiumsandcinemassatisfypeople'etweenone's

motherlandandavisitingcountrycanraipeople'emabringsartistic

pleasuretoeveryone.

Todrawaconclusion,thedecisiontofinancetheatresorsportstadiumsdependsonthefinancialsituationofacountry.

Whenaneconomycomestomaturity,thelaunchofrecreationalandentertainmentprojectsofthiskindisreasonable.

近义词表

le=concrete=solid=material=touchable:切实的，实质的

ile=tailor=modify=alter=adapt:修改，调整（以符合某种需要)

ff=getridof=getawaywith:摆脱

d=confident=lf-confident=poid=lf-assured:自信的，确信的

=medicine=prescriptiondrug:药物ingfeature=desirablequality;可取之处，好的特点

chy=pyramid=peckingorder=chainofcommand:层次；等级

r=safehaven=housing=accommodation=lodging：住房,安身之所

land=fatherland=nationstate:祖国

Topic9:Pe

agreeordisagree?

税收的作用：

•有利于保证政府的正常运转（theoperationofgovernment),比如国防（militarydefen)、执行法律和维持公共

秩序（enforcementoflawandpublicorder);

•有利于支持公共投资和建设（providepublicrvicesandinvestment),比如桥梁、公路、能源、水和垃圾管理系

统(bridges,roads,energy,waterandwastemanagementsystems)以及公共交通(publictransportation)；

•有利于保证社会稳定：即缩小贫富差距(clothegapbetweenrichandpoor),进行收人再分配(income

redistribution,redistributionofwealth),减小社会矛盾；

•有刺于提高社会福利（fundwelfareandpublicrvices)；

•有利于进行宏观经济调控（influencemacroeconomicperformance):国家通过税收来调控经济，对消费和雇佣有

直接影响（haveadirecteffectonconsumptionandemployment)；

•社会方面：有时候通过征税可以影响人的行为，比如对酒和烟草的税收（collectataxonalcoholandtobacco)以

12

及对髙速公路的税收（highwaytolls)税收的弊端：

•税率过高会打击商业的投资热情(dampenenthusiasmforinvestment)；

•需要一个很大的机构去处理税收（requirethecreationofalargebureaucracytoadministerandenforcethesystem),

耗资(expensincurred)很大

范文

Theroleoftaxationispror,tomany

taxpayers,especiallyemployers,inion,taxrevenueisntialtoa

resomeofitsmainfunctions.

Althoughmanytaxpayerseincometaxasanappropriationoftheirearnings,taxisinfactarelieftotaxpayersand

theirfamilies,forexample,byprovidingasafeguardagainstunemploymentandasolutiontootherproblemsthatthey

mple,thowholotheirearningcapabilitiesbecauofinjuries,diasanddisabilities

areentitledtothegovernment'sfinancialsupport,snopointindenyingthailax

istheprincipalsourceoffinancetgh

mostworkersarenotthebeneficiariescurrently,theywillcountonthebenefitsintheirlateryears(aspensioners).So

willtheirdependents(childrenandparents).

Taxationismeanwhileaneffectivetoolbywhichasocietycanachievetheredistributionofincomeandclothegap

countries,asageneralrule,thehigherthepersonalincome,thehighertheincome

singdifferenttaxrates,thegovernmentisabletodistributethetaxburdenacrosssocialclass,reducing

incomedisparitybetweentherichandthepoor.

Corporatetaxisdeemedbybusinessasaregularcost,whichmustbekepttoaminimum,butitisnotnecessarilyabane.

Bylevyingdifferenttypesoftax,thegovernmentcanexertaninfluenceonmacroeconomicperformance,whichinturn

eeconomyisonthevergeofarecession,thegovernmentcan

reducethetaxandprenttaxincentives,rast,

duringtheperiodsofgrowth,thegovernmentcanraithetaxratesoastopreventanoverheatedeconomyandcombat

irtosaythattaxisoneofthemaintoolsinestablishingahealthyenvironmentconducivetobusiness's

sustainedgrowth.

Whathavebeendiscusdabovearethebenefitsbroughtbytaxation,allbeingesntialtoacountry,itsbusinessand

ghmanytaxpayersfeelpressuredbytaxes,theywilleventuallybenefitfromthetaxesthey

havepaidandshouldthereforebeartaxliabilities.

近义词表

he=problem=annoyance:问题，令人头疼的事

riation=acquisition=izure=requisition:占有，获取

g=remuneration=wage=income=take-homepay=salary:收入

ard=protection=precaution:保护措施，保障ears=lastfewyearsofone'slife:晚年

ndhave-nots=richandpoor:富人和究人ion=downturn=depression=slump:萧奈，衰退

ive-encouragement:刺激物

Topic10:Itiswidelyacceptedthatpeoplewhohavepost-schoolqualificationarnahighersalary

sitystudentsshould,therefore,payallthefullcostincurredoverthe

extentdoyouagreeordisagree?

13

在很多国家，高等教育的学费是一个很有争议性的话题。一方面，教育是保证一个国家经济长盛不衰的原因；

另一方面，如果学费完全由国家来负担，国家未必负担得起。因此，在许多国家，目前釆取的策略是收取正常

的教育费用，然后发放奖学金和贷款，从而鼓励学生接受高等反对学生自己支付学费的理由：

•政府对高校的投资（tertiaryeducationinvestments)有助于促进以知识为动力的经济和社会发展

(knowledge-driveneconomicandsocialdevelopment),获得基础研究和科学发展的长期回报(long-termreturnsfrom

rearchandtechnologydevelopment),技术革新使劳动力增强(greaterproductivityisachievedthroughtechnological

innovation)；

•有更多人有机会接受高等教育（well-educated),这些人在毕业后会从事高薪职业（well-paidjobs),从而比一般人

交更多的税(payhigherincometax),这社会来说是一种贡献；

•接受高等教育的学生会减少，特别是经济困难的学生（reducetheparticipationofdisadvantagedgroups);学生接受

教育，可以摆脱贫穷，社会有贡献(breakoutofpoverty)。

支持学生自己支付学费的理由：

•学生有了经济压力（experiencefinancialpressure),会更加勤奋学习；

•政府支付不起巨大的费用，收取学费是应该的。

范文

Withthelabourintensiveeconomygraduallygivingwaytoknowledge-focudeconomy,theaccesstohighereducation

posaltochargealluniversitystudentswithtuitionfeesandallowno

exemptionarismainlyfromtheconcernthattertiaryeducationhastocompetewithmanyotherurgentdemandsfor

vethat:thispolicy,ifimplemented,willhaveanaccumulativeeffect

onthewell-beingofeitherindividualstudentsorthesocietyasawhole.

Whenlayingthehopeoffuturedevelopmentoverstudents,thegovernmentcannotshirkfromtheresponsibilityto

n,thegovernmentisinvesting,not

ardexampleisAmerica,acountryinvestingmultimilliondollarsinhighereducationonan

annualbasisandsponsoringstudents'studybydifferentformsofaid,suchasscholarships,subsidies,allowancesand

eexpectedthatthewell-educatedaspiringpeople,afterfinishingtheireducation,willconstitutea

maindriveofastate'er,thegovernmentshouldploughareasonableproportionoftaxrevenue,most

beingsourcedfromparents,backtotheirchildren.

Meanwhile,itisworthmentioningthatsomeschoolstendtoforceacomplexofchargesoverstudents,withtheaimto

extend,ntoftheirnot-for-profitnature,manyuniversitiesmightdeviatefromtheirmost

importanttasks,sistenceofthisproblemwillmaketheiracademicrvice

rsitycancoveritxpenbyvariousmeans,

suchasthereceiptofdonation,orthegovernment'sfunding,insteadoflevyingahighfeeoverstudents.

Thereasonscitedaboveha

dependingonyounggenerations,orttoencourage

tertiaryeducationparticipationwillpaybacksooner,ratherthanlater.

近义词表

yto=succumbto=yieldto:向…让步ion=exception:例外，免费

lative=gi-owing=increasing=incremental=spiralling：累加的,逐步增加的

=evade=avoid=dodge=shun：躲避

5-sustained=everlasting=eternal=:endless=unending=perpetual:持续的，永远的

14

=hingeon=dependon:依靠，信赖于ng=hopeful=aspirant:有志向的，有希望的

e=diverge=stray:偏离tence=continuance：持续

=unbalanced=unequal:不平衡的，不均衡的

Topic11:extentdoyou

agreeordisagree?

支持政府调控房地产的原因：

•房屋商业化（commercializationofhousing)最大的受害人是低收人家庭（unaffordabletolow-incomefamilies),对

此，政府可以多建经济适用房（economicalhousing),并采取措施对房地产行业进行干预(governmentintervention)；

•住房购买力的缺口加大（thehousingaffordabilitygapwidens),而且租金（rentalrates)也在不断增加低收人家庭

（low-incomefamilies)没有能力买房（unabletobuyhous);

•人口过多和过分拥挤造成住房紧缺(thedirectresultofovercrowdingandoverpopulation),因此政府应通过划地政

策（zoningpolicies)、城市发展（urbandevelopment)规划、住房补贴（housingallowance)等措施，对房地产进行

调控。

反对政府调控房地产的原因：

•住房分配体系（houallocationsystem)会严重降低私人投资的热情（dampentheenthusiasmofindividualsin

housinginvestment),房屋建设的投资少(agraveshortageintheinvestmentinhouconstruction)，很难减轻住房压

力(eathehousingpressure)；房地产是一个大的产业，对经济发展有着重要的意义，提高家庭收人才是解决房

屋问题的关键；

•当市场占据主导地位（thefundamentalrole)时，建筑工程质量（constructionquality)、房屋的功能(functionalily)、

房屋的质量(housingquality)都会有所提高。此时，政府对房屋市场的完全控制会导致单调的城市景观

（monotonouscityscape,uniformityofhoudesign)，不能够满足城市居民对生活条件的高要求(comprehensive

requirementsonlivingconditions)。

范文

Housineenarguedthatonlywhen

thegovernmenthastakenactions,hebestofmyknowledge,thegovernment

alonecannotcopewellwithhousingshortages.

Oneofthemainobjectionstogovernmentinterventionisthatitwouldhampertheprivatectorandsimultaneously

trieswherethegovernmentisonatightbudgetandthehomelesspopulationis

large,thydoesitreleathe

governmentfromtheburdenoffundinglarge-sizedconstructionprogrammesbutitalsofostersthehousingindustry.

Givenitsroleinattractingpublicconsumptionandacceleratingeconomicdevelopment,thehousingindustryshouldbe

atthemercyofthemarket,ratherthanthegovernment.

Anotherdrawbackofstatecontroloverthehousingmarketisthatitcouldresultinthestagnancyofconstructionquality,

functionality,entblocksorotherresidentialconstructionswouldbebuilt

iveuniformity,especiallyinthesizeandnumberof

rooms,willfailtomeetcomprehensiverequirementsraidbycitizensonproperties.

Despitetheobjections,governmentinterventionisntialinsomegmentsofthemarketandcanrendermore

parents,thepeoplewithdisabilitiesandotherdisadvantagedpeopleareamongthowho

ernmentcanprovidethemeitherwithhousingallowanceto

purchatheirprivatepropertiesordirectlywitheconomicalhous.

15

Asindicatedabove,inaddressinghomelessnessandinadequatehousing,thejointeffortofbothgovernmentandprivate

overnmentinterventionwouldimpedethepropertymarketandnegativelyinfluencethesupply

anddemandrelationship,governmentassistanceisntialforlow-incomefamiliesandvulnerableindividualsinneed

ofhousing,

近义词表

ion=opposition=argumentagainst:反对的观点ercyof=relianton:由...控制

nous=repetitive:单调的，单一的mity=sameness:一致性,相同性，单一性

hensive=wide-ranging=ample:广泛的ention=interference=involvement:干涉，参与

t=ctor=ction：部分

nce=subsidy=payment:补助，津贴

=combined=shared=united:联合的

科技发展对生活的影响

概述：雅思作文有关科技发展的题目主要考查现代科技对人们生活习惯和生活方式产生的影响。现代科技主要

包括因特网、电脑、手机以及各种小电器。当然，汽车和飞机的广泛使用也经常被认为是近代主要的科技发展

成果。主要的考点包括：

•科技发展的影响是正面还是负面的？

•科技发展让我们的空闲时间变多还是变少？

•科技发展对我们的文化、思想、观念和社区有什么影响？

科技发展的正负面影响都有，没有必然的结论。科技发展使人们的生活质量极大提高的同时，也可能导致人们

养成不好的生活方式和习惯，对健康有不利的影响。考生在考试当中要注重论述的质量，至于倾向哪个方面未

必一定重要。

科技发展的正面影响有：

•生产效率更高，人们可以在更短时间内完成工作，因此可以有更多的体闲时间；

•给人们生活带来极大便利，提高了人们的生活水平；

•人们通过网络可以做很多事情，比如购物和处理个人财务，不用花太多时间在通勤(commute);

•人们联系更加方便，即便行动不方便的人也可以通过网络联系家人和扩大朋友圈；

•人们获得信息的渠道增多(譬如说网络、手机、电子图书馆、电视），知识更加丰富。

科技发展的负面影响有：

•因为竞争激烈，人们需要接受在职培训和教育，工作节奏加快，压力更大，和家人交流的机会更少；

•因为通讯发达，人们在下班之后也被同事和上司联系，在家里査阅工作上的电子邮件；通讯的发达同时推动

全球化，工作的性质也趋向于全球化，人们的工作吋间在某种程度上被延长了；

•人们享受着网络娱乐和其他媒体所提供的娱乐，因此忽视和家人的交流；

•人们喜欢上网，不愿意外出，性格变得孤僻，和外界的联系减少。

Topic12:Therearesocial,medicalandtechnicalproblemsassociatedwiththeuofmobilephones.

Whatformdotheproblemstake?Doproblemsofusingmobilephonesoutweighthebenefits?

手机所带来的问题和负面影响：

•社会问题：在公共场所讲话声音大（speakatanincreadvolume),让人感觉不舒服（feeluncomfortable)；

•技术问题:信息可能会被第三方截取（intercept)或者偷听（eavesdropin);

•医疗问题：有可能增加患癌症的几率(increatheriskofsufferingcancers)；

16

•安全问题：开车时打电话（talkonthephonewhiledriving),导致交通事故的发生（correlationwithroadtraffic

accidents)

手机所带来的好处和正面影响：

•丰富生活：除了发信息（ndtextmessages)和语音留言(makevoicecalls)之外，手机还可以用来浏览网页

（Internetbrowsing)、听音乐（musicplayback),管理个人信息（personalorganirs)、收发电子邮件（e-mail)、拍

照（built-incameras)、下载铃声（ringtones)、玩游戏(games)和听广播(radio)等，由此丰富了人们的生活；

•方便沟通：手机使人们可以随时随地进行联系；在有突发事件的时候(intheeventofanemergency)，手机可以

通过信来确定人的位置(locatetrappedorinjuredpeopleusingthesignalsfromtheirmobilephones)。

范文

Acrosstheworld,especiallythewealthierparts,themobilephonehastakentheplaceoftelephoneasanelectronic

telecommunicationdevice,withthemajorityoftheadult,technologyhas

becomerife,itsdrawbacks,whichcanbeenfromsocial,medicalandtechnicalperspectives,dervepeople'sgreatest

attention.

Similartomanyotherhi-techproducts,suchascomputers,mobilephoneshavedetrimentaleffectsonurs'

example,long-timeheavyphoneursemtobemorepronetocertaintypesofcancers,althoughevidencetodateis

rguedthat

motoristshaveamuchhigherriskofcollisionsandlosingcontrolofthevehiclewhendrivingandtalkingonthephone

simultaneously,despitesometimesusingbands-freesystems.

Whenthemobilephonehasbroughtconsiderableconvenience，people'sobssionwithconveniencehasmeanwhile

'swhytheuofmobilephoneshasbeenprohibitedinmanypublicplaces,suchas

libraries,theatres,hospitalsandeventransports,suchastrains,ngatincreadvolumeis

consideredimpoliteorevenoffensive,Inschools,studentsarerequiredtoswitchoffcellphonesbeforetheclassbegins

becaumobilephonesareresponsibleforahighamountofclassdisruptions.

Whenitsdownsidepersists,ndheld,lightweight,

portableandmulti-functioned,allowingurstondtextmessages,exchangemusicfiles,makevoicecalls,brow

Internet,ile,withintwentyyears,mobilephonesareexpectedtobemorepervasiveastechnical

hofactors,themobilephonewill

continuetoperformitsroleasakeysocialtool,bywhichonekeepsintouchwithothersmuchmoreeasilythandidthe

generationsbefore.

Assuggestedabove,thecontributionofthemobilephonetothesocietyisprominentandpeople'sdependenceonitfor

communicationisanirreversibletrend,althoughithasanumberofproblemsthatshouldbewellhandled.

近义词表

=equipment=appliance=instrument:设备，设置

=widespread=prevalent=ubiquitous=predominant=rampant:普遍的

o=susceptibleto=vulnerableto:容易患上…的=fatal=deadly=life-damaging:致命的，有伤身体的

st=driver=carur.使用汽车的人ion=crash=accident:碰撞，车祸

bance=annoyance=interruption:干扰,打扰tion=interference=:distraction:干扰

ive=prevalent=omniprent:普遍的，流行的

rsible=permanent=irrevocable=unalterable:不可逆转的，永远的

17

Topic13:Doyouagreethatmoderntechnologyhasgivenusmoreleisuretimethanbefore?

现代科技让人更轻松、休闲时间更多的观点：

•汽车、飞机和铁路的普及(thepopularityofautomobile^airtravelandrail)减少了人们在路途上奔波的时间（spend

lesstimecommuting)；电脑和自动化等设备(computerisationandautomation)让人们可以更快更有效地完成工作，

休闲时间更多；

•效率的提高和收人的增加（risingwages),人们不需要加班也能够获得足够的收人。此时，人们对生活质量的要

求更高(higherdemandonstandardsofliving)，可以支付得起更多的娱乐活动(abletoaffordrecreationalactivities),

在休闲的时间里放松自己(relaxthemlvesintheirsparetime)

现代科技让人更繁忙、休闲时间更少的观点：

•新科技的产生加快了工作节奏，人们需要不断地接受教育和培训（continueeducationandreceiveon-the-job

training)以适应新科技带来的变化(keeppacewiththefastdevelopmentoftechnology),人们因此更加繁忙；

•科技发展使社会的产品变得丰富(diversified)，人们需要刻苦工作才买得起琳琅满目的商品；

•电脑和因特网的产生让人们在正常工作时间之外也可以工作（workbeyondnormalworkinghours),科技的发展促

进全球化，人们需要加班工作以消除时差的影响(havetoworkovertimeduetotimedifference)

范文

Inthehistoryofmankind,possibly

havebecomeincreasinglyinterestedinass

farasIamconcerned,people'sleisuretimehasbeenshrinkingasaresultofthetremendousadvanceinmodern

edly,thankstomoderntechnology,peoplecanthusspendlesstimeoncompulsoryactivities

(e.g.,working),butitshouldalsobenotedthatothernon-compulsoryactivitieshavecometoconsumealarger

proportionofpeople'safter-worklife,urereferstothetimespentinnon-compulsoryactivities,

people'wingconcernoneducationhasincreadthelikelihoodthatpeople

endisattributedmainlytocompetitionand

fearsofjobloss,causingprincentive

hileknowledgecanbepasdonfromonegenerationof

workerstoanotherindifferentformsofeducation,satthecostof

theirleisuretime.

People'sleisurelivesarecontinuouslyerodedalsobecauofubiquityofmoderntechnologicaltools(e.g.，computers

withInternetaccessandtelecommunicationquipment).Itisnoteworthythatpeoplenowtakefewerandshorter

vacatmple,cellphonesandlaptops

makeparemorestresdthanany

ile,peoplenowhavetoengageinmoreeverydayprocessthaneverbefore,suchas

shopping,foodordering,sthatthetimebudgetisburdenedbecaumoretimeshouldbeinvestedin

activitiesthatwerepreviouslyignoredorunnoticed.

Whileposingathreatonpeople'sleisurelives,technologiesmightonotheroccasions,giveworkersmoreflexibilityin

tionalworkweekhasbeencut,astheamountofmanual

ilabilityofvariousmeansoftransporthasreleadworking

ebetweenwork*andprivatelifeismuchmoreblurred,withmanyworkers

shopping,checkingprivateemailsandreadingnewspaperonlineevenwhenworking.

Fromwhathasbeendiscusd,oneunderstandsthatthedevelopmentoftechnologyhastremendousimpactsonpeople's

dailylives,eproliferationofnewtechnologies,suchascomputers,

18

allowspeopletomanagetheirownworkingtimeandaccommodatefamilyneedsandlifestylechoices,ithaslocked

theminastruggletocopewithmoretasksindailylives.

近义词表

=decline=diminish=contract:减少，缩'小sory=required：必需的

-worklife=personallife:工作之外的生活，个人生活to=handon=transfer:传递

typrevalence:四处存在,无处不在

e=thejourneybetweenhomeandplaceofwork:上下班的路程

eration=increa=mushrooming:增加odate=giveroomfor:容纳

Topic14:Itissaidthatthefastpaceofoureverydaylife,asadirectresultoftherapiddevelopmentof

telecommunicationstechnologyandtravelindustry,hasnegativeeffectsonindividuals,nationsand

extentdoyouagreeordisagree?

移动电话、因特网和现代交通工具使人们的生活节奏加快，其主要原因是人们交流更加方便，而且旅行也变得

更加便利、频繁。值得注意的是，很多考生可能会去考虑电讯科技和交通行业的发展对人类产生的影响，而事

实上，本题考查的是生活快节奏对人们产生的影响。

负面影响：

•快节奏的生活使人与人之间的相互交流减少（personalinteractionreduces),人们很难保持和改善与朋友亲人的关

系(hardtomaintainandimproverelationswithfriendsandfamilymembers)，这对社会和家庭都是有害的

（detrimentaltofamilylifeorsocialrelationswithinoroutsideofwork)；

•快节奏的生活会引起疾病(lifestyledias,suchasobesity,stroke,diabetes,heartdias)

正面影响：

•提高了效率和生产力，促进了信息交流和贸易往来（promotetradeactivityacrosstheborder);

•效率的提高使人们有更多的娱乐时间，生活更加丰富（leisureliveshavebeenenriched)。

范文

Notsurprisingly,manyaspectsofpeople'sdailyliveshaveundergoneconsiderablechangesbecauoftherecent

articularconcernthatthepaceofeverydaylifeisbecomingfaster,resultingfromthe

developmentincars,airtravel,telecommunicationstechnologyandtheInternet。Aswellasbenefits,thistrendisto

bringproblems.

Onthepositiveside,thefastrhythmofliferequirespeopletoenhanceefficiencywhenworkingandthenallowsthemto

eadvanceintelecommuncationspeoplecanmakeinquiresbyphone,insteadof

travellinglongdistances,Internetaccessmakesitpossible(foronetoperformvarioustaskswithoutleavingtheiroffices.

Eventhoughpeoplehavetotraveleverynowandthen,formeetingbusinesspartners,visitingclientsinothercitiesor

otherpurpos,modemtransportnetworksreducetheamountoftimetheyspendoncommutes.

Theaccelerationofthepaceoflifealsoimpliestheexpansionofpeople'ast,socialrelationships

werelimitedbyphysicalfactorssuchasgeographicaldistanceandlowmobility,butnowadays,onecantravelfurther

andgetacquaintedwithmorepeoplewiththotechnologicaladvances,suchastherailroad,theautomobileandthe

tance,therapidpenetrationoftelecommunicationstechnologyhasmadethemobilephoneakeysocial

toolandpeoplerelyontheirmobilephoneaddressbooktokeepintouchwiththeirfriends.

Onthenegativeside,thefast-pacecome

demandingandrequireworkers'fullcommitment,eaththefacadeof

19

continuedcontractionofofficialworkinghours,employeesareactuallyworkinglonger,primarilybecaufax,e-mailor

othercommunicationdeviceshavemadethemaccessibletotheirsupervisors,

elifehastobesacrificed.

Accordingtothefactsoutlinedabove,thedoubtsaboutthenegativeeffectsoftheaccelerationofpaceoflifearenot

nowenjoygreaterwell-being,whichisreflectedinmorequalityfamilytime,lesstravel-related

r,theymighthavetoacceptfrequentintrusionsasa

by-productofconvenientcommunication.

近义词表

ation=invasion=permeating:渗透,入侵=disgui=cover-up：伪装

ction=reduction：减少ion=interruption:侵扰,扰

-product=unwantedproduct=anythingproducedinthecourofmakinganotherthing:副产品

Topic15:Nowadayspeoplecancarryouttaskssuchasshoppingandbankingevenbusiness

etheeffectsonindividualsandthe

society?

本题不是讨论网络的优缺点，而是讨论其正面和负面的影响。因此，仅仅讨论网络购物和网络商务的优点和缺

点是不足够和不确切的,需要针对这些特点讨论所产生的社会影响。

正面的影晌：

•提高效率；

•网络绐人们提供大量信息，增加人们的知识；

•喊少交通工具的使用（relylessonprivateorpublictransport),从而减少汽车废气的排放（leadtoadropinthe

carbonfootprint)

负面的影响：

•人与人之间的交流减少,人们只关心自己的生活方式（concernedaboutone'sownwayoflife)，导致形成以个体为

中心的社会（aninsularsocietydevelopsandforms)；

•人们习惯于不运动的生活方式（inactivelifestyle),甚至过起隐居的生活（liveareclusivelife),过分依赖因特网做

其他事情（relyexcessivelyontheInternetforrunningerrands)。

范文

WiththewideuoftheInternet，

businesshavewebsitesthatallowpeopletoconductbusiness,executedealsandfinishtransactionsonline,asan

ghpeoplearethusfreefromtheconstraintsofgeographyandtime,thereare

someconquencesofthistrendthatdemandattention.

Suppodly,withInternetaccess,peopleareabletoperformtransactionsandtodoshoppingwithoutleavinghome,but

hemostnegativeaspectsis,forinstance,thatitalterstheir

ypeople,eexpected

thatbeingaddictedtoInternetu,m

sociallifeandfeelingsoflonelinessarethoproblemsthatareveryoftenfoundamongheavyurs.

Itisalsolikelythatpeoplehavebecomeincreasinglyaccustomedtolivinginaworldthatappreciatesconvenienceand

xplanationofwhythedentarylifestyleisnow

prevailsbeenspentinfrontofthe

20

resultisthattheysufferriouslossofvision,uethatmany

peoplefinallyendupwithstrugglingwithdeterioratinghealth.

Despitethenegativeeffects,shoppersare

cturers,therefore,havetoimproveproductqualityand

lowerpricelevelmmuting-working

athomeusingacomputerisasolutiontotrafficcongestion,theurbanairpollutionandpetrolu.

Asoutlinedabove,people'sgrowingobssionwithInternetu,suchasonlineshoppingorbanking,hasboth

immediateandlong-termimpactsonhealth,socialinvolvement,ghitisof

greatvaluefromanetsurfer'sperspective,peopleshouldstepupeffortstominimizethenegativeeffects.

近义词表

ative=replacement=substitute:另一种选择，替代品

edly=theoretically=purportedly:理论上地，假想地

=penalty:代价，付出.

mmuter=teleworker:在家通过使用电脑、传真和因特网工作的人

life=spendingtimewithfriendsandotherpeople;社会生活

vity=idleness=immobility=indolence=sluggishness;懒惰，很少运动的生活方式

=rule=principle=tenet=guideline=motto=dictum=axiom=truism:格言，定律

Topic16:opleclaimthatit

benefitsonlyworkers,greeordisagree?

在家工作（homeworking)的优点：

•增加工作的灵活性（introduceflexibility),方便雇用临时工（occasionalworkers)和兼职工（part-timeworkers)

•减少上下班时间（reduceinterruptionsandcommutingtime),从而减少给社会交通带来的压力；

•增加员工工作的动力（increastaffmotivation),减少在办公室需要面对的各种压力（reducestress)；

•节省办公室空间和设备(saveofficespaceandotherfacilities),从而减少费用支出（reducecosts)

在家工作的缺点：

•不利管理员工(managehomeworkers)和监督其工作(monitorperformance)；

•很难集中培训（maintainstaffdevelopment),有可能导致员工技术和工作质量的下降（leadto

possibledeterioratingofemployees'skillsandworkquality)；

•很难保持团队精神（maintainteamspirit),缺乏交流（lackcommunication),同事之间有疏远感

(anofisolationamonghomeworkers)

范文

Thespreadoftelecommunicationtechnology---usingtheInternet,telephone,fax,scannersortextmessaging---has

openedupanewrangeofpossibilitiesforworkingathome,Discussionhascentredonwhetheritreprentsabenefitto

workersalone,inion,employerscantakefulladvantageofhomeworkingaswell.

Byallowingemployeestoworkathome,employerscanwidenthebafromwhichtheyrecruitandboostthechancesof

tance,parentswithchildcareresponsibilitiesandthowithdisabilitiesprefer

cebetweentheirworkplaceandtheirplaceofresidencehasneverceadtobeaproblem.

Homeworkingenablesworkingpeopletoperformtheirjobsatea,andthusgivemployersmoreoptionsinhuman

resourceu.

Anoingathome,employeescan

21

managetheirtimeontheirownandstrikeabalancebetweenworkandrestSimilarlyimportantisthat,withoutthe

prenceoftheirimmediatesupervisors,wofactorsbothplayapart

inboostingtheirproductivityandjobsatisfaction.

Apartfromthobenefits,engethatemployershavetofaceisthe

difficultyinmanagingandmonitoringemployees'remployeesareaslikelytomeetadeadline

rlydifficultistomaintainteamspiritbecau

rmore,stalltraining,anintegralpartofincreasinghuman

capital,isnotpracticalinabusinesswherehomeworkingpredominates.

Therefore,itisclearthatalthoughemployerscanbenefitalotfromintegratinghomeworkingintohisorherbusiness,

e.g.,introducingmoreflexibilityandincreasingemployees'jobsatisfaction,theyshouldworkoutmethodstoprevent

theproblemsthatarelikelytoarifromthismove.

近义词表

ent=standfor=signify:代表

lizeon=take(full)advantageof=makethemostof=benefitfrom:利用，得益于

ace=placeofwork:工作地点=comfortably=freefromanxiety;轻松地

tivity=output=efficiency=yield:生产力irit=cohesion=unity;团队精一命，凝聚力

ction=communication=contact:联系和相互作用

Topic17:Itemsthatwiththeincreainuofmobilephonesandcomputers,fewerpeoplepreferto

eskillofwritingdisappearcompletely?

写作技能不会消失的理由：

•电子邮件、手机信息、信件都是文字交流的方式(differentformsofcommunications)；不管用什么方式，都需

要关注其交流的目的、读者、语气和场合(purpo,audience,toneandcontext)；

•即便使用电子邮件和手机来传递信息，一些书面写作的特点还是要注意的，包括：对事情提供充分的解释，

（provideadequateexplanation)，逻辑地组织并表达自己的想法（arrangeandexpressthoughtslogically),使自己的意

向更加清楚（makethepurpoclear),给出正确的信息和完整的细节(givecorrectandcompletedetails),语气不温不

火(neutralorwarmintone)，减少误会的可能性（lesnthepossibilityofmisunderstanding),通过改变词汇和句子长

度吸引读者等(maintaininterestbyvaryingvocabularyandntencelength),这些实际上仍是写作技能。

写作技能消失的理由：

•当今，时间就是金钱（Timeismoney.),人们不再注重传统的写作技巧（conventionsoflanguage),便捷快速更重要；

•手机等现代通讯工具增加了口头交流的比重（theproportionoforalcommunications)，写作技能已经不重要。

范文

Textmessages,emailsandlettersareeverydaycommunicationtools,althoughnowadays,textmessagesandemails

rsthatwritingskillswillbeattachedwithless

importancearerootedmainlyintheconcernthatthegrowingpopularityofmobilephonesandcomputersisaboutto

rriesareunsupported.

Amajorityofdailycommunicationsinvolvewrittencorrespondence,

differentfromcommunicatinginspeech,

prevalenceofemailsandtextmessageswillnotchangethepurpos,contentsandconventionsofcommunication,but

merelymedium,mple,successfulwrittencommunicationsarenormallymeasured,by

22

clarityandaccuracy,twoelementsthat

emailortextmessagendershouldpaythesameattentiontosuchelementsasvocabulary,grammar,punctuation,

wordingandtoneasaletterwriterdoesinordertomakesurethatthereaderunderstandsandinterpretsthemessageas

understandingormisinterpretationwillcaudireconquences.

Anotherfacttonoteisthatallcommunicationisinterpersonalandinteractive,therebyrequiringinformationndersto

rtobecomeasuccessfulcommunicator,one

shouldplan,tailor,agamessagewithout

consideringtheintendedreaderwill

example,smakeassumptionsaboutpeople's

moodandintentionsandspeculateontheimpliedmeaningofthemessages,accordingtothetonesuggestedbywords.

Gettingtherighttoneisthereforeanimport

particularlyetomanipulatethe

componentsproperlywillcaudiscomfortorhardfeelingsofthereader.

Theexamplesthatareoutlinedabovehaveapparentlyoverturnedtheprevailingnotionthatwritingskillswillvanish

ncommunicationrequiresagood

understandingoftherulesoflanguage,suchasgrammar,tagoodcommandoftho

writingskills,acommunicatorwillencountermanyawkwardsituationsindailycommunication.

近义词表

=adapt=modify=alter:调整，调节

tion=supposition=hypothesis=notion=belief:假设，观点

eling=anger:不愉快，生气rn=rever=invalidate:扭舞,扭转

文化的组成因素和保护

概述：简单地说，文化是指社会或者社会人群的生活方式和生活习惯。文化虽然是很抽象的概念，但它的影响

却无处不在，包括以下一些方面：

•服饰：每一种文化都有自己特殊的服装。中国是一个典型的例子：中国作为一个多民族国家，每个民族都有

自己的特色服装，其中服装的样式、颜色和其他特点都反映了民族的文化、习俗、生活习惯以及审美观点。然而，

由于西方文化的盛行，西装已在世界各国普遍流行并为人们广泛接受；

•饮食习惯：每一种文化都有自己特殊的饮食习惯。中国、日本、韩国、泰国以及墨西哥等地的民族食物风靡

世界，美国快餐文化影响了很多国家的饮食习惯，这都是雅思作文考试中经常出现的话题。饮食习惯的不同也

体现在饮食的工具(筷子和刀叉的区别）、饮食的场合（中国人更喜欢聚餐，而西方人喜欢自助）、饮食的环境（中

国的餐桌一般是圆的，而且比较大，而外国的餐桌一般是方的，两人桌居多)等；

•语言：每一种文化都有自己特殊的语言，而每一种语言又有它特殊的文化背景。全球化影响了文化的多样性，

同时也影响了语言的多样性。语言学习经常要和文化结合在一起；

•礼仪：每一种文化都有自己特殊的礼仪。礼仪主要体现在社交、节日和庆祝方式方面。比如，中国有中秋节，

而西方国家则没有这个节日。此外，生日聚会、婚礼、葬礼等等，也都体现了文化的差异；

•宗教信仰、思维方式、价值观：中同人家庭观念和集体观念较强，而外国人个人意识较强；中国人喜欢储蓄、

讲究孝道，而外国人则没有这种习惯和意识；

•行为习惯：西方人同性之间比较忌讳勾肩搭背，交流中忌讳打听对方衣服的价格和工资；中国人喜欢比较商品

价格和家庭收人，交谈时喜欢靠近对方，以表示对对方的信任和对话题的重视。

文化的重要性：

23

•使人们了解自己的特点、文化背景，具有较强的身份感(nofidentify);

•对于整个人类社会而言，文化的多元性可以保证人们用不同的方式看待问题；

•和生物多样性类似，文化多样性对人类的长期存在有深远影响（thelong-termsurvivalofhumanity)。

Topic18:Peoplethinkthatoldbuildingsshouldbeknockeddownandgivewaytothenewbuildings.

Doyouagreeordisagree?Howimportantareoldbuildingstous?

保护老建筑的必要性：

•建筑是一个地区社会习俗和历史的标志（symbolofthesocialcustomsandhistoryofaplace)，也是一种文化资

源（culturalresource)。保护老建筑（oldarchitecturalworks)实际上是保护文化(prerveculturalvalues),让一个地

区拥有芈富的建筑遗产(arichvarietyofarchitecturalheritages),有助于突出或者塑造一个地区的形象(createits

identify)。老建筑是连接现在和过去的桥梁（bridgetheprentandthepasthistory),拆毁老建筑会造成不可弥补的

损失；

•从美学角度讲，老建筑可以保持建筑的多样性（establishsomevariationsamongthebuildings),独特性（rarity)

和历史地位（historicalroles)。虽然，建造宏伟的高层建筑（grandhigh-risingstructures)是必须的，但是保持多样

性(variety}也很重要；

•一些历史建筑（historicbuildings)或古建筑（archeologicalsites)应该修复成原来的状态(restoredtoitsoriginal/

authenticstateofexistence),这些建筑物具有观光价值；

•建筑费用的增加使老建筑具备一定的经济价值(ofeconomicvalues)。

保护老建筑的不利之处：

•老建筑（agedbuildings)的维护与经济的发展有冲突(anantithesisofdevelopment),缺乏经济

价值(lackofeconomicvalues)；

•老建筑的维护需要特别的技艺（craftsmanship),也需要大量的金钱和时间（commitmentoftimeandmoney)；

•一些老建筑已经破烂不堪(wornout),不具备应用价值（notinausablestate),甚至可能危及生命。

范文

annersareveryoftenconfrontedwitha

debateinion,itdependsonwhether

thetargetedbuildingcansatisfytheneedsofthecity.

Thereisnodenyingthatsomeoldbuildingsareofaesthetic,ghtbeeither

integraltoacutionofsuch

buildingswillinflictdamagetoculturalheritageandpreventarchitectsfromdrawingtheirinspirationfromtheir

eoftheiruniqueness,oldbuildingsareverylikelytoprovideasourceoftourismincome,if

irtosaythatoldbuildingsofthiskindaremuchmoreimportantthananynewbuildingand

performingmorefunctionsthananynewbuildingdoes.

Withregardtootheroldbuildings,posssingnospecificvaluewhilebecomingdilapidated,entiredestructionisan

ualityandpoorinconditions,someoldbuildingsareactuallyposinga

ghtstandinthewayofanewroadlineorimpedeotherformsofurban

rtheyhavebeenrenovatedornot,thebuildingsblemishthelandscapeandprovideno

ingoldbuildingswithnewonesmeetstherenewedneedsofthecity.

Insummary,whethertoconrveorpulldownoldbuildingsisaquestionthatcanonlybeansweredonaca-by-ca

involvedshouldcarefullyweighuptheprosandconsofnewdevelopmentsbeforereachingaconclusion.

24

近义词表

an=lifetime=naturallife:寿命，生命周期

truct=demolish-=bulldoze=knockdown=pulldown:推翻，拆除（建筑物等)

tic=artistic:艺术的，审美的=area=field：领域

tion=destruction=pullingdown=knockingdown:破坏,毁坏

t=cau=impo:引起，导致essor=forerunner=precursor:前辈，先驱

date=wrecked=decaying:破烂的，荒废的rian=walker=persononfoot:路人

te=refnrbish=:revamp:重新装修,修补h=damage=tainish=spoil=ruin:破坏，损坏

d=changed=improved:更新的,提高的

p=asss=evaluate=compare=estimate:,衡量，估量，对比

Topic19:Doyouthinkamuumistoeducateorentertainpeople?

支持博物馆只有教育目的的观点：

•博物馆收藏的大量物品（houalargecollectionoflectedobjects)只用于展览，人们不能够触碰（forbidphysical

contact)；博物馆只提供收藏品的历史讲解（provideinterpretations),不提供娱乐(provideentertainment)；

•博物馆关注当地文化（concentrateonthehostregion'sculture)，教育后人，对保护文化和历史有着重要的意义；

•博物馆一般注重特定的主题（concentrateonaparticularsubject),比如历史学、人种学(ethnology)、人类学

（anthropology)等，这些对于很多人都是陌生和枯燥的（unfamiliar，abstractanduninteresting)，不可能有娱乐

的作用。

支持博物馆还有娱乐目的的观点：

•现在很多博物馆都已经开设不同的服务，如歌舞表演（operasandconcerts).电影和录像(movies,videosand

videotapes)等来增加收人(increaincomebyincreasingattendance)，在这一方面，博物馆和娱乐行业差不多(similar

toentertainmentbusiness)；

•博物馆有些展品（itemsonexhibition)对某些人来说具有一定的娱乐性（entertainmentvalue),因此会吸引一些抱

着纯娱乐目的来参观的人。

范文

iring,conrving,rearchingand

exhibitingagreatvarietyoftangibleitems(suchasartifactsandspecimens),muumsareofgreateducationalvalue.

However,thisnotionhasbeenrefutedbysomepeopleinrecentyears,whotendtothinkthatmuumsareintendedfor

entertainmentaswellInmyopinion,amuumcanrvedualpurpos,althougheducationtendstoplayalargerpart.

ollectinganddisplayingobjectsofscientific,

embersworkingformuumsaretrainedtoprovide

gtheitemnablesvisitorstoacquireknowledge

ofagivensubject,suchashistory,art,ymuumsareforexampleconcernedwith

rapproachtakenbyamuumIstoinvitespecialists

tolectureregularlyindifferentFields,rtainmentbusiness,bycomparison,hardly

rvesaneducationalpurpo.

Inadditiontothewayitoperates,amuumisdistinctfromanyoperatorintheentertainmentindustryinsomeother

fall,ghsometimescharginganadmissionfee,amuumvery

oftenhasfreeentrance,nottargetanyspecificaudiencelikean

d,s,meanwhile,chooitemsondisplaynot

accordingtothetance,ahistory

25

muumwouldfocusonlyonthoitemsthatareofhistoricalvalue,althoughthoitemsmightnothavesufficient

marketvalue.

However,anoteworthydevelorto

othereducationalinstitutions,umshavethereforesoughttooperate

moreactivitiestoattractmorevisitors,tiontothetraditional

rvices,suchasmakingcollectedobjectsavailableforpublicviewing,andorganisinglectures,amuumisinterested

insuchentertainmentsasfilms,musicalordanceperformances,mostofwhicharelinkedtothecultureofitshostregion.

Artmuums,forexample,bearacloremblancetoartgalleries,s

fallinginthiscategorygivevisitorspleasure,andcanbetakenasaproviderofbothknowledgeandentertainment.

Assuggestedabove,therearemanybenchmarksagainstwhichamuumcanbemadedistinctfromanentertainment

umsarenowprovidingrvicesinovertlyentertainmentnature,althougheducationalforthemost

part,

近义词表

ct=ornament=manufacturedarticle=workofart=object:人工制品,艺术品，装饰品(一般都是具备文化或者

历史价值的物品，比如图腾）

en=example=sample；范例，样品，样本=contest=rebut=disprove：驳倒，反驳

e=makeaspeech=giveanaddress:发表演讲

ctive=informative=educational:教育性质的，教育意义的

lance=similarly=likeness=mblance：相似性ark=standard：标准

y=openly=clearly=obviously=explicitly：明显地

生活方式和社会观念

人们生活方式的改变：

•衣：人们现在对服饰的要求不仅是遮体、保暖，而是更注重社会因素，比如时尚；

•食：快餐的流行是一大变化；同时，伴随着全球化，各国特色的食物（ethnicfood)也随处可

见，比如韩国菜、泰国菜、日本菜；

•住：人们现在不满足于住普通的房子，而对房子的外观、舒适程度和空间都有要求；

•行：汽车和飞机等快速便捷的出行方式逐渐取代火车、步行、自行车等；

•购物：必需品（necessities)在人们的消费中所占的比重越来越小，而奢侈品变多；

•休闲和娱乐：人们越来越注重旅游，认为这是有益于健康的活动。

人们杜会观念的改变：

•独立性：人们越来越独立,以往集体的生活方式(communalism)已经很少见；

•挑战性：人们不再满足于稳定的工作和生活，乐于接受不同的挑战；

•快捷性：人们现在越来越有时间观念(timeconscious),追求高效。

—般来说，这一类题目可以从三大角度考虑，即：

•外部环境：自然环境，生活环境，设备设施

•社会因素：家人的利益，朋友的选择，和朋友家人的相处，社会地位

•个人因素：收人情况，个人爱好，年龄结构，受教育水平

Topic20:glonghourshasanegativeeffecton

themlves,theirfamiliesandthesociety,greeor

disagree?

26

长时间工作的负面影晌：

•容易产生压力和疲倦（easilyinducefatigueandstress)，对健康是一种威胁（athreattohealth)；

•减少了休闲的时间（adropinleisuretime),导致工作和家庭之间的冲突（leadtowork-familyconflicts);

•长时间的工作未必都有效率和效益(longhoursarenotnecessarilyproductivehours)；加班的收人(extrapay)不能

补偿时间所产生的压力(highpaycan'tcompensateforunrelentingtimepressure)；

•长时间工作导致士气低（lowmorale),旷工和辞职率髙（highabnteeismandturnover)。

长时间工作的正面影晌：

•对工作热情（commitmenttowardtheirwork)的一种体现；

•提高收人（improvetake-homepay)的一种途径；

•争取工作和晋升的机会（increajobcurityandpromotionopportunities)

范文

Inrecentyears,workinghourshavebecomeacontroversialissue,atatimewhenemployees'benefitshavebeengiven

ghtheextensionofworkinghoursisbelievedtohaveanimpactongeneralwell-beingandresult

inwork-familyconflictandjobstress,thispracticeisremarkablypopularinmanycountries,Iamsupportiveofthe

argumentthatlongworkinghourshaveanegativeimpactuponindividuals,theorganisationstheyworkfor,and

ultimatelyuponthenationaleconomyandsocietyasawhole.

Tojobholders,tonlytodamagepersonalrelationships(with

familiesparticularly),disruptsociallivesandimpedecommunityactivitiesbutalsotocauafeelingofstress,a

tendstoexertpressureontheemployment

ithcaringresponsibilitiesforexample,wouldbe

disadvantaged,becautheyareeitherunableorunwillingtoworklonghours,Ahighunemploymentrateisalways

regardedasathreattoacountry'conomy.

Toemployers,longworkinghours,althoughpromisingmaximumbenefitfromlimitedresourceverynowandthen,

maryreasonisthatemployeestendtobelessproductive,andmeanwhile,

dleadnotonlytothelowerqualityofworkoutputsbutalsotohighturnoverand

ult,ntryasa

whole,ithaschroniceffects,disablingtheoptimisationofresourceu,humancapitalandnaturalresources.

Somemightarguethatitisreasonableforanemployertoexpectsomedegreeofflexibilityduringaparticularlybusy

period,buttothoemployers,relianceonthejobswithextendedhourshasthetendencytobecomearegularevent.

Toleranceofthispracticewouldallowemployerstoexploitlabouranddisregardthebenefitsthatemployeesareentitled

for,methatemployersassdalternativeslikerescheduling，

flexibleworkingarrangementsandjobredesigntoexplorethefullpotentialofeachemployee.

Asshownfromthedleadtolow

productivityandfrequentsickleaves,therebydoingmoreharmthangoodtoemployersandthesocietyalike.

近义词表

=holdback=hinder=hamper:阻碍,阻止tive=fertile=yielding:多产的，具备工作能力的

c=persistent=never-ending:长期的,不会停止的sation=bestu:最大程度上的利用

nce=forbearance:容忍ard=paynoattentionto=ignore=takenonoticeof:忽视，忽略

27

Topic21:AsmostpeoplespendamajorpartofadultLifeattheplaceofwork,jobsatisfactionisan

ethefactorsthatcontributetojobsatisfaction?Areall

theexpectationsforjobsatisfactionrealistic?

工作满意度的决定因素有：

•工作稳定(jobcurity),基本收人（basicpay),和工作相关的回报(job-relatedbenefits)；

•好的工作环境和条件（workingconditions)，工作节奏比较适当（abletocopewithworkpace)；

•好的同事、同伴还有上司(goodrapportwithcoworkers,peersandsuperiors）；

•职业发展的机会（careerdevelopment),比如接受训练和指引（receivetrainingandcounlling)，

提高能力的机会（developmentofcapabilities),还有能够发挥全部潜能的机会（attainmentof

fullpotential)；

•获得别人的认同（receiverecognition)，进行革新和创造的机会（giventheopportunitiesforinnovationand

creativity),成功的感觉（experienceafeelingofsuccess)。—般来说，一个人对工作的期待随着自己的经历改变而改

变（Expectationsvariedastheirexperiencechanged.),除此之外，还有年龄、家庭、学识(educationalbackground)和

社会环境(socialttings)等其他因素。

范文

Jobsatbroadinteresttoemployers

efactorsthatcontributetojob

satisfaction,atterpartoftheessayisa

discussionconcerningwhetherone'xpectationsforjobsatisfactionarealwaysappropriate.

mployees,

understandablethatincome,housing,paidholiday,bonusandotherjobbenefitsarethemainelementsanemployeewill

rsourceofsatisfactionisjobsatisfaction,

Anemployeeisdelightedifcontinuedemploymentisaccessible,thatis,stayingonajobforsomeconsiderablelime.

Besidesthebasicneeds,peoplecraveforapositivelf-imageandtohavetheircontributionvaluedandappreciated.

That'swhypromotionisveryoftenmanipulatedtoimproveemployees'jobsatisfaction,ndingamessagetoemployees

thattheircommitmenthasbeenrecognized.

Alongwithextrinsicfactors,

believedthattheemployeeswithapositiveoutlookonlifeandfullofoptimismaremorelikelytoachievehigherjob

timismallowsindividualstofunctionwellinthe

factofadversityandpreventsthemfrombecomingdepresd,pessimismmakesthemlesslikelytocompletetasksand

meetobjectivessuccessfully,therebyunderminingjobsatisfaction.

Giventheconstantlychangingnatureoftoday'sbusinesnvironment,ajobcanhardlyliveuptotheexpectationsofjob

onomies,rapidlychangingtechnologyandlikelihoodofdownsizingarecombiningtoaccountforwhy

thelengthoftenureisshortenednowadaysandfewpeoplenowexpecttostayonthesamejobthroughouttheirworking

sareabletoraimotivationandincreasatisfactionofemployees,butnotavailableforeveryindividual

hejungleapplies

here:onlythestrongestcompetitorswillwinaccesstothemajorityoftheresource.

Assuggestedabove,jobsatisfactionisattributedtodifferentfactors,plexityof

today'sworkenvironmenthasmadeitlesslikelyforpeopletogetwhatevertheydesirefromajob.

28

近义词表

=drive=spirits=positivefee1ings=confidence:信心，士气，自尊(常指企业的员工)

sic=inherent=basic=natural=native：内在的，自然产生的

sic=extraneous：外来

k=whatixpectedtohappeninthefuture=prospect:前景

ectiveof=regardIessof:不管

ity=hardship=difficulty=harshconditions=hardtimes:逆境，恶劣的环境

=terra:任期

hejungle:弱肉强食，森林原则

Topic22:youropinion?

换工作/跳槽(job-hopping)的好处：

•目前的工作不能够充分发挥自己的能力（makethebestuofone'sabilities)，也不能够提高技能和增加经验

（improveskillsandgainnewexperience)换工作(switchingjobs)可以发展多种技能(acquireawidearrayof

technicalskills),丰富个人简历(enhancetheresume),提高个人的市场价值和工作稳定性（improvemarketabilityand

jobcurity)，有助于收人增加(payrai)；

•竞争激烈，如果不主动增加技术和经验（improveskillsandexperiencelevels),稳定的工作机会就会很少

(continuedemploymentwillbemeagre),很容易在竞争中失利(vulnerabletothecompetition)；就职业生存而言(in

termsofcareersurvival)，没有高枕无忧的空间（thereisnoroomforcomplacency)；人应该懂得接受挑战，把握机

会(takeonnewchallengesandizeopportunities),这才是理智的职业选择(asoundcareermove);

•离开目前的雇主（leavethecurrentemployer)会绐自己一种新的期待（anofanticipation),—种新的学习热情

(generateanenthusiasmtolearn)。

换工作/跳槽(job-hopping)的坏处：

•对自己的职业发展弊大于利（domoreharmthangoodtoone'scareer)；需要付出努力去适应新环境（adjusttothe

newenvironment)，不能够与新同事和上司处好关系（getalongwellwithnewcolleaguesandsupervisors),有可能被

他们视为威胁（enasathreat)，工作表现不能被轻易认同(readilybeingrecognid)；

•频繁转换工作反一个人的低承受能力和对雇主的低忠诚度（reflectbadlyonthejobcandidate'sresilienceand

loyalty),缺乏工作动力(lackoflf-motivation),没有目标(directionless/aimless)，没有足够时间获得经验和技能

（gainexperiencesandon-the-jobskills)，因此雇主不愿意聘用经常换工作的人，担心很快又要重新招聘(restarta

newrecruitingprocess)。

范文

Inthisfast-changingworld,job-hopping(leavingthecurrentemployerforanotheremploymentopportunity)isnotarare

inion,job-changingisan

inevitablestepintoday'slabourmarket,reflectingthenatureofamodemsociety.

Anewjobimpliesopportunitiesforcareerdevelopment,ral,

therearetworeasonsbehindajobholder'stisthatthecurrentjobcannotmakethebestu

nlesnthe

possibilityofabrighterjobprospect.

Job-hopping,meanwhile,arelivinginafast-changingworldanda.

employee,ifcomplacentaboutthecurrentemployment,arison,

29

takingtheinitiativetoobtainabetterjobcanatleastdrivepeopletoincreaskillsandtherebyimprovingthechanceof

continuedemployment.

Whenjob-hoppersarecravingfornewchances,stisadjustingtoa

newenvironment,s,whilevaluingajobhopper'sresume,

ereforeimperativeforeverypotential

jobekertolearnthenewemployerbetterandevaluatethepotentialrisk.

Theabove-mewillingnesstochange

ajobandizeanopportunityreprentsasoundcareermoveandprovidesthethrustforlf-development,itmight

requireajobapplicant'xtraefforts.

近义词表

able=inescapable=unavoidable:不可避免的=inten=strong=stiff:激烈的

able=inaweakposition=defenless:不稳定的，容易遭受袭击的

cent=satisfied=unworried=contented:对。。。满意的,放心的

=possibility=likelihood=prospect:机会，几率or=longfor=desire=yearnfor:渴望

ence=flexibility=resistance:柔韧性，抵抗力e=glance=quicklook:看

=drivingforce=impetus:动力

Topic23:Whatarethefactorsthatcaustressandhowtocopewithstress?

压力产生的原因：

•休息的时间不够充足（inadequateleisuretime)，高压力和快节奏的生活方式（liveahigh-pressured,fast-paced

lifestyle)；时间和金钱管理不当(poortimeandmoneymanagement)，不能够同时兼顾家庭和工作（juggleworkand

familycommitments)；对—些东西的专注性过高(addictions)，比如赌博（gambling)和股票（stocks)；

•环境的因素(theenvironmentalfactors)、工作(careerconcerns)、社会关系(socialrelationships)和家庭问题(family

problems)等；

•想法或者对一些事情的态度（比如经济困难、学业困难、慢性病，甚至是小的事情）（thoughts/attitudestoward

financialdifficulties,academicdifficulties,chronicillness,minormatters),性格(personality),可能有不切实际的期

待（unrealisticexpectations),对事情的处理方法（interpreteventsandsituations)等

解决方法：

•养成好的习惯，比如合理的饮食有助于改善自身健康（propereatingcontributestofeelingsofwell-being)、定期运

动（exerciregularly);平衡好自己的责任和确立首要的事情（balanceobligationsandtpriorities);

•习惯自己每天的生活，忽略一些问题的潜在影响（becomeaccustomedtoyourdailyactivitiesandoverlooktheir

cumulativeeffect)，养成良好的心态(nurtureagoodstateofmind)，争取减少忧虑（blockoutworries);要有决断力

（beasrtive),将生活中的突变看作是正面的挑战，而不是威胁(positivechallenge,notathreat.)；

•平衡家庭生活和工作生活（balanceworkandfamily);有闲难要及时寻求别人的帮助（turntoothersforsupport),要

处理好和其他人的矛盾（resolveconflictswithotherpeople);通过体育、社交活动或者业余爱好来摆脱压力

（releayourlffromdailystresswithgroupsports,socialeventsandhobbies):

范文

Lifetodayisfilledwithsourcesofstress,muchofwhichcannotbeavoided,Whenstressappearstobealifelong

problemtomanypeople,ectiveofthis

essayistooutlineboththesourcesofstressandappropriatewaysofdealingwithit.

30

Manystressorsarifrompeople'mple,thehigh-pressuredandfast-pacedlifestylehasmadeit

etobalanceworkandleisurecausthemeithertostrugglewith

deterioratinghealthortocopewithpsychologicaldistress,e.g.，erwithsomeother

problems,suchasdisharmonywithothers,unpleasantworkorlivingenvironment,itwouldincreastresstoan

unmanageablelevel.

Anothergroupofstressorsisintertwinedwithpersonality,em

takenasathreatbymanypeoplemightbeacceptedasapositivechallengetoothers,Evidenceisinconclusiveaboutthe

reasonsbehindthisdistinction,butitiswidelybelievedthatapersonofacheerfuldispositionislesslikelytobeheavily

limportanceistheabilitytohandlewithsomeissues,suchastimeandmoney.

Consideringtheroleofpersonalityindecidingtheattitudestowardanissueandresponstoanevent,theeffectofstress

managementskillsactuallyvariesfrompersontoperson.

Methodstocopewithstressaremany,butthemosteffectiveonesareinfactnotremoteorcomplicatedbutaccessible

understressareadvidtoparticipatemoreinrecreationalactivities,adoptasounddietinghabit,

ouldlearntoblockoutworriesandtrytokeeptheeffectofachallengeinlifetoa

y,itisimportanttonurtureagoodstateofmindandtoperceivethingspositively.

Assuggestedabove,environmentfactorscanbetakenasthesourcesofstressandpeople'spersonalitydeterminesthe

ngahealthy

lifestyleandproperattitudestowardlifecanpromotepeople'sphysicalandpsychologicalwell-beingandhelpthem

relievestress.

近义词表

ng=lasting=enduring=all-time:永远的，终生的=develop=takeshape:发展，形成

yle=wayoflife=dailylife=everydaylife：生活方式

sant=disagreeable:使人不愉'快的，让人厌恶的geable=uncontrollable:不可控制的

ret=understand=construe:理解，解释ul=positive:乐观的，开朗的.

ition=character=temperament:性格，品性cable=workable:可以实施的

ut二era=forget=wipeout:抹去，忘记，消除

Topic24:Fashionisdifficulttofollow,ink

greeordisagree?

支持追随潮流（followingfashion)的观点：

•时装是自我表达（ameansoflf-expression)的一种休现，表现人的性格和喜好（reflectone'spersonalityor

likes)，让人们在生活巾体验不同角色(allowpeopletotryonmanyrolesinlife)，同时便世界更加丰富多彩(diversity

andvarietyoftheworldinwhichwelive);

•新时代的时尚（fashioninthenewera)并不一定意味着高消费，也并非一定穿某种款式的衣服才算时尚；

•时装源于生活（rootindailylife),反映生活趋势（reflectthatlife)，充分考虑了消费者的需求Cconsiderconsumer

demand)，不像人们想的那样肤浅(notassuperficialassomepeoplethink)

反对追随潮流(followingfashion)的观点：

•潮流变化太快，盲目追求潮流(followfashionblindly)是浪费时间和金钱；

•失去了自己的喜好和判断（dwelltoomuchonwhatothersthink)；

•鼓励人们将衣服和地位、社会阶层还有财富联系在一起（associateclothingwithstatus,socialclassandwealth),

31

这是一种歧视。

范文

wingconcernaboutfashioninrecent

yearscomesasnosurpri,consideringthefactthatfashionisveryoftenatoddswiththetraditionalfunctionofclothing,

inion,fashionisnotabetrayalbutanindicativeofaprinciple

thatwearingclothingisforbothfunctionalandsocialreasons.

fashionableclothesisaprocessinwhichthebuyertranslates

onindicatesone'staste,socialclass,swearers

anofidentityandmakesitpossibleforthemtofeelconnectedtosociety.

ing,discussingandbuyingfashionscaninduceimmen

ecomeawayoflifeandcanbetakenasaleisureactivity,

alltypesofimagesandcolours,clothingiscapableofgivingbuyersadesiredlook,boostingtheirmoodsandincreasing

nisaboutchangewhichisnecessarytokeeplifeinteresting.

Despitetheenjoymentbroughtbyfashions,peopleshouldbewareoftheirever-changingnatureandtheexpenditureof

onusuallyremainspopularforaboutoneortwoyearsatmostandthenis

oplehavebeenobsdwithfollowingthecurrentfashionsslavishlyandpursuingthe

themaremotivatedtobuyoutlandish

clothinginabeliefthattheycanthuskeepupwithfashionandtheirsocialpositionsaredisplayed.

Asshownabove,nisdesiredinamodernsocietyasameansofexpression

andasourceofenjoyment,althoughoneshouldreduceunnecessaryspendingonFashions.

近义词表

with=inoppositionto=contraryto=against:和....反

=stimulate=generate=bring:带来，促成

of=becarefulof=becautiousabout=waryof:对…小心，谨慎

=tothemaximum:最多，最大

hly=quaciously;盲从地

dish=bizarre=peculiar=eccentric;古怪的，奇异的

=reject=snub=rebuff=scum-disdain=despi=repul:反对；拒绝，蔑视

媒体信息

概述：雅思写作的媒体类题目主要考查媒体对人们生活的影响。

媒体的正面影响主要有：

•媒体提供各种各样的信息，包括重要新闻(hardnews)、娱乐新闻(softnews),体育新闻(sportingnews)、健康快讯

(healthexpress)、园艺(gardeningtips)、名人轶事(celebrityanecdote)等；•媒体关注贫穷(poverty)和道德(morality)

等社会问题，号召相关部门对此采取措施。

媒体的负面影响主要有：

•媒体对事件的倾向性报道会让人们对社会产生错误的理解(misunderstanding),误解其发展趋势(growing

32

trends)；

•媒体可能会改变我们的社会观念、生活方式和文化意识。比如，西方媒体改变了我们的一些社会观念，导致

一些传统意识被逐步淡化；生活方式也在慢慢改变，例如人们开始习惯快餐(dependenceonconvenientfood)；文

化逐渐被西化，有些人变得崇洋（admirewesterntraditions)；

•有时由于政治或者商业的原因，媒体会报道不真实的信息(falinformation),误导观众；

•媒体暴力影响人们的行为，是引起暴力犯罪的部分原因。

Topic25:Peoplethinkthatthenewsmediahasinfluencedpeople'slivesnowadaysanditisanegative

extentdoyouagreeordisagree?

新闻媒体的优点：

•新闻媒体引起人们对灾难性问题的关注，并敦促相关部门对此釆取具体措施（takemeasurestotacklethe

problem)；

•将有用的信息及时传送给市民(communicatehelpfulinformationtoconcernedcitizens)；

•新闻媒体让人们知道世界上每时每刻发生的事情（keepusinformedofwhatishappeningintheworld)

新闻媒体的缺点：

•夸大其词(giveanexaggeratedaccountofanissue),报道一个并不存在的烕胁(afalthreat),导致惊慌（cau

panic)；

•有牟利的动机（profitmotive)，希望投资得到最大的回报（maximireturn)，以市场为中心(market-driven,

obedienttomarketdemands)，娱乐消费者(entertainconsumers.)，强调冲突{emphasiconflict,disnsionand

battle)；

•对别人的隐私不够尊重（notenoughrespectfortheprivacyofpeople)

范文

Formanypeople,eindisputeiswhetherthemassiveinfluenceofthenewsmedia

onpeople'viewthatnewsmediadoesmoregoodthanharmtothe

society.

Thenewsmediaprovidespeoplewithmuchoftheinformationtheyneedonatimelybasis,althoughthereareclaims

thatitreportsonissuesandeventspurpoly(onlylectingthoeventsthatinteresttheaudience).Anecdotalevidence

showsthatpeoplefromallwalksoflifehavethehabitofcollectinginformationregularlyfromthenewsmedia,

includingprint,mple,the

FreeTradeAgreementreachedbytheChinegovernmentanditsNewZealandcounterpartmightopenupmany

businessperson,eitherinNewZealandorinChina,failingtorecognizeand

capitalizeonthisimpendingchangewouldcauacostlyloss.

Meanwhileitshouldberecsalotof

uncertaintyaboutthesurroundings,andpeoplearesusceptibletothedamagecaudbyaccidents,crimesandnatural

smediaconveysthefirsthandinformationtoconcernedaudiencesandenablethemtotake

horitycandeclareastateofemergencywhenitisnecessary,organize

effortscountonthenewsmediaasthemesnger.

Despitetheirsignificantandongoingcontributiontothesociety,thenewsmediamightsometimesbeharmfultosociety.

Itisaconventionthatthenewsmediaexaggeratesthemagnitudeoftherealthreat(forexample,thepotentialofa

terrorismattack),inordertodrawthe

ile,thenewsmediatendstoemphasizesomeissuesorevents,

whichvirtuallyhavelittlerelevancetopeople'sdailylives,suchasanoccasionalmultiplevehicleaccident,anaffairthat

33

acelebrityisinvolvedwith,ractstheaudiencefromsomethingthatismuchmorenoteworthy,for

instance,poverty,environmentalproblems,tonamebutafew.

Insummary,ofemergency,itactsas

r,itisnottosaythatthenewsmediacangivepeopleanoverallviewoftheproblemsinsocietyall

thetime,

近义词表

=indicate=symbolize-reprent=signify:代表，预示，显示

lizeon=takeadvantageof=makethebestof;很好地利用

ing=imminent=forthcoming=coming=approaching:即将到来的

ty=fatality=victim:死亡人数ndings=environs：周围的环境

ty=misfortune=catastrophe=disaster:灾难and=immediate:第一手的，及时的

ponding=relevant:相应的,有针对性的ger=courier:传播信息的人

ude=scale=enormity=level：(影响)程度

广告

概述：广告对社会的影响是非常巨大的，不仅影响我们的购买决定，也影响我们的生活方式和文化。虽然对于

广告的作用一直是跃胜过于褒，但可以肯定的是，广告在社会中的地位是非常重要的。

广告的功能：

•广告刺激消费，对经济发展有一定的推动作用；

•广告是消费者和生产商之间的桥梁（bridgethegapbetweenconsumersandmanufacturers),给

消费者提供产品信息，生产商因此洞察消费者的喜好；•广告让消费者更好地了解产品，选择适合自己的产品；

•广告让消费者更好地了解市场，从而间接地促使生产商提高自己的竞争力，例如降低产品价

格、提高产品质量和完善售后服务等。

广告的负面影响主要有以下一些方面：

•广告夸大产品的功能，掩饰产品的缺点，同时让观众更加看重品牌，从而误导观众作出不正确的购买决定；

•广告给观众一种错觉——购买某种产品就可以成为社会群体的一员，或者变得时尚，这种趋势被称为消费主义

(consumerism)：这可能导致人们过度消费，成为购物狂(shopaholic)。

Topic26:Dothepositiveeffectsoutweighnegativeeffects,whenadvertisinggainsinpopularity?

广告的优点：

•传播市场信息(disminatemarketinformation),介绍新产品(informconsumersofnewproducts)，让消费者作出正

确的选择(enableamorequalitativechoicebetweenproductstoconsumers)；

•不仅鼓励生产商在质量上竞争（encouragecompetitioninquality)、鼓励产品革新（encourageproductinnovation)，

而且丰富消费者的生活（enrichtheirlives)、提高生活质量（improvelivingstandards)；

•促进产品的销售量（enablegreatervolumestobesold)，促进经济发展（promoteeconomicdevelopment)

广告的缺点：

•广告的言语或者图像误导观众(claimsorvisualimagesthatdirectlyorindirectlymisleadtheconsumer)；

•广告很少提供产品的所有信息（hardlyprovidefulldisclosureofproductcharacteristics),滥用消费者的信任（abu

theconsumers'trust),利用他们缺少经验或者知识的特点（exploittheirlackofexperienceorknowledge)去诱导他们购

买对自己无用的产品（manipulatethem)；

•广告是一种不受欢迎的强加信息(unwelcomeintrusion)；

34

•由于广告费的原因，广告会增加商品的价格(addtothecostofeveryproduct)

范文

sueisfraughtwithcontroversy,withconcern

resomeargumentsagainstthisconcern.

Itisimportanttorecognizethatoneofthekeyfunctionsofadvertisingistosupplyconsumerswithadequateand

owandthen,advertisingiscriticizedonthe

groundthatitcanmanipulateconsumerstofollowthewilloftheadvertir;however,evidencesupportsanopposing

viewthatadvertisingmerelypromotesproductsthataremostlikelytosatisfyconsumers'leterms,itis

consumersratherthanadvertirswhodecidewhatareadvertid.

Advertisingalsoplaysasignifican

conveyingmarketinginformationconstantlytothetargetaudience,advertisingspeedstheconsumers'acceptanceofnew

anteesthehighturnoverrateofthemanufacturedgoodsandtherefore,sustainabilityofa

soagreedthatadvertisingisoneofthemainsponsorsofalargenumberofotherindustries,forexample,

theentertainmentindustry―particularlysports,music,andtheatricalevents.

Unarguably,r,therapiddevelopmentof

advertisingitlfhasprovidedasolutiontothisproblem,astheinformationdeliveredtotheaudienceshasmadethem

hiscircumstance,theycaneasilydistinguishinferiorproductsfromqualityproducts

leadingeffectofadvertisingwillbecounteractedovertime.

Tosummarize,advertisingsugn,

eralperceptionofadvertisingasasourceofmisleading

informationisinfactabias.

近义词表

twith=fullof=filledwith=burdenedwith:充满着

late=manoeuvre=operate=influence=harness:操控，影响

=want=wish=desire：愿望=promote=further=advance=encourage:鼓励，促进

or=substandard=low-grade:低质量的

环境问题

概述：环境问题是目前世界的一个热门话题，人们越来越关注环境恶化（environmentaldegradation.：)对地球产

生的影响。

一般来说，环境问题有：

•全球变暖，冰川融化，海平面上升(alevelri),淡水减少；

•污染物增加——放射物质的废物处理(radioactivewastedisposal),垃圾增多，废水增多，汽车尾气排放,导致生

活环境恶化（deterioratingenvironment)；

•自然灾害横行-干旱、水灾、沙尘暴、酸雨等（droughts,floods,sandstormsandacidrain);

•能源供应不足，可替代资源(alternativeenergy)匮乏；

•食品供应不足（foodsupplyproblem),饥荒（famine);

•森林减少（deforestation),过度放牧（overgrazing)。

解决环境问题需要采取以下步骤：

35

•全球合作，制定环境保护的标准和具体措施；

•提高公众的意识（awareness)；

•政府投资，采用对环境有利的科技（environmentallyfriendlytechnology)。

Topic27:Manypeoplebelievethatthehumansocietyhasdevelopedintoathrow-awaysociety,which

ethecausandsolutions?

垃圾增多的原因：

•人口增长（populationgrowth)导致人们对物质需求的加大，这必定会导致垃圾的增多（theincrementofrubbish)；

•人们对垃圾可能导致的问题意识不强(awarenessofwasteissues)；

•消费者消费过多（over-consume)—次性产品（short-livedordisposableitems)。

垃圾处理的方法：

•颁布法律严厉控制垃圾任意排放(dischargeofrefu);

•改良工业生产(modifyindustrialproduction),减少资源的使用（reducerawmaterialinputs)；

•采取相关垃圾循环再利用措施(disposalandrecyclingschemes),大力宣传对垃圾的回收和利用，提高人们的环保

意识。

范文

Althoughwastedisposaldoesnotgrabaheadlineasfrequentlyasmanyotherenvironmentalissuesdo，itdoesnot

teroffact,eits

sizableinfluence,egoalofthisarticletooutline

thepotentialcausofthisproblemandsuggestpossiblesolutions.

Peopleshouldfirstrecognizethattheincrementingarbageisanaturalresultofthesocialandeconomicdevelopment.

Unethicalbusinessarethemaincreatorsofindustrialwaste,includingheavymetal,chemicals,plastic,andother

'squestforabetterstandardoflivinggivesthemincentivestomanufacture

arichvaacticecandatebacktothe

earliestdaysofindustrialrevolution,producingenormouswastethatareunabletoberecycledandcausingan

environmentaldisaster.

Anotherpotentialreasonfortheslowprogressinwastetreatmentispeople'slowawarenessoftheopportunitiesto

reduce,opledonothaveafirmstandagainstover-consumptionandexcessive

s,manycitizensarenotenvironmentallyconscious,disposingofwasteswhenever

ile,manymanufacturerstendtouvirginmaterials,ratherthan

'swhymanycommunitiesarefacinga,particularlydifficult

positioninwastetreatment.

Theimarilybecauthemorewaste

peopleproduce,ecyclingoffersanothermeans,althoughitrequiresthe

onally,lawsshouldbetouttoregulatecorporation

behaviourandmaketheiroperationenvironmentallyfriendly.

Itisclearthattheproblemofwastedisposalexistsduetopeople'ver-growingdemandformanufacturedgoodsand

ngthisproblemdependsnotonlyonindividual's

efforttokeepthewastetoaminimumbutalsoonbusiness'attempttooptimitheirmanufactureandreducethe

inputs.

36

近义词表

e=refu=waste=rubbish:垃圾cal=immoral:不道德的

r=maker:创造者=pursuit:对…的追求，渴望

stdays=outt=start=ont:开始e=reu:重新使用

ess=consciousness:意识=stance=position:立场

material=rawmaterial:原材料=layout=enforce:实施，制定

=resourcesud:使用的资源

动物

概述：动物类题目是雅思写作每年必考的题目，主要针对动物的生存和人类与动物的关系

问题。动物一直被人类用作各种用途（forpracticalpurpos),包括娱乐（马戏团）、消遣（宠物）、食用(家禽和家

畜）、调查和研究(实验室动物）、商用（毛皮和药材），诸如此类。动物保护是现在常被讨论的话题。

保护动物主要有以下一些意义：

•维护生态系统（maintainnaturalecosystems),保持生态平衡，确保可持续发展（consistentwiththeprincipleof

sustainabledevelopment)；

•人类可以从动物身上获得灵感(drawonanimal-badrearchforinspiration)；

•人类可以探知物种的起源（theoriginoflife),进行科学研究（scientificrearch);

•动物有生存的权利(animalrights),应该维护动物的权益(animalwelfare)

Topic28:Somepeoplestronglyoppoanimalexperimentation,believingthatitcauspaintoanimals,

youropinion?

支持把动物作为实验对象的观点：

•动物不能够进行道德的判断，也不会尊重其他动物的权利（recognizetherightsofotherspecies),没有能力做道德

上的选择（havenocapacitytomakemoralchoices),因此动物比人类低等，不能够等同于人类；

•人类目前找不到替代动物的实验品（replacements)；

•动物的神经系统不如人类发达，痛楚已经最小化（minimizepain),而如果在人体上做实验是不人道的

(Vivictionpracticedonhumanbeingsisinhumane.)；动物和人相似(beararemblancetohumans)，对外部的影响

和人类反应类似（respondsimilarlytoexternaldisturbances)，因此最适宜做人类的替代品；

•人类的利益应该建立在动物利益之上（humaninterestsshouldbeplacedaboveanimalwelfare),利用动物做实验

有助于科技的发展。

反对把动物作为实验对象的观点：

•动物的生存权(therighttolife)需要被保护，禁止虐待行为（theprohibitionoftorture)；

•很多时候，动物实验的目的只是为了一些商业用途(industrialproducts),这是不道德的；

•动物实验的结果和信息是不可靠的，具有误导性〔unreliableandmisleading)，毕竟人类和动物有很大的不同

(manydifferencesbetweenhumansandanimals)

范文

Perhs,manypeoplebelieve,merit

imal-badexperimentshavelongbeenthecentreofcriticism,Iamoftheopinionthat

suchexperimentsareesntialtoboththewell-beingofhumanbeingsandthatofanimals.

37

Thereislittledoubt,firstofall,thatmostoftheanimal-badexperimentsareconductedforthedevelopmentof

technologyandtodate,thereislittlechanceoffindingsatisfyingsubstitutionsforanimals,Animalsareudmainly

becautheybearacloremblancetohumans,spondtoexternal

disturbances(suchalectricalshock)smuchevidencethatmostof

whatpeopleknowaboutthemlves,includingpain,stress,reproductionandnutrition,isbadonfindingsof

testingprovesoneofthemainapproachestopredicttheriskwhendrugsorother

productsareudonhumans.

Anotherfacttosupportanimal-badexperimentisthatanimalsarenottheequivalentofhumans,andcanbeudas

ltheytakein

ssiblyoneofthemainreasonswhyanimalsfeedoneachother.

Humans,bycomparison,uanimalexperimentationsnotonlyfortheirowninterestsbutalsofortheinterestsof

mple,somemedicaldiscoveriescanbeudbyveterinarysurgeonstogivemedicalcareandtreatment

tosickanimals.

Despitethejustificationsgivenforviviction,rearchershavetheobligationtoreduceanimaltestingandanimal

sagrowingrecognitionthatanimaltestsaremostlydoneforcommercialpurposandmostofthem

tance,thecosmeticindustryhasbeenexploitinganimalexperimentationsimplyfordiversifying

ercosmeticproductspeopleu,thefeweranimalstheyhavetoslaughter.

Whenscientistsareempoweredtocarryoutcruelexperimentslikeviviction,suchpowersshouldnotbeabud.

Tosummarize,onecansubscribetothenotionthatanimalscanbetakenasresourcesintendedforthebenefitofhumans,

althoughmeanwhileitiscertainthatsufferingshouldbecontrolledtotheminimumduringexperimentation.

近义词表

=derve:值得tution=replacement:替代品

lance=sameness=similarity:相似lent=counterpart；匹配的人或者物

ty=ability-capability=competence=aptitude=power:能力

=eat=surviveon:以…为食ter=kill=massacre=slay=butcher:屠杀，屠宰

城乡差距和城市化

概述：城市化是一个越来越受关注的社会问题。城市化(urbanizationorurbansprawl)是指农村地区建立城镇，或

者是城市不断地向农村扩展（expansivegrowthofametropolitanarea)。

城市化产生的原因：

•经济：工业的发展使得工厂和商业（包括超级市场)不断在乡村地区建立；

•社会：人口快速增长，大量农民来到城市以求获得工作机会；

•技术：交通工具的发达使人们可以更容易到较远的地方，因而有更多人迁居郊区；

•个人：人们希望获得更大的生活空间（expandlivingspace),更好的生活环境（attractivelivingconditions),从而选

择在郊区居住。

城市化产生的负面影响：

•经济：人口增加导致基础设施的费用增加（increadinfrastructurecosts)；

•社会：大量的流动人口（highmobilityofpopulations)会导致犯罪率上升，影响社会稳定；

•环境：影响空气质量(impairairquality)，导致污染，影响人们的身体健康。

解决城市化负面影响的措施：

•保护和提升自然和文化资源（prerveandenhancenaturalandculturalresources)；保持当地的城市风貌和文化

38

（protectthelocallandscapeandculture);确保新的建筑项目不会破坏乡村的风景和生态系统(preventanydamageto

rusticsceneryandecosystems)；

•发展甚础设施的建设（upgradeinfrastructures),使人们具有更强的环保意识（makepeopleenvironmentally

conscious),譬如说，城巿新发展的地区可以鼓励人们步行或便用自行车(makeareasofurbansprawlwalkableor

bicycle-friendly)

另外,城乡差距（wideninggapbetweenurbanandruralareas)也是一个常考的问题

城乡差距主要体现在：

•收入差距(theincomegap/disparitybetweenurbanresidentsandruralresidents),财富分配的不平均；

•乡村缺乏获得教育的途径(loweraccesstoeducation),文盲率较高（higherilliteracy)；

•医疗资源主要集中在城市（medicalresourcesconcentratedincities);疾病的爆发导致生产力的损失(national

productivitysuffers);

•资源投人的不平衡——乡村缺乏各种基本设施和服务，比如电力、能源供应（electricityandfuelsupply)、公路、

电话和网络（accesstotelephonesandtheInternet)等；

•城市人口密度更大（populationdensity);就业机会更多(morejobopportunities)。

解决城乡差距的方法：

•制定优惠政策促进郊区发展(makepreferentialpoliciestoboostruraldevelopment)；

•增加基础设施的投人，改善郊区的交通、道路、电子通讯（roads,streets,rapidtransitsystem,telecommunications)

等；

•全面提高农民的科学文化素质，提高其生产力（productivity);鼓励郊区居民积极主动创业，创造更多就业机会

(morejobopportunities),提高收人(raiincome),从根本上改变贫穷落后的状况。

Topic29:ou

outlinethepossiblecausandpredictconquences?

城市化的原因：

•人口增加和移民（anunprecedentedpopulationgrowthandmigration)造成基础设备不足（devoidofbasicamenities),

导致原有的基础经费不足，城市条件恶化(urbandecay),于是城市居民开始迁居城外，导致城市的扩展；

•随着经济的发展和家庭收人的提高（strongeconomyandincreasinghouholdincomes),人们开始喜欢低密度的住

宅区（strongpreferenceforlower-densityhousing);同时，由于人们可以支付得起汽车等交通的费用(abletoafford

theautomobile),这也使得人们更易迁居城外；

•城市规划不当（badcityplanning)导致道路的建设和基础设施的扩建（constructionofroadsandtheprovisionof

infrastructure)与地区统筹发展不协调（unplanneddevelopment),最终使得城市居民迁居城外。

城市化所造成的影响：

•环境影响(environmentalimpact)：郊区的景观千篇一律(monotonoussuburbanlandscapes)；空气污染,有害健康

（ill-healthduetoairpollutiongeneratedbytraffic)；

•社会影响（socialimpact):城市人口流动增大（highmobility)会导致犯罪率的上升（asurgeinthecrimerate),人们

不会有社区的感觉（nofcommunity),人与人之间的关系比较短暂(abbreviated),社区的团结和价值不复存在

(lossofcommunityspiritandvalues)；

•经济影响（economicimpact):在郊区建设基础设施导致政府财政压力（adverfiscalimpacts),对基础设施的要求

不能够被满足（unmetdemandoninfrastructure);交通堵塞（trafficcongestion)影响工作效率，延误商品和服务的输

送（delaythedeliveryofgoodsandrvices)。

范文

Ofthoissuesthathaveconcernedthegovernment,academicsandthepublicthroughouttheworld,urbansprawlisone

thasbeentakenasapositive

developmentinmanynewlyemergingcities,itisincreasinglyperceivedasathreattoruralenvironmentandconsidered

39

ectiveofthissayistoevaluatetheforcesbehindthistrendandits

conquences.

minthecitycentreissolimitedthatitfailsto

rproblemthathasintensifiedintheinner

enities,suchaswaterandelectricitysupply,

wastedisposal,swagetreatment,tonamebutafew,hasleftnochoicetourbandwellersbuttorettleinthesuburbs,

wheretheyhaveeasieraccesstonewfacilities.

tinuedincreainhouholdincomesgivesrenewed

nowadayshavehigherexpectationsforqualityoflifeandagrowingappetitefor

ssiblythemainreasonwhytherealestatemarkethasitsfocus

nowontheoutskirtsofthecity,eantime,theaffordabilityandubiquityofcarownership

ncommutedailybetweentheplaceofwork

andtheplaceofresidencewithea.

Thesustainedexpanshtraffic

volumebetweensuburbsandurbanareaswouldcauvereairpollutionandreducethelandssuitableforfarming.

Urbansprawlrequireslargedevelopments,

theeconomicperspective,therelocationofahighpopulationinsuburbswillpoadverfiscalimpactsonthelocal

ewhoudtoliveinsuburbs,theinflowofnewinhabitantswould

damagethecommunityspiritandmakerelationsbetweenneighboursfragile.

Urbansprawlis,therefore,atrendwhichhasastrongeffectontheenvironment,communitiesandgovernmentbudgeting.

Whenurbandecayandcitizens'desireforhigherstandardoflivingmakethistrendirreversible,theemphasisshouldbe

placedonplannedandsustainabledevelopment.

近义词表

y=facility=rvice：设施，设备，服务al=clearance:处理

ent=handling=dealing:处理

butafew=tomentionbutafew=andsoon=andsoforth:诸如此类

d=new:新的s=momentum=thrust=drive=force：推动力

yoflife=livingstandard=thelevelofcomfortandwealth:生活标准，生活质量

tate=property=housing:房地产rt=suburb=theperipheryofacity：郊区

eantime=meanwhile：同时，与此同时ty=prevalence=popularity:普遍

e=gobackandforth:通勤，在两个地方之间来去（常用于上下班）

=easily=effortlessly=withoutmucheffort=withoutdifficulty:轻松地

=noticeable=distinct=manifest:显著的=influx=arrival:流入，到来

tant=dweller=citizen=resident:居住者=injure:破坏

rsible=unalterable:不可扭转的，不可逆转的

教育方法和教育内容

概述：教育的内容和功能是每年雅思考试的必考题目。不管在中国还是其他国家，教育和其他行业一样，都在不

断更新和发展。教育学家和教一直在研究教育的内容、方式和方法，希望培养出符合社会需求的学生。总体来

说，教育对学生的影响可以从智力、知识、体育、道德、社交和实践几个方面去讨论。

40

•智力方面：教育方法和途径是否可以提高学生的学习能力（intellectualabilities)和技能；

•知识方面：学生掌握的知是否全面（fullknowledgeofasubject)；

•体育方面：教育是否可以帮助学生养成良好的生活习惯（maintainahealthylifestyle)，保持身心健康(physicaland

psychologicalwell-being)；•道德方面：学生言行举止是否符合社会道德标准(adheretocodeofconduct);

•社会方面：学生是否掌握了必要的交流技巧和生存技能，能否适应社会；

•实践方面：学生是否掌握了必要的工作技能，是否有较强的动手能力。

Topic30:Itisgenerallybelievedthateducationisofvitalimportancetoindividualdevelopmentand

ouldeducationconsistoftofulfillboththefunctions?

教育所具备的职能有：

•提高学生思考问题（higher-levelthinkingskills)、分析问题（analyticalskills)和单独处事（actindependently)的能

力，提高个人素质；

•加强理论知识学习（theoreticalknowledge),增加实践的经验(practicalexperience),帮助学习者提高就业前景

(improvecareerprospects)；

•交流学科可以帮助学生提髙社会技能（improvesocialskills)、交流技巧（honecommunicationskills)和适应环境

的能力(adapttonewenvironments)；

•体育、营养学等课程可以帮助学生提高身体素质（developphysicalfitness),帮助学生养成良好的生活习惯(educate

themtoleadormaintainahealthylifestyle}；

•法律、伦理学等课程有助于提髙学生的道德标准意识（heightenone'sawarenessofmoralstandards),使其遵守社

会规范(conformtorulesacceptedbythesociety),履行责任(assumeresponsibility);

•艺术、文学等课程提髙学生对艺术、诗歌和文学的欣赏水平（developanappreciationofart,poetryandliterature)。

范文

gardedasthepathwaytoeconomicprosperity,an

instrumentforcombatingunemplhe

importanceofeducationforindividualsandsociety,itsscope,constituentsandconfigurationhavelongbeenthesubject

ofrearch,studiesanddiscussion.

Theoretically,astudentixpectedtoacquireknowledgeofaspecificsubjectorprofessionatschool,butthroughoutthe

learningprocess,ssfulschoolleavershouldshow

exceptionalabilitiestoacquire,organize,interpret,rly,a

proficientlearnershouldmeanwhilebearesourcecoordinatorandur,proficientinidentifyingufulresources(such

asinformationandcapital)fiedstudentshouldalsoposss

someotherskills,suchasproblemsolvingandcriticalthinking,whichareesntialnotonlyfortheirfurthereducation

butalsofortheircareerslaterinlife.

Whenstudentsbecomeknowledgeableandresourceful,theyshouldbeequippedwithcompetencethatwouldenhance

llentlearnerisadmittedlyimportanttosociety,butmoreimportantishisor

ionshouldabsorbnewsubstancesandembracenewconceptsinorderforstudentstokeepin

s,aschoolshouldfacilitatethe

progressofstudentsineverypract

enhancingtheirhands-onskillsandjob-relatedskills,schoolscanfosterstudents'andsociety'sfuturedevelopmentand

prosperity.

Whenenhancinglearners'academicexcellenceandprofessionalism,educationcannotoverlooklearners'physicaland

41

fast-changingandcompetitivesociety,manypeoplearenotingoodformincoping

agingstudentstoreducestressanddevelopgoodhealthhabitsistherefore

,forexample,

extracurricularactivitiescanbecombinedwithacademicactivitiestobooststudents'mentalhealthandlearning

outcomes.

Toconclude,today'sstudentsareexpectedtobeversatile,productiveandhealthyindividualswhentheyfinishschooling.

Withsocietybecomingmorespecializedandeconomiesdemandingmoreskills,studentsshouldfocusonboth

ouldlayastressonphysicalactivitiesaswell.

近义词表

y=path=access=entrance:入门，途径

=address=tackle=prevent=fightagainst:对抗，解决

uration=composition=formation=make-up:组成，构成

rly=likewi:类似地ceful=ingenious=smart:足智多谋的，聪明的

tion=change=changeover:转变form=performingwell:表现良好

ile=multitalented=all-round:多才多艺的，全能的