delay no more

一、非谓语动词

非谓语动词是动词的几种特殊形式，它不能单独做谓语。非谓语动词的形式

有：动词不定式（todo）、动名词（doing）、现代分词（doing）、过去分词（done）。

（一）动词不定式

1、结构：肯定形式todo否定形式nottodo例如：toreadthetextslowly

2、主要语法功能：

（1）做主语

howtodoisskill

Itisdifficulttoknowonelf

(2)做表语

Thefirstandbestvictoryistoconquerlf.

(3)做宾语

Wehopetotalkwiththenativespeakers.

有些及物动词常用不定式做宾语：afford/agree

/arrange/begin/care/choo/claim/continue/decide/desire/determine/fail/forget/ha

te/hesitate/hope/intend/learn/like/long/manage/mean/offer/plan/prepare/pretend

/promi/refu/resolve/start/threaten/try/want

(4)做定语：shewastheonlyonetolookafterthechildren

(5)做状语：weshallbeveryhappytocooperatewithyouintheproject.

(6)做宾语补足语：Plearemindmetotakemymedicinetomorrow.

有些及物动词的复合宾语中的宾语补足语中不定式不带to:使役动词havelet

makeplea;感官动词feelhearlistentolookatnoticeobrvee

watch

（7）做主语补足语：someonewasheardtocomeupthestairs.

3、不定式的时态

（1）一般式：表示与谓语动词的动作是同时发生或是在其后发生。

Ihavesomenewstotellyou

(2)进行式：与谓语动词的动作是同时发生，而且正在进行着。

Hewanttobedressing

(3)完成时：表示动作发生在谓语之前

Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting

（二）动名词

1、结构：doingreadingthebookquickly

2、语法功能：

（1）做主语：Sayingiasierthandoing

Itisnouaskingheradvice.

(2)做表语：thebestpolicyisbeinghonest

(3)做定语：readingmaterial

(4)做动词宾语：Ienjoyeingyouandtalkingaboutoldtimes.

用作动名词做宾语的及物动词：admitsuggestdislikeappreciatecomplete

considerdelaydenyenjoyescapefinishforgiveimaginekeepmind

misspermitpostponepracticepreventproporequirerisksuggest

can’thelpgiveupkeeponputoff.

(5)做介词宾语：Keeponlearningaslongasyoulive.

3、动名词时态

（1）一般式与谓语动词的动作同时或在其后发生

Iamthinkingofgettinganewdictionary.

(2)完成式在谓语动词之前发生

Iregrethavingtoldherthenews.

（三）现在分词

1、结构：doing.

2、语法功能：

（1）做定语lifeisanexcitingbusiness.

(2)做状语hearingthenews,theyimmediatelytoffforBeijing.

(3)做表语thefilmisverymovingandinstructive.

(4)做宾语补足语Isawhimenteringtheroom(比较：Isawhimentertheroom)

(四)过去分词

1、结构：规则动词的过去式、过去分词“动词原形ed”；不规则动词没有统一

的规则。

2、语法功能：

（1）做定语：Awatchedpotneverboiled.

(2)做状语：Wounded,thebravesoldiercontinuedtofight.

(3)做表语：Iamconvincedofhishonesty.

(4)做宾语补足语

（五）分词的独立结构

1、结构：逻辑主语+分词，逻辑主语可以是分词的执行者，也可以是承受者。

Weatherpermitting,weshallgothereonfoot.

Thisdone,wewenthome.

（六）现在分词和过去分词的区别

语态上，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动；时间上，现在分词表示正

在进行，过去分词表示已经完成；特征和状态上，现在分词表示特征，过去分词

表示状态。

历年真题常考点：

1、If____tospeak,hehasnoproblemexpressinghimlf.

A、askedB、askingCaskDtobeasked

2、Hewentontosaythatitwasasimportanttorespectothersas_____byothers.

AtoberespectedBtorespectCbeingrespectedDrespected

3、Anystudent______inswimmingcanapplyformembership.

AhavingakeeninterestBwithakeeninteresting

CwhoiskeenlyinterestingDhasakeeninterest

4、When______theeducationsystemsofChinaandBritain,theprofessorgavehis

owncomment.

AaskingtobecomparedBaskedhimtocompareCaskinghimtocompare

Daskedtocompare

5、Noonecanavoid_____byadvertiments.

AinfluencedBinfluencingCtoinfluenceDbeinginfluenced

6、Henry’sremarksleftme_____abouthisrealpurpo.

AwonderBwonderedCtowonderDwondering

7、Thegardenrequires______

AwateringBbeingwateredCtowaterDhavingwatering

8、Theyfoundthelecturehard______

AtounderstandBtobeunderstandCbeingunderstoodDunderstood

9、It’snou______menottoworryabouthisinjury.

AforyoutotellByourtellingCyoutellDhavingtold

10、______finishedhiswork,hehadtostayathomeattheweekend.

AHavingnotbeenBBeingnotCNothavingDHavingnot

11、_______fromspace,ourearth,withwatercovering70%ofitssurface,appears

asa”blueplanet”.

ASeenBSeeingCTobeenDHavingen

12、Whenthelittlegirlawoke,shefoundherlf______byagroupofsoldiers.

AsurroundBbesurroundedCbeingsurroundedDbeing

surrounding

13、Heenjoys______popmusicwhileIpreferclassicalmusic.

AtolistentoBtolistenClisteningDlisteningto

14、Mymobilephoneisn’______.

AneedsbeingrepairedBneedsrepairingCneedstorepairDneeds

repaired

二、虚拟语气

语气表示说话人对谓语动词所表示的动作或所处状态持有的态度或看法。

陈述语气；祈使语气；虚拟语气

Keepoffthegrass

Theyellowleavesarefallingintheautumnwind.

虚拟语气表示说话者所说的并不是事实，而是一种假设、推测、建议或祝愿等。

（一）虚拟语气的结构：

1、在非真实条件从句的复合机中的用法

1）与现在事实相反：if引导的条件句：动词过去式或were

主句：would+动词原形

2）与过去事实相反：if引导的条件句：had+过去分词

主句：would+have+过去分词

3）与将来事实相反：if引导的条件句：should+动词原形；wereto+动词原形

主句：would+动词原形

例句：ifIhadtime,Iwouldcertainlygotothemovieswithyou

Ifthemanagerwerehere,hemightmakeadecision

IcouldhavedoneitbetterifIhadbeenmorecareful

Ifheshouldfail,wewouldencouragehimtotryagain.

IfheweretomarryJack,shewouldbehappy.

2、介词短语表示违背事实的假设条件，这时句中的谓语动词使用虚拟语气

Withoutair,therewouldbenowindorclouds.

Withbetterequipment,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.

3、在if引导的条件句中有were,had,should,could时，可以省略if,提前上述四

词。

CouldyoumeetMary,youshouldnotbeabletorecognizeher.

(二)、在名词性从句中的用法

1、主语从句

（necessaryimportantesntialorderedcommendedpropod

suggested）

ItisdesiredthatweshouldgeteverythingreadybeforeFriday.

2、宾语从句

（suggestinsistrecommendorderproporequireadvirequest

desirecommanddemand）

Sheinsistedthattheatsshouldbebookedinadvance.

(三)其它情况

1、ifonly

2、asifasthough引导的从句用“were””had+过去分词”

Shelookedasifshewereill.

3、it’s(high/about)time(that)”过去式或should+动词原形”

4、wouldrather/’drather句型中用过去式或者过去完成时分别表示与现在和过去

事实相反的愿望。

历年真题常考点：

1、Oneoftherequirementsforafireisthatthematerial______toitsburning

temperature.

AisheatedBwillbeheatedCbeheatedDwouldbeheated

dbeeninbetterhealth,he_____morebooks.

AcanwriteBcouldhavewrittenCcouldwriteDhavewritten

’shightime______aboutthetrafficproblems.

AsomethingwasdoneBsomethingisdone

CanythingwillbedoneDnothingtobedone

4.I’______haveworkedharder.

AshouldBmustCwouldDought

cherinsistedthatwe_____ourhomeworkbefore9:00.

AfinishedBhadfinishedCfinishDwasfinishing

dthetest.I_____itwithoutyourhelp.

AwouldnotpassBwouldn’thavepasdCdidn’tpassDhadnotpasd

cessarythathe_____thetaskbytheendofnextweek

AfulfillBwillfulfillCwillhavefulfilledDfulfills

三、强调句和倒装句

强调是为了加强句子的语气，突出说话重点；英语书面语中表示强调的手段主要

有词汇、语法和修辞三种。

（一）词汇手段

例如：Heentirelyforgotthematter.

Howeverhardhetried,hecouldn’tliftthebox.

(二)语法手段

1、Itis/was+被强调的部分+that/who从句

例如：ItisProfessorLithatntmetheletter

Itisonlywhenoneisillthatoneknowsthevalueofhealth.

2、主语+do/does/did+动词原形+其它部分

Inthepast,somepeopledidthinkthattheearthwassquare.

3、Whatimpresdmemostwasherimage.

英语中的自然语序是“主语在前，谓语在后”，倒装语序是把谓语的一部分或者

全部放在主语之前。

1、语法倒装句型

（1）表示否定或基本否定的词与词组放在句首引起倒装

（never/ldom/scarcely/hardly/rarely/little/not/nowhere/hardlywhen/nosooner

than/innoca/innoway/onnoaccount/atnotime/notonlybutalso）

例如：Nosoonerhadtheygottotheplantthantheystartedtowork.

（2）”only+状语”放在句首引起的倒装

例如：Onlybyworkinghardcanonesucceed.

OnlyoncehaveIenhim.

Onlyaftertheaccidentdidhebecomecareful.

(3)反复倒装

(sonorneithernomore)

Theycanleavenow,socanwe.

Hedidn’tethefilmlastnight,neitherdidhe.

(4)as引导的让步状语从句中的倒装

例如Strongastheenemyis,wearenotafraid.

(5)if引导的非真实条件句中省略if引起的倒装

历年真题考点：

1、Seldom_____insucharudeway.

AwehavebeentreatedBhavewebeentreat

CwehavetreatedDhavewetreated

2、Itwasnotuntilshehadarrivedhome_____sheremenberedherappointment

withthedoctor.

AwhenBthatCandDwhere

3、Itwasatthemusichall______wemeteachotherforthefirsttime.

AwhenBwhereCwhichDthat

4、__________,everythingwouldhavebeenallright.

AHehadbeenhereBBeenherehehad

CHerehehadbeenDHadhebeenhere

5、__________,waterresourceshavebeenverelywastedorpolluted.

ATheyarescarceBScarcetheyare

CScarceastheyareDAsScarcetheyare

6、_________tomorrow,hewouldbeabletoetheopeningceremony.

AWouldhecomeBIfhecomesCWashecomingDWerehetocome

7、________thatthetradebetweenthetwocountriesreacheditshighestpoint.

ADuringthe1960”BItwasinthe1960’s

CThatitwasinthe1960’sDItwasthe1960’s

8、________,hecouldn’tearnenoughtosupportthefamily.

AHardasheworkedBAsheworkedhard

CAshardheworkedDHardasdidhework

四、状语从句

在复合句中，起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句，修饰主句中的动词、形容词、

副词。类型包括：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、

结果状语从句、条件状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句。

历年考点总结：

1、比较级考查（比较状语从句）

例如：

1、Thehigheryoustand,___________.

AthefartheryoucaneByoucanefarther

CthemorefartheryoucaneDthefarthercanyoue

2、Thenewcampusis_______astheoldone.

AtwiceasbigBastwicebigCtwicebigDbigastwice

3、Privatecarshavemadethetrafficproblem_________.

AtheworthanbeforeBworthaneverbefore

CmorebadasbeforeDmorebadthanitwas

4、Betweenyouandme,thatboyofMary’swas__________.

AasfatasstrongBfatterthanstronger

CmorefatthanstrongDnotsofatasstrong

2、词汇积累

1、_________borninChicago,thewriterismostfamousforhisstoriesabout

NewYorkCity.

AAlthoughBSinceCWhenDAs

2、Hehadnosoonerfinishedhisspeech______hewithdrew.

AthanBthatCwhenDas

3、对however/whenever/whoever/whatever/wherever的考查

1、______yousay,Iamsurethattheyoungmanisinnocent.

AWhateverBWhoeverCHoweverDWherever

2、Wemustbegintestingthisinstrument,nomatter____difficultitis.

AhoweverBhowCwhateverDwhat

4、对as引导的让步状语从句的考查

1、Great_______thedifficultiwaare,wemustdoourbesttosucceed.

AwhileBasCalthoughDhowever

五、主谓一致

主谓一致是指两个语法成分，主语和谓语之间的协调关系。通常遵循三个原

则，即就近原则、概念意义原则和语法原则。

（一）就近原则

例如：Heorhisbrothersaretoblame

Eithertheshirtsorthesweaterisagoodbuy.

Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheirteacherinjoyingthefilm.

Neitheryounoryourbrotherisinfault.

(Bothand)

(二)概念/意义原则

1、有些单数名词表示集体概念，即群体名词，谓语动词用复数动词

（police/cattle/people/youth/army/class/committee/company/crowd/couple/

等）。

2、manya+单数名词要求用单数动词。

Manyaboylearnstoswimbeforehecanread.

3、morethanone+单数名词，用单数动词。

Morethanonepersonisinvolvedinthisca.

4、a+单数名词+ortwo做主语，谓语动词用单数

Adayortwohaspasd;Oneortwodayshavepasd.

5、一些复数名词被看做一个整体，谓语动词用单数（news;tenyears;Physics;

Measles;Apairofgloves;theold;）

(三)语法原则

1、并列主语，谓语动词用复数。

（aswellas/asmuchas/alongwith/togetherwith/with/including/followed

by/ratherthan/）与主语保持一致

Heasmuchasusisresponsibleforit.

2、Therebe句型的谓语动词与其后面的主语保持一致

3、分数、百分数做主语时，谓语动词与of后的词保持一致

50%ofthepeopleprentthemeetingareagainsttheplan

4、anumberof后面的谓语动词用复数，thenumberof后面的谓语动词用

单数

历年真题考点：

1、Thefirstthreeofthefivechaptersinthebook_____veryeasy,butthe

re___difficult.

AisareBareisCwaswereDwerewere

2、Hiswifeaswellashe_______invitedtothebusinessparty

AhasbeenBhavebeenChasDare

3、Everymeans_____butwithoutmuchresult.

AhavebeentriedBhasbeentriedChavetriedDhastried

4、NeitherMarynorhersister_____totheparty.

AgoBaregoingChavegoneDisgoing

5、There______somemistakesinyourcompasition.

AhaveBhasCemstobeDemtobe

六、定语从句

定语从句是在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句，被定语从句修饰的词叫做先

行词，定语从句必须放在先行词后面。

（一）关系代词引导的定语从句

1、关系代词有who(whomwho)、which、that，起到的作用：一把主句

和从句连接起来；二起代词作用，代替前面的先行词；三起到一定语法作用，

在从句中做主语、宾语或者定语。

例如：Heisamanwhomeanswhathesays.

Thefewpointswhichthepresidentstresdinhisreportareveryimportant

indeed.

Isthereanyoneinyourdepartmentwhofatherisapainter.

2、That’sallIcoulddoatthattime

(all/anything/everything/something/nothing/much/little/none)

3、ThisisthebestTvtthatismadeinChina.

(如果先行词被形容词最高级或first,last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very

等词修饰时，关系代词用that)。

（二）介词+which(whom)引导的定语从句

如果which或whom在定语从句中原为介词的宾语，那么：

Thisisthequestionaboutwhichtheyhavehadsomuchdiscussioninthepast

fewweeks.

Thepeoplewithwhomheworkedthoughthewasabitstrange.

（三）关系副词when,where,why引导的定语从句

它们分别修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词。

AtthattimewhenIsawhim,hewaswell.

Thisistheplacewheretheaccidenttookplacelastnight.

(四)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

Thowhowanttogopleasigntheirnameshere

Hehastwosisters,whoareworkinginthecity.

历年真题考点：

1、I’mgoingtospendthewintervacationinShanghai,______Ihaverelatives.

AwhichBneverthelessCwhereDwhen

2、Theman______wasstolencalledthepolice.

AhiswalletBthewalletofhisCwhowalletDthewalletofwhom

3、All_____isacontinuoussupplyoffuel.

AwhatisneededBthethingneededCthatisneeded

Dfortheirneeds

4、Isthisthehou____Shakespeaswasborn?

AwhichBinthatCinwhichDatwhich

5、ShehasfalleninlovewithJack,_______Ifindhardtoimagine.

AwhoBthatCwhomDwhich

6、Hehasmadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,_____ofgreatimportanceto

scienceandman.

AwhichIthinkisBwhichIthinkis

CofwhichIthinkitisDIthinkwhichis

七、时态和语态

历年真题考点：

1、JohnandI______tgottoknoweachotherata

_____eachotheracoupleoftimesbeforethat.

A、hadbeen;havebeenB、havebeen;haveen

Chadbeen;hadenDhavebeen;haden

2、BythetimeyougettotheGreenwithyou_____themosthistoricpartof

London.

AwillbeeingBwilleCaregoingtoe

Dwillhaveen

3、Whenit______schoolwork,theprofessorwilltreathisstudentqually.

AcomestoevaluateBcomestoevaluating

CwillcometoevaluateDwillcometoevaluating

八、名词性从句

在主从复合句中担当主语、宾语、表语或同位语的从句分别称为主语从句、

宾语从句、表语从句或同位语从句。这些从句在句中的作用相当于名词在句中的

作用，因此统称为名词性从句。

1、主语从句：

Thatthemoonmovesroundtheearthiswellknowntoallofus

2、宾语从句：

I’lltrytomakeupforwhatIhavemisd.

Ibelievethattheywillbeabletopasstheexaminationwithoutanydifficulties.

3、表语从句

Itemsthatitisgoingtosnow.

ThereasoniswhathasalreadybeenstatedinChapter2.

4、同位语从句

Thenewsthatweareinvitedtotheconferenceisveryencouraging.

历年真题考点：

1、______leavestheroomatlastoughttoturnoffthelights.

AAnyoneBThepersonCWhoeverDWho

2、______hisdreamofgoingtocollegewillcometrueisuncertain.

AThatBWhetherCIfDEvenif

3、Whatdidtheteachersaytoyoujustnow?

Sheaskedme______.

AwhetherIhadfinishedmyworkornot

BwhetherornothadIfinishedmywork

Cifmyworkhadfinishedornot

DifornotIhavefinishedmywork

4、Thenews_____ourfootballteamhadwonthematchexcitedallofus.

AwhatBwhichCthatDas