nicolaus copernicus

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我衷心祝愿你们成为我的校

友-路明军

欧文各单元重要人物及其代表作

（敬请同学们提意见、建议，不断改进）

1GreekandRomanculture

1．1Greek(5centuryBC)

1,Homer,wrote:epic:Iliad;Odysy

2,Sophocles,wrote:drama:OedipustheKing,Electra,Antigone(都是人

名)

3,Aristophanes,wrote:comedy:Frogs,Clouds,WaspsandBirds

4,Historian:

Herodotus(thefatherofhistory)

Thucydides,wrote:thewarbetweenAthensandS-partaandbetweenAthens

andSyracu)

5,AncientGreekphilosopher:

Pythagoras(founderofscientificmathematics),

Heracleitus(“allisflux,nothingisstationery),

Democritus(oneoftheearliestexponentsoftheatomictheory)

Socrates(founderofdialecticalmethod辩证法),Plato’steacher

Plato:Dialogues(founderofIdealism),Aristotle’steacher

Aristotle:Ethics,Politics,PoeticsRhetoric

Sophists（诡辩派）:Protagoras（人名，下同）

Cynics（犬儒派）:Diogenes

Sceptics（怀疑派）:Pyrrhon

Epicureans:Epicurus

Stoics（斯多葛派）:Zeno

6，Science

Euclid:wrote:Elements（几何原理）

Archimedes:”givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld”,illustrates

theprincipleofthelever.

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7,Artandetc.

Parthenon（巴台农神庙）

TheAcrpolis（阿波罗神庙）

重要年代：

1,Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.

2,theOlympicgamesrevivedin1896.

3,Homerprobablylivedaround700BC.

4,EuclidandArchimedesbothlivedinthe3rdcenturyBC.

5,in146BCtheRomansconqueredGreece.

1．2Rome(after146BC)

8,名句：theRomanwriterHoracesaid,“captiveGreecetookherrude

conquerorcaptive”

9,Latinliterature

Pro:

MarcusTulliusCicero

JuliusCaesar:Commentaries(高卢战记)名句：Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.

10，Poetry

Lucretiuswrote:onthenatureofthings

11,Architecture

Pantheon(万神殿)

12．Sculpture

She-wolf

重要年代：

1，theburningofCorinthin146BCmarkedRomanconquestofGreece.

2,in476thelastemperoroftheWestRomanwasdepodbytheGothsand

thismarkedtheendoftheWestRomanEmpire.

3,theEastRomanEmpirecollapdwhenConstantinoplefelltotheTurks

in1453.

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2TheBibleandChristianity(TheOldTestamentabout1300BC;TheNew

Testamentabout400AD)

1,TheOldTestamentbecamethefirstpartoftheChristianBibleandtheNew

Testamentthecond.

2,Christianaredividedinto3groups:Catholic,orthodoxandprotestant

3,thefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgate

(拉丁文圣经)in1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupof

reformersledbyJohnWycliff.

4,themostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBibleisthe“authorized”or

KingJames’version.

重要年代：

TheOldTestamentformedinabout1300BC;TheNewTestamentformedin

theendofthe4thcentury.

3TheMiddleages(between476ADand17thcentury)

1，ThemostimportantofalltheleaderopsChristianthoughtwasAugustine(人

名)ofHippo（地名）e:

theConfessionandtheCityofGod.

2，AlfredtheGreatpromotedtranslationsintothevernacularformLatinworks,

heinspiredthecompilationoftheAnglo–SaxonChronicles（编年史）.

3,AquinasItalianphilosopher,hewrote:SummaContraGentiles

(驳异教徒)，SummaTheologiae(神学大全)

4,RogerBacon,wrote:theOpusmaius(大著作),anencyclopediaofthe

sciencesofhistime.

5,BeowulfisanAnglo-Saxonepic,originatingfromthecollectiveeffortsof

oralliterature.

6,DanteAlighieri，thegreatestpoetofItaly,wrote:theDivineComedy(I神

曲).

7,GeoffreyChaucer,Englishpoet,wrote:theCanterburyTales（坎特伯雷故

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事集）.

重要年代：

1,in476ADaGermanicgeneralkilledthelastRomanemperorandtook

controlofthegovernment.

2,after1054,thechurchwasdividedintotheRomanCatholicchurchandthe

EasternOrthodoxchurch.

4Renaissanceandreformation(between14thand17thcentury)

1．LeonardodaVinci,Italian,painted:LastSupper,MonaLisa

2,MichelangeloBuonarroti,Italian,sculpture:David,painted:SistineChapel(西

斯廷礼拜堂),Dyingslave,Mos.

3，Raphael,Italian,painted:Madonna(virgingirl),SchoolofAthens

4,Titian,Venetian,painted:ThevenusofUrbino,SacredandProfaneLove,

MadonnaofthepesaroFamily,ManwiththeGlove

5,JohnWycliffe(religiousreformer),English,ledthetranslationoftheBible

intoEnglishforthefirsttime.

6,JanHus(religiousreformer),BohemianCzechreformer

7,MartinLuther,GermanleaderoftheProtestantreformation:95thes

8,JohnCalvin,Frenchtheologian:InstitutesoftheChristianReligion

9,FrancoisRabelais,French,wrote:GargantuaandPantaguel(巨人传)

10，MigueldeCervantes,Spanishnovelist,wrote:DonQuixote(唐.吉柯德)

11，ElGreco,Spanishpainter,painted:TheBurialofCountOrgaz(奥加兹伯

爵的葬礼)

12，WilliamShakespeare,Englishwriter:Hamlet,Asyoulikeit,Twelfthnight,

Othello,KingLear,andMacbeth.

13,ChristopherColumbus,Genoe-bornnavigatoranddiscovereroftheNew

World.

14,BartholomeuDias,Portuguenavigator,discoveredtheCapeofGood

Hopein1487.

15,VascodaGama,Portuguenavigator,discoveredtherouttoIndearound

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theCapeoftheCapeofGoodHopes

16,AmerigoVespucci,ItaliannavigatorinhishonorAmericawasnamed.

17，NicolausCopernicus,Polishastronomer,wrote:DeRevolutionibus

Orbium(天体革命,即therevolutionoftheheavenlyorbs也译为天体运行

论),thefatherofmodernastronomy.

18,Dante,Italianpoet,wrote:DivineComedy.

19，NiccoloMachiavelli,hewascalledthefatherofpoliticalscience,wrote:

Price(论王公),Discours（论文集）.

重要年代：

1,Renaissanceandreformationtookplacebetween14thand17thcentury.

2,thediscoveryofAmericain1492,thediscoveryoftheCapeofGoodHope

in1487,andtheroundingoftheCapeofGoodHopetoIndiainbetweenthe

yearsof1497and1498.

5The17thCentury(thebeginningofmoderntime)

1，JohannesKepler,Germanscientist,discoveredthe3lawsofplanetary

motion(whatarethe3laws?)

2,GalileoGalilei,Florentine(弗罗伦萨人)，scientist,wrote:Sidereus

Nuncius(rryMesnger,星星使者),appliedtelescopetothestudy

ofskies,provedgeocentricsystemwaswrong,discoveredtheimportanceof

accelerationindynamics,discoveredthelawofinertia,firstestablishedthelaw

offallingbodies.

3,SirIsaacNewton,Englishscientist,inventedcalculus,discoveredthatwhit

lightiscompodofallthecolorsofthespectrum,themostimportant

discoveryistheuniversalgravitation.

4,FrancisBacon,Englishphilosopher,essayistandstatesman,foundmodern

inductivemethod(归纳法),wrote:TheAdvancementofLearning,TheNew

Atlantes,TheNewMethod,Essays,名句：Knowledgeispower,The

Monumentsofwitsurvivethemonumentsofpower(智慧的力量比统治的

力量更长久).

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5,ThomasHobbes,Englishpoliticalphilosopher,,wrote:Leviathan(利维坦),

hewasamaterialist.

6,JohnLocke,Englishempiricistandanoutstandingpoliticalphilosopher,

wrote:Essayconcerninghumanunderstanding,Treatisofcivilgovernment.

7,JohnMilton,Englishwriterandpoliticalfigure,wrote:Paradilost,Paradi

RegainedandSamsonAgonistes.

8,Descartes,Frenchphilosopher,wrote:RulesfortheDirectionoftheMind,

DiscouronMethod,Meditationsconcerningfirstphilosophyand

objectionsandreplies.

9,Moliere,Frenchauthor,wrote:Tartuffe,LeMisanthropeandL’Avare.

10,MichelangeloCaravaggio,Italianpainter,painted:TheCallingofSt.

Matthew,TheCardsharps(玩牌者)

11，VanRijnRembrandt,DutchBaroquepainteretcher,painted:Blindingof

Samson,ThePolishRider.

重要年代：

1,inthe17thcenturyEuropeadvancedfromtheMiddleAgestothemodern

times.

6Theageofenlightenment(thecondhalfofthe18thcentury)

1,quieu,Frenchphilosopher,manofletters,wrote:Persianletters,

Thespiritofthelaws.

2,Voltaire,Frenchpoet,dramatist,historian,andphilosopher,wrote:Lettres

anglai(alsocirculatedasLettresphilosophiques哲学书简),Candide(憨第

德)

3，au,Swiss-bornphilosopher,author,politicaltheoristand

compor,wrote:Theoriginofhumaninequality（论人类不平等起源）,The

socialcontract,Theconfessions(忏悔录)

4，t,Frenchphilosopherandmanofletters,wrote:Philosophical

thoughts,Encyclopedia,ElementsofPhysiology,Rameau’snephew.

5,DanielDefoe,Englishnovelistandpoliticaljournalist,wrote:Thelifeand

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strangesurprisingadventuresofRobinsonCrusoe,ofYork,Mariner,The

FortuneandmisfortunesofthefamousMollFlanders,Ajournaloftheplague

year,Thefortunemistress.

6,,Englishchurchman,politicalwriterandpoet,wrote:Amodest

proposal,Gulliver’stravels(格列弗游记)

7，HenryFielding,Englishnovelist,dramatistandessayist,wrote:Thehistoryof

mAdams,Thelife

anWildtheGreat,ThehistoryofTomJones,aFoundling.

8,WolfgangGoethe,Germanpoet,wrote:ThesorrowsofyoungWerther,

WilhelmMeister’stravels(威廉迈斯特的漫游时代)，Faust,(浮士德).

9,er,Germandramatist,poet,historianandaesthetictheoretician,wrote:

Cabalandlove，ＷilhelmTell（威廉退尔）.

10,,Germanclassicalphilosopher,wrote:Critiqueofpurereason(纯

理性的批判).

11,,Germanmusician,wrote:Brandenburgconcertos

12,,borninGerman,naturalizedEnglish,wrote:Oratorios，

Messiah(清唱剧，弥赛亚).

13,,wrote:Austriancompor,wrote:Stringquartets(弦乐四重奏).

14,,Austriancompor,wrote:ChoralmusicRequiem,k.626(安

魂曲)，TheMarriageofFigaro(费加罗的婚礼).

重要年代：

1,theAmericanwarofindependenceof1776endedBritishcolonialruleover

thatcountry.

2,theFrenchRevolutionfollowedin1789.

3,thefirstFrenchRepublicwasbornin1792.

7Romanticism(betweenthelate18thandtheearly19thcentury)

1,WilliamBlake,Englishwriter,wrote:Songsofinnocence,Songsof

experience,TheFrenchRevolution,Milton.

2,theLakers-WordsworthandColeridge.

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Wordsworth，hewrote:Blisswasitinthatdawntobealive,Buttobeyoung

wasveryHeaven!(能生活在那个黎明真是幸福，若到那时你还年轻则更

是天堂！)

Coleridgewrote:KublaKhan(忽必烈汗),TheRimeoftheancient

mariner(古舟子咏).

3,,Englishpoet,wrote:IslesofGreece,DonJuan(唐.璜).

4,y,Englishpoet,wrote:OdetotheWestwind(Ifwinter

comes,canspringbefarbehind?),PrometheusUnbound.

5,,Englishpoet,wrote:Odetoanightingale.

6,WalterScott,Englishpoet,wrote:Theheartofmid-Lothian（中洛辛郡的心

脏）,Ivanhoe(艾凡赫，中译撒克逊劫后英雄略)。

7，VictorHugo,Frenchwriter,wrote:NotreDamedeParis(巴黎圣母院)，Les

Mirables(悲惨世界).

8,AleksanderPushkin,Russianpoet,wrote:EugeneOnegin.

9,tov,Russianpoet,wrote:Thedeathofapoet,Aheroofour

time.

10,ven,Germancompor,wrote:theninthSymphony,

SymphonyNo.6.

11,FranzSchubert,Austriancompor,wroteGermanlied(德国民谣).

12,,Polishcompor,apoeticmusician,

13,nn,Germancompor,Romanticschoolmusician.

14,ssohn,Germancompor.

15,,Germancompor,LaterRomanticsmusician(后浪漫主义音

乐家).

16,ThreeBs:Brahms,BachandBeethoven.

17,ovsky,Russiancompor,LaterRomanticsmusician(后浪漫

主义音乐家),wrote:BalletSwanLake(芭蕾舞天鹅湖)。

重要年代：

Romanticismtookplacebetweenthelate18thandtheearly19thcentury.

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8MarxismandDarwinism(19thcentury)

1,Marx,greatGermanphilosopher,wrote:ThesisonFeuerbach,Capital,The

ManifestooftheCommunistParty.

2,Engels,greatGermanphilosopher.

3,RobertOwen,Englishindustrialistandsocialreformer,Utopiansocialist.

4,,Frenchsocialphilosopher,Utopiansocialist.

5,CharlesFourier,Frenchsocialphilosopher,Utopiansocialist.

6,CharlesDarwin,Englishscientist,wrote:Ontheoriginofspeciesbymeans

ofnaturallection,ortheprervationoffavoredracesinthestrugglefor

life(自然选择下的物种起源，或生存斗争中优秀物种竟胜原则).

7，ThomasHuxley,Englishbiologist,wrote:Evolutionandethics,（严复译

为“天演论”）。

重要年代：

1,Marxismwasborninthe19thcenturyfromEuropeanculture.

2,theindustrialrevolutionbeganinthelate18thcenturyinBritain.

9Realism(betweenthecondhalfofthe19thandtheearlyyearsofthe20th

century)

1，Stendhal,Frenchwriter,wrote:TheReadandTheblack,Thecharterhou

ofParma.

2,ac,Frenchwriter,wrote:LaComediehumaine(Thehuman

comedy),EugenieGrandet(欧也妮.葛郎台),LePereGoriot(高老头).

3,GustaveFlaubert,Frenchwriter,wrote:MadameBovary(包法利夫人).

4,EmileZola,Frenchwriter,wrote:LesRougen-Macquarts(欧根马卡尔家

族).

5,GuydeMaupassant,Frenchwriter,wrote:Thenecklace,Thepieceofstring,

Theumbrella.

6,NikolaiGogol,Russianwriter,wrote:Theinspectorgeneral,Deadsouls.

7,ev,Russianwriter,wrote:AHunter’ssketches,(猎人笔记),

Rudin(罗亭),Anestofgentlefolk,FathersandSons.

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8,FyodorDostoyevsky,Russianwriter,wrote:Thehouofdeath,Crimeand

punishment,TheBrothersKaramazov.

9,y,Russianwriter,wrote:Warandpeace,AnnaKarenina,

Resurrection.

10,v,Russianwriter,wrote:Theagull,UncleVanya,The

Threesisters,Thecherryorchard.

11,HenrikIbn,Norwegianwriter,wrote:Adoll’shou(玩偶之家)Ghosts,

Anenemyofthepeople,Thewildduck,HeddaGabler(海达.高布乐).

12,CharlesDickens,Englishwriter,wrote:Pickwickpapers(匹克威克外传),A

taleoftwocities,Hardtimes,Bleakhou,DavidCopperfield.

13,GeorgeEliot,Englishwriter,wrote:Middlemarch(米德尔奇),TheMillon

thefloss(弗洛斯河上的磨房),AdamBede(亚当比德),SilasMarner(织工马

兰).

14,ThomasHardy,Englishwriter,wrote:Farfromthemaddingcrowd,The

returnofthenative,ThemayorofCasterbridge(卡斯特桥市长),Tessofthe

D’Urberyvilles(德伯家的苔丝).

15,,Englishwriter,wrote:Heartbreakhou,,Man

andsuperman,TheDoctor’sdilemma,TheApplecart,MajorBarbara,

Pygmalion(皮格利马翁).

16,,Americanwriter,wrote:UncleTom’scabin.

17,WaltWhitman,Americanwriter,wrote:Leavesofgrass,Whenlilacslastin

thedooryardbloom’d.

18,MarkTwain,Americanwriter,wrote:TheadventuresofHuckleberryFinn,

Thegildedage,TheadventuresofTomSawyer,Theprinceandthepauper(王

子与贫儿).

19,HenryJames,Americanwriter,wrote:Theportraitofalady,Thepassionate

pilgrimandotherstories(激情旅程),DaisyMiller,TheGoldenBowl.

20,GustaveCourbet,Frenchpainter,masterpieces:Thestonebreakers,Burial

atOrnans(奥南的葬礼).

21,,Frenchpainter,masterpieces:Thesower(插种者),

Gleaners(拾穗者).

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22,Monet,Frenchpainter,masterpiece:Impression:Sunri.

23,VincentVanGogh,Dutchimpressionistpainter,masterpieces:Starrynight,

Sunflower,Thenightcafé.

24,AntoninDvorak,Czechnationalisticmusician.

25,ClaudeDebussy,Frenchcompor.

重要年代：

1,Realismtookplacebetweenthecondhalfofthe19thandtheearlyyearsof

the20thcentury.

2,the19thcenturyisthecenturyofgreatestchangeinthehistoryofWestern

civilization.

3,theMiddleAgesinRussiaendedwiththeyear1700.

10Modernismandothertrends(betweentheendofthe19thcenturyand20th

century)

1,,Austrianphysicianandneurologist,wrote:Theinterpretationof

dreams,Threecontributionstothexualtheory,TheEgoandId.

2,,American–bornEnglishpoetandcritic,wrote:Thewasteland,

Prufrock,FourQuartets(四重奏),（注意P420还

有个Eliot，不要搞混）.

3，,Polish-bornEnglishnovelist,wrote:LordJim(吉姆老爷).

4,,Englishnovelist,criticandessayist,wrote:ay(达罗卫

夫人),Tothelighthou,Themarkonthewall.

5,ce,Englishnovelist,poetandessayist,wrote:Lady

Chatterley’slover,Therainbow,Womeninlove,Thelostgirl.

6,WilliamButlerYeats,Irishpoet,wrote:ThewanderingsofOisinandother

poems,Responsibilities,Thetower,Thewindingstairandlastpoems.

7,JamesJoyce,Irishwriter,wrote:Ulyss(尤里西斯).

8,,Americanpoet,hetranslatedquiteanumberofpoemsfromThe

bookofsongs(翻译了不少诗经,以及李白的诗长干行),wrote:Cathay(见原

书P468).

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9,er,Americannovelistandshortstorywriter,wrote:Thesoundand

thefury,AsIlaydying.

10,way,Americannovelistandshortstorywriter,Nobelprize

winner,wrote:Thesunalsoris,Afarewelltoarms,Forwhomthebelltolls,

Theoldmanandthea.

11,ThomasMann,Germanauthor,wrote:TheBuddenbrooks(布登博洛克

一家),Themagicmountain.

12,,Frenchwriter,wrote:Thecounterfeiters(伪币制造者).

13,,Russianauthor,wrote:Mother,ThetrilogycontainingChildhood,

Myapprenticeship(在人间)andMyuniversity.

14,hov,Russianauthor,wontheNobelPrize,wrote:Thequiet

Don(静静的顿河).

15,,Englishnovelist,poet,critic,wrote:LuckyJim.

16,e,Britishdramatist,wrote:Lookbackinanger(愤怒的回顾).

17,rg,Americanpoet,wrote:Howl(嚎叫).

18,c,oneoftheleadersofBeatgeneration,Americannovelist,wrote:

Ontheroad.

19,,Frenchphilosopherandwriter,wrote:1)majorphilosophy

works:Beingandnothingness(存在和虚无),CritiqueofDialecticalreason(辨

证理性批判);best-knownfictionworksare:Naua(恶心),Thewall,The

flies(苍蝇),Noexit.

20,t,Irishwriter,wrotethemostfamousabsurddrama:Waitingfor

Godot.

21,o,Frenchabsurdplaywriter,wrote:ThebaldPrimaDonna(秃头

歌女),Rhinocerous(犀牛).

22,,Americanwriter,wrote:Catch-22(第22条军规).

23,o,Spanishpainter,majorworks:Lesdemoillesd’avignon(亚威

农少女),Themusicians,Guernica(格尼卡),Threedancers,Accordionist(手风

琴家).

24,k,Americanpainter,majorwork:One.

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重要年代：

1,Modernismandothertrendstookplacebetweentheendofthe19thcentury

and20thcentury.

2,WorldWarItookplacefrom1914to1918.

3,thesocialistRussiawasbornin1917(tion)