argue

1

开头：

(1)Itemsthat,atfirstsight,theauthor’sreasoningis

logicaltoleadtothe

proposal/recommendation/prediction/asrtionthat…

(2)However,carefulscrutinyoftheargumentrevealsthatsome

assumptionsthisargumentdependsonareproblematic(the

evidencethisargumentcontainsisinadequate)(additional

questionsneedtobeaskedinordertofullyevaluatethis

argument)(somealternativeexplanationsalsoneedtobe

considered).

(3)Unlesstheauthorcouldprovidemoreaccurateinformationor

criticalevidence,thisargumentwillnotbeconvincingenoughto

reachitsconclusion.

替换词：

作者author/writer/speaker/arguer/“title”

文章argument/editorial/article

建议suggest/advi/advocate/recommend/propo

预测predict/project/forecast/foree/expect/anticipate

承接

Therefore/thus/hence/so/conquently/clearly/moreover/furthermore/beside

s

表明show/imply/indicate/illustrate/demonstrate/pointout

声称asrt/allege/state/claim/contend/maintain

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声明

asrtion/statement/claim/implication/indication/illustration/demonstrat

ion

证实prove/substantiate/corroborate

支持support/bolster

可信度validity/credibility/reliability/feasibility

推断infer/deduce/suggest

草率的，鲁莽的hasty/rash/reckless

值得怀疑的，没有说服力的

unsubstantiated/unconvincing/unpersuasive/unfounded/unwarranted/suspicio

us/unreliable/groundless/suspectable/doubtable/questionable/problematic/

specious

1.类比(5,7,13)

(1)Indicatingthat…(措施在某地或某公司取得了成功),theauthor

impliesthat…(该措施在另一地也会成功)

(2)Thiscomparisonbetweenthetwoareas/companies/towns(analogy),

however,mightnotbeveryreasonableonthegroundsthatthe

circumstancesfacingthetwoareasmightbeverydifferent.

(3)…(列举两者之间可能不同的状况)allmightinfluencetheeffectiveness

of…(措施)atthetwoplaces.

(4)Therefore,thedeductionthatthesuccessof…(措施)canbe

definitelyachievedat(另一地)isgroundlessandunreliable.

2.绝对与相对数量

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(1)Theauthormentions…(绝对数量)toillustratethat…,butthe

authordoesnotaddress…(总数)

(2)If…(总数很大/很小),…(绝对数量)wouldnotemtobe

surprisinglyhigh/low.

(3)Thearguerneedstoprovidemorespecificstatisticsregardingthe

ratioof…(相对数量)

(4)Suchdatawouldbeofmuchmorevalueincomparingtherelative

amountsof…

3.没发现不代表没有

(1)Theargumenttreatsalackofproofthat…(某事物)hadeverbeen

foundassufficientevidencethat…(某事物)neverexisted.

(2)Onepossibilityisthat…whichmakesitextremelyhardtofind

traceoftheexistenceof…(某事物)Itisalsolikelythatcurrent

rearchmethodsandtechnologiesarenotyetadvancedenoughto

identify(detect)potentialevidenceinvolvingthepossibleexistence

of…(某事物)

(3)Also,ifrearcherscouldfind…(其他事物),theobjectsmight

beudascondhandevidencetoinferthat…(某事物)onceexisted.

4.质疑权威性

Theauthor’scitationof…couldnotlendstrongsupporttothis

argument,sincetheauthority(accuracy)of…isquestionable.……

Apparently,theauthorshouldaddressmorebackgroundinformation

about…inordertoprovethat…ithe

claimof…wouldbedubious.

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段首句：

heunderlyingassumptionsthatneedvaluationisthat…

horalsohastilyassumesthat…

ngupontheimplication(assumption)that…

通用句型：

1.…couldnotlendstrongsupporttothearguer’sclaim/proposal

umenttreatsalackofproofthat…wasfoundassufficient

evidencethat…(没发现不代表没有)

uerfailstoconvinceusthat…

hedifferentfactorsneedtobetakenintoconsideration

beforemakinganasrtionthat…

tevidencethat…,theauthor’sclaimthat…isdubiousat

best.

imthat…lackscredibilityiftheauthorfailstoprove…

(further)bolstertheeditorial’sclaims,theauthormust

provideclearevidencethatreasonAwasinfactresponsiblefor

(aincrea/declinein…)

8.…cannotbereprentativeenoughtoreflectthetrue/universal

situationregarding

调查／数据：

horunfairly/fallaciously/fallyassumesthattheresult

ofthecitedsurvey/statisticsisfullygenuineandcredible.

horcitesasurvey/studyof…toreport/explainthat…

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gtoindicatethesourceofthesurvey,theauthorcouldnot

convinceusaboutthecredibilityofthesurvey.

pe/validity/reprentativeness/reliabilityofthesurveyis

doubtable.

pleistoolimited/notreprentative,includingonlytho

peoplewho…

ultofthenationwidesurveymaynotbereprentative

enoughtoreflectthetruesituationin…area.

esurveyincluderespondentsfromdifferentagegroups

veydoesnotprovidespecificstatistics(complete

information)concerningtheeffectof…

ghthetotalnumberof…ishigh,theper…(capita)

numbermightberelativelylow.

类比：

twotowns/companiesfullycomparableateveryaspect

parisonbetweenAandBmightnotbeveryreasonableonthe

groundsthat…thecircumstancesfacingAandBmightbevery

different.

tshowingthatallotherconditionsinthetwo

areas/universitieshavebeenesntiallythesame,theauthor

cannotconvinceusthat…

因果关系：

ghAandBhappensatthesametime,noevidencewasgiven

tosubstantiatetheclaimthatAcontributetoB

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ossiblefactorsshouldbeconsideredinordertoevaluate

therealcausof…

列举他因：

horoverlooksthepossibilitythat(onlyasmallportion

of)…

uerignoresotherpossiblefactorsthatmayalso

leads/contributeto…

herpossiblesolutionstotheproblemof…,suchas…,

shouldnotbeexcludedfromconsideration.

段落结尾：

t

d

结尾：

(1)While…mightbebeneficialto…,thisargumentisnot

stronglypersuasiveintheabnceofadditionalsupporting

details.

(2)Morerearchshouldbeconductedinordertodetermine

whetherthe…isareasonablerecommendation/prediction/choice

(theappropriatenessandeffectivenessoftherecommendation

provided).

难题：1,2,6,74,79,83,85,91

论据论点：

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msaboutsurveys

(1)quantityofthesample

(2)theactualmeaningorinfluenceofthesurvey

(3)whatquestionswereaskedinthesurvey

(4)aretherespondentsreprentative

msaboutstatisticsorinformation

(1)vaguedata

(2)completeness

nthereasoningline

(1)falanalogy

(2)confusingcomparisonandvariation

(3)incompletecomparison/lectivecomparison

(4)hastygeneralization

tedconcepts

ngscopes

ingafutureconditionfromapastcondition

(5)failingtoweightheadvantagesanddisadvantagesthoroughly

(6)faldilemma

(7)cau-effectfallacies

ingthecauandtheeffect

-causalrelationship

ingconcurrencewithcausality

ingwiththetimerelationship

ntheconclusion

(1)sufficiencyandnecessityofthesolution

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(2)failingtoconsiderthefeasibilityoftheconclusion