2012考研英语

2012年考研英语真题与答案

Section1UofEninglish

mindlesswartoy,thesymbolof

Americanmilitaryadventurism,butthat’enandwomenwho

1)inWorldWarIIandthepeopletheyliberated,2)mangrownintohero,the

poolfarmkidtornawayfromhishome,theguywho3)alltheburdensofbattle,whosleptin

coldfoxholes,whowentwithoutthe4)offoodandshelter,whostuckitoutanddrovebackthe

snotavolunteersoldier,notsomeonewellpaid,5)anaverage

guy,up6)thebesttrained,bestequipped,fiercest,mostbrutalenemiesenincenturies.

amilitaryabbreviation7)GovernmentIssue,anditwas

onallofthearticle8)?Acommonnameforaguywhonever9)ittothe

w,JoeMagrac…tedStateshas10)hada

presidentorvicepresidentorcretaryofstateJoe.

a(11)careerfightingGerman,Japane,rsasa

character,ora(12)ofamericanpersonalities,,bad

thesoldiersPyle(13)portrayde

sfamousforcoveringthe(14)sideofthewarl,writingaboutthe

dirt-snow–and-mudsoldiers,nothowmanymileswere(15)orwhattownswerecapturedor

liberated,Hisreports(16)the“willie”cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.

Bothmen(17)thedirtandexhaustionofwar,the(18)ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwith

eachotherandthecivilians:coffee,tobacco,whiskey,shelter,sleep.(19)Egypt,France,and

adozenmorecountries,anyAmericansoldier,(20)themostimportantpersonin

theirlives.

1.A、performedB、rvedC、rebelledD、betrayed

2.A、actualB、commonC、specialD、normal

3.A、boreB、cadC、removedD、loaded

4.A、necessitiesB、faciliticeC、commoditiesD、propertoes

5.A、andB、norC、butD、hence

6.A、forB、intoC、formD、against

7.A、meaningB、implyingC、symbolizingD、claiming

8.A、handedoutB、turnoverC、broughtbackD、pasddown

9.A、pushedB、gotC、madeD、managed

10.A、everB、neverC、eitherD、neither

11.A、disguidB、disturbedC、disputedD、distinguished

12.A、companyB、collectionC、communityD、colony

13.A、employedB、appointedC、interviewedD、questioned

14.A、ethicalB、militaryC、politicalD、human

15.A、ruinedB、commutedC、patrolledD、gained

16.A、paralleledB、counteractedC、duplicatedD、contradicted

17.A、neglectedB、avoidedC、emphasizedD、admired

18.A、stagesB、illusionsC、fragmentsD、advancea

19.A、WithB、ToC、AmongD、Beyond

20.A、onthecontraryB、bythismeansC、fromtheouttD、atthat

point

SectionIIResdiongComprehension

PartA

Directions:

thequestionaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

Homeworkhasneverbeenterriblypopularwithstudentsandevenmanyparents,butin

districtsacrossthecountry,most

recentlyLosAngelesUnified,arerevisingtheirthinkingonhiducationalritual.

Unfortunately,dhasproducedaninflexiblepolicywhichmandatesthatwiththe

exceptionofsomeadvancedcours,homeworkmaynolongercountformorethan10%ofa

student’sacademicgrade.

Thisruleismeanttoaddressthedifficultythatstudentsfromimpoverishedorchaotic

policyisunclearandcontradictory.

Certainly,nohomeworkshouldbeassignedthatstudentscannotdowithoutexpensive

hedistrictisntiallygivingapasstostudentswhodonotdotheir

homeworkbecauofcomplicatedfamilylives,itisgoingriskilyclototheimplicationthat

standardsneedtobeloweredforpoorchildren.

Districtadministratorssaythathomeworkwillstillbeapatofschooling:teachersare

hhomeworkcountingfornomorethan

10%oftheirgrades,studentscaneasilyskiphalftheirhomeworkandeveylittledifference

udentsmightdowellonstatetestswithoutcompletingtheir

homework,butwhataboutthestudentswhoperformedwellonthetestsanddidtheir

homework?herthanempowering

teacherstofindwhatworksbestfortheirstudents,thepolicyimposaflat,across-the-board

rule.

Atthesametime,thepolicyaddressnoneofthetrulythornyquestionsabout

istrictfindshomeworktobeunimportanttoitsstudents’academic

achievement,itshouldmovetoreduceoreliminatetheassignments,notmakethemcountfor

ly,ifhomeworkdoesnothingtoensurethatthehomeworkstudents

arenotassigningmorethantheyarewillingtoreviewandcorrect.

Thehomeworkrulesshouldbeputonholdwhiletheschoolboard,whichisresponsible

forttingeducationalpolicy,ttoo

dtodohomeworkright.

pliedinparagraph1thatnowadayshomework_____.

A、isreceivingmorecriticism

B、isnolongeraneducationalritual

C、isnotrequiredforadvancedcours

D、isgainingmorepreferences

dhasmadetheruleabouthomeworkmainlybecaupoorstudents_____.

A、tendtohavemoderateexpectationsfortheireducation

B、haveaskedforadifferenteducationalstandard

C、mayhaveproblemsfinishingtheirhomework

D、havevoicedtheircomplaintsabouthomework

ingtoParagraph3,oneproblemwiththepolicyisthatitmay____.

A、discouragestudentsfromdoinghomework

B、resultinstudents'indifferencetotheirreportcards

C、underminetheauthorityofstatetests

D、restrictteachers'powerineducation

ionedinParagraph4,akeyquestionunansweredabouthomeworkis

whether______.A、itshouldbeeliminated

B、itcountsmuchinschooling

C、itplacextraburdensonteachers

D、itisimportantforgrades

bletitleforthistextcouldbe______.

A、WrongInterpretationofanEducationalPolicy

B、AWelcomedPolicyforPoorStudents

C、ThornyQuestionsaboutHomework

D、AFaultyApproachtoHomework

Text2

Prettyinpink:adultwomendonotrememerbeingsoobsdwiththecolour,yetitis

pervasiveinouryounggirls’tthatpinkisintrinsicallybad,butitissuchatiny

sliceoftherainbowand,thoughitmaycelebrategirlhoodinoneway,italsorepeatedlyand

firmlyfusgirls’prentsthatconnection,evenamong

two-year-olds,g

around,Idespairedatthesingularlackofimaginationaboutgirls’livesandinterests.

Girls’attractiontopinkmayemunavoidable,somehowencodedintheirDNA,but

accordingtoJoPaoletti,anassociateprofessorofAmericanStudies,enwere

notcolour-codedatalluntiltheearly20thcentury:intheerabeforedomesticwashing

machinesallbabiesworewhiteasapracticalmatter,sincetheonlywayofgettingclothes

’smore,bothboysandgirlsworewhatwerethoughtofas

rrycolourswereintroduced,pinkwasactuallyconsidered

themoremasculinecolour,apastelversionofred,,

withitsintimationsoftheVirginMary,constancyandfaithfulness,

wasnotuntilthemid-1980s,whenamplifyingageandxdifferencesbecameadominant

children’smarketingstrategy,thatpinkfullycameintoitsown,

whenitbegantoeminherentlyattractivetogirls,partofwhatdefinedthemasfemale,at

leastforthefirstfewcriticalyears.

Ihadnotrealidhowprofoundlymarketingtrendsdictatedourperceptionofwhatis

naturaltokins,e

edthatphawassomethingexpertsdevelopedafteryearsofrearchinto

children’sbehaviour:ut,acdordingtoDanielCook,ahistorianofchildhood

consumerism,itwaspopularidasamarketingtrickbyclothingmanufacrurersinthe1930s.

Tradepublicationscounlleddepartmentstoresthat,inordertoincreasales,they

shouldcreatea“thirdsteppingstone”betweeninfantwearandolderkids’nly

after“toddler”becameacommonshoppers’termthatitevolvedintoabroadlyaccepted

ingkids,oradults,intoever-tiniercategorieshasprovedasure-fire

oftheeasiestwaystogmentamarketistomagnifygender

differences–orinventthemwheretheydidnotpreviouslyexist.

ng"itis...therainbow"(Line3,Para.1),theauthormeanspink______.

A、shouldnotbethesolereprentationofgirlhood

B、shouldnotbeassociatedwithgirls'innocence

C、cannotexplaingirls'lackofimagination

D、cannotinfluencegirls'livesandinterests

ingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofcolours?

A、Coloursareencodedingirls'DNA.

B、Blueudtoberegardedasthecolourforgirls.

C、Pinkudtobeaneutralcolourinsymbolisinggenders.

D、Whiteispreferedbybabies.

horsuggeststhatourperceptionofchildren'spsychologicaldevelopmentwas

muchinfluencedby_____.

A、themarketingofproductsforchildren

B、theobrvationofchildren'snature

C、rearchesintochildren'sbehavior

D、studiesofchildhoodconsumption

earnfromParagraph4thatdepartmentstoreswereadvidto_____.

A、focusoninfantwearandolderkids'clothes

B、attachequalimportancetodifferentgenders

C、classifyconsumersintosmallergroups

D、createsomecommonshoppers'terms

econcludedthatgirls'attractiontopinkemstobe____.

A、clearlyexplainedbytheirinborntendency

B、fullyunderstoodbyclothingmanufacturers

C、mainlyimpodbyprofit-drivenbusinessmen

D、wellinterpretedbypsychologicalexperts

Text3

aljudgeshookAmerica'ieshadwonpatentsforis

olatedDNAfordecades-by2005some20%

technologyIndustryOrganisation(BIO),atradegroup,assure

dmembersthatthiswasjusta“preliminarystep”inalongerbattle.

OnJuly29ththeywererelieved,alappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecisi

on,rulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholbpatentstotwogenssthathelpforecastawoman'srisk

efexecutiveofMyriad,acompanyinUtah,saidtherulingwasablessingtofirm

sandpatientsalike.

Butascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatpersonalidmedicine,thecourtswillremainratherbusy

.TheMyriadcaitlfisprobablynotoverCriticsmakethreemainargumentsagainstgenepatents:a

geneisaproductofnature,soitmaynotbepatented;genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrew

ardit;andpatents'monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad'ngnumbere

berth

eDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadca,arguingthatanisolatedDNAmolecule“isnoless

aproductofnature...thanarecottonfibresthathavebeenparatedfromcottoneds.”

Despitetheappealscourt'sdecision,mple,itisunclearwh

etherthequemay

yetreachtheSupremeCourt.

AStheindustryadvances,however,othersuitsmayhaveanevengreater

iesareunlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanDNAmolecules-mostare

renowstudyinghowgenesintcract,looking

forcorrelationsthatmightbeudtodeterminethecausofdiaorpredictadrug’s

efficacy,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor‘connectingthedits’,expaainshans

sauer,alawyerfortheBIO.

Theirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissue,broughtbytheMayo

Clinic,rtcentlyheldaconvention

whiceting

waspacked.

elearnedfromparagraphIthatthebiotechcompanieswouldlike-----

xecutivestobeactive

toruleoutgenepatenting

obepatcntablc

toissueawarning

hoareagainstgenepatentsbelievethat----

ctestsarenotreliable

n-madeproductsarepatentable

songenesdependmuchoninnovatiaon

shouldrestrictaccesstogenetictests

ingtohanssauer,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor----

ishingdiacomelations

eringgeneinteractions

gpicturesofgenes

fyinghumanDNA

ng“eachmeetingwaspacked”(line4,para6)theauthormeansthat-----

remecourtwasauthoritative

wasapowerfulorganization

tentingwasagreatconcern

swerekeentoattendconventiongs

llyspeaking,theauthor’sattitudetowardgenepatentingis----

al

tive

ul

ive

Text4

Thegreatrecessionmaybeover,butthiraofhighjoblessnessisprobablybeginning.

Beforeitends,itwilllikelychangethelifecourandcharacterofagenerationofyoungadults.

Andultimately,itislikelytoreshapeourpolitics,ourculture,andthecharacterofoursociety

foryears.

Noonetriesharderthanthejoblesstofindsilverliningsinthisnationaleconomicdisaster.

Manysaidthatunemployment,whileextremelypainful,hadimprovedtheminsomeways;

theyhadbecomelessmaterialisticandmorefinanciallyprudent;theyweremoreawareofthe

tedrespects,

theveryleast,ithasawokenusfromournationalfeverdreamofeasyrichesandbigger

hous,andputanecessaryendtoaneraofrecklesspersonalspending.

Butforthemostpart,thebenefitsemthin,uncertain,oral

ConquencesofEconomicGrowth,theeconomichistorianBenjaminFriedmanarguesthat

bothinsideandoutsidetheU.S.,lengthyperiodsofeconomicstagnationordeclinehave

almostalwaysleftsocietymoremean-spiritedandlessinclusive,andhaveusuallystoppedor

-immigrantntimenttypicallyincreas,as

doesconflictbetweenracesandclass.

Incomeinequalityusuallyfallsduringarecession,butithasnotshrunkinthisone,.

Indeed,thisperiodofeconomicweaknessmayreinforceclassdivides,anddecrea

earchofTillVonWachter,

theeconomistinColumbiaUniversity,suggeststhatnotallpeoplegraduatingintoarecession

etheirlifechancesdimmed:thowithdegreesfromeliteuniversitiescatchupfairlyquickly

towheretheyotherwiwouldhavebeeniftheyhadgraduatedinbettertimes;itisthe

massbeneaththemthatareleftbehind.

Intheinternetage,itisparticularlyeasytoetherentmentthathasalwaysbeen

fficult,inthemoment,isdiscerningprecilyhow

theleantimesareaffectingsociety’respects,e

sociallytolerantenteringthisressionthanatanytimeinitshistory,andavarietyofnational

havetowaitande

ycertainlyit,andallthe

moresothelongertheyextend.

ng“tofindsilverlinings”(Line1,Para.2)theauthorsuggestthatthejoblesstry

to___.

A、eksubsidiesfromthegovemment

B、explorereasonsfortheunermployment

C、makeprofitsfromthetroubledeconomy

D、lookonthebrightsideoftherecession

ingtoParagraph2,therecessionhasmadepeople_____.

A、realizethenationaldream

B、struggleagainsteachother

C、challengetheirlifestyle

D、reconsidertheirlifestyle

inFriedmanbelievethateconomicrecessionsmay_____.

A、impoaheavierburdenonimmigrants

B、bringoutmoreevilsofhumannature

C、Promotetheadvanceofrightsandfreedoms

D、eaconflictsbetweenracesandclass

earchofTillVonWachthersuggeststhatinrecessiongraduatesfromelite

universitiestendto_____.

A、lagbehindtheothersduetodecreadopportunities

B、catchupquicklywithexperiencedemployees

C、etheirlifechancesasdimmedastheothers’

D、recovermorequicklythantheothers

horthinksthattheinfluenceofhardtimesonsocietyis____.

A、certain

B、positive

C、trivial

D、destructive

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtheleft

colre

uranswersonANSWERSHEERT1.(10points)

“Universalhistory,thehistoryofwhatmanhasaccomplishedinthisworld,isatbottom

theHistoryoftheGreatMenwhohaveworkedhere,”wrotetheVictoriansageThomas

,notanymoreitisnot.

Suddenly,uldbe

nomorethanapassingliterarycraze,butitalsopointstoabroadertruthabouthowwenow

approachthepast:lessconcernedwithlearningfromforefathersandmoreinterestedin

,wewantempathy,notinspiration.

FromtheearliestdaysoftheRenaissance,thewritingofhistorymeantrecountingthe

1337,PetrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwritingDeViris

Illustribus–OnFamousMen,highlightingthevirtus(orvirtue)ch

sthe

rince,the

championedcunning,ruthlessness,andboldness,ratherthanvirtue,mercyandjustice,as

theskillsofsuccessfulleaders.

Overtime,anticscommemoratedtheleading

paintersandauthorsoftheirday,stressingtheuniquenessoftheartist'spersonalexperience

rast,theVictorianauthorSamualSmileswroteSelf-Helpasa

catalogueoftheworthylivesofengineers,industrialistsandexplores."Thevaluable

exampleswhichtheyfurnishofthepoweroflf-help,ifpatientpurpo,resoluteworkingand

steadfastintegrity,issuingintheformulationoftrulynobleandmanycharacter,exhibit,"wrote

Smiles."whatitisinthepowerofeachtoaccomplishforhimlf"HisbiographiesofJames

Walt,RichardArkwrightandJosiahWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidetheworking

manthroughhisdifficultlife.

ThiswasallabitbourgeoisforThomasCarlyle,whofocudhisbiographiesonthetruly

heroiclivesofMartinLuther,pochal

figuresreprentedliveshardtoimitate,buttobeacknowledgedasposssinghigher

authoritythanmeremortals.

m,historydidnothing,itpossdnoimmenwealth

norwagedbattles:“Itisman,real,livingmanwhodoesallthat.”Andhistoryshouldbethe

,itneededtoappreciatethe

economicrealities,thesocialcontextsandpowerrelationsinwhicheachepochstood.

For:“Menmaketheirownhistory,buttheydonotmakeitjustastheyplea;theydonot

makeitundercircumstanceschonbythemlves,butundercircumstancesdirectlyfound,

givenandtransmittedfromthepast.”

eof

ThomasCarlyle,BritainnurturedChristopherHill,y

ewrealmsofunderstanding—

fromgendertoracetoculturalstudies—wereopenedupasscholarsunpickedthe

ransformedpublichistorytoo:downstairsbecamejustas

fascinatingasupstairs.

SectionIIITranslation

ions:

ourtranslationonANSWER

SHEET2.(15points)

Whenpeopleindevelopingcountriesworryaboutmigration,theyareusuallyconcerned

attheprospectoftherbestandbrightestdeparturetoSiliconValleyortohospitalsand

universitiesinthedevelopedworld,Thearethekindofworkersthatcountrieslike

Britian,CanadaandAustraliatrytoattractbyusingimmigrationrulesthatprivilegecollege

graduates.

Lotsofstudieshavefoundthatwell-educatedpeoplefromdevelopingcountriesare

rveyofIndianhouholdsin2004foundthatnearly

40%ofemigrantshadmorethanahigh-schooleducation,comparedwitharound3.3%ofall

"braindrain"haslongbotheredpolicymakersinpoor

countries,Theyfearthatithurtstheireconomies,deprivingthemofmuch-neededskilled

workerswhocouldhavetaughtattheiruniversities,workedintheirhospitalsandcomeup

withclevernewproductsfortheirfactoriestomake.

SectionIVWriting

PartA

ions

Suppoyouhavefoundsomethingwrongwiththeelectronicdictionarythatyoubought

fromanonlinstoretheotherday,Writeanemailtothecustomerrvicecenterto

1)makeacomplaintand

2)demandapromptsolution

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSERESHEET2

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter,U"zhangwei"instead.

48、writingyoushould

1)describethetable,and

2)giveyourcomments

Youshouldwriteatleast150words(15points)

英语二答案：

完形填空：

1.B2.B3.A4.A5.C

6.B7.C8.A9.D10.B

11.D12.B13.C14.D15.B

16.A17.C18.B19.B20.D

TEXT1：

21.A22.C23.A24.B25.D

TEXT2：

26.A27.B28.A29.C30.C

TEXT3：

31.C32.B33.A34.D35.D

TEXT4：

36.D37.D38.B39.D40.A

翻译：

而发展中国家担心移民，则通常考虑的是，他们最优秀的人才流入了硅谷，或是发达国家

的一些医院和大学。而这些人才正是英国、加拿大、澳大利亚这样的国家需要的，他们通过优

待大学生的移民政策来吸引这样的人才。

很多研究发现，发展中国家受过良好教育的人们尤其可能移民。据估计，三分之二受过良

好教育的CapeVerdeans都居住在国外。2004年对印度家庭展开了一次大范围调查，询问了

他们移居国外的家庭成员情况。调查发现，近40%的移民接受过高等教育，而所有25岁以上

的印度人中，这一比例仅为3.3%。这种“人才外流”的现象长期困扰着穷国的政策制定者们。他

们担心这会有损经济发展，使得他们丧失亟需的有技能的人才，他们本可在大学里教书，在医

院里工作，或是研发出可供生产的新产品。

新题型：

41-45：AFGCE

小作文范文：

DearSirorMadame,

Asoneoftheregularcustomersofyouronlinestore,Iamwritingthislettertoexpressmy

complaintagainsttheflawsinyourproduct—anelectronicdictionaryIboughtinyourshopthe

otherday.

unately,Ifoundthat

nwith,whenIopenedit,Idetectedthattheappearanceof

ly,Ididnotfindthebatterypromidintheadvertiment

postedonthehomepageofyourshop,whichmakesmefeelthatyouhavenotkeptyour

wor,someofthekeysonthekeyboarddonotwork.

Istronglyrequestthatasatisfactoryexplanationbegivenandeffectivemeasuresshouldbe

eitherndanewone

tomeorrefundmemymoneyinfull.

Iamlookingforwardtoyourreplyatyourearliestconvenience.

Sincerelyyours,

ZhangWei

校对版2012年考研英语真题与答案

SectionI

Theethicaljudgm

courtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_,in

veralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentand

impartial.

JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,ndofactivitymakesitless

likelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_theproblemisthatthejustices

arenot_5_eryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitlf_6_tothecodeofconductthat

_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.

Thisandothersimilarcas_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtand

politics.

TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_ve

justicespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_

alsystemwasdesignedtotlawapartfrompoliticsprecilybecautheyareso

cloly_14_.

Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_like

ecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_isinescapably

political-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust.

Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemlves_19_tothecodeof

uldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeenasparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,convincingas

law.

1.A、emphasizeB、maintainC、modifyD、recognize

2.A、whenB、lestC、beforeD、unless

3.A、restoredB、weakenedC、establishedD、eliminated

4.A、challengedB、compromidC、suspectedD、accepted

5.A、advancedB、caughtC、boundD、founded

6.A、resistantB、subjectC、immuneD、prone

7.A、resortsB、sticksC、loadsD、applies

8.A、evadeB、raiC、denyD、ttle

9.A、lineB、barrierC、similarityD、conflict

10.A、byB、asC、thoughD、towards

11.A、soB、sinceC、providedD、though

12.A、rveB、satisfyC、uptD、replace

13.A、confirmB、expressC、cultivateD、offer

14.A、guardedB、followedC、studiedD、tied

15.A、conceptsB、theoriesC、divisionsD、conceptions

16.A、excludesB、questionsC、shapesD、controls

17.A、dismisdB、releadC、rankedD、distorted

18.A、suppressB、exploitC、addressD、ignore

19.A、accessibleB、amiableC、agreeableD、accountable

20.A、byallmesnsB、atallcostsC、inawordD、asaresult

Text1

Comeon–Everybody’isperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmost

llyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasual

ernewbookJointheClub,TinaRonbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositive

forcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsuthepowerofgroup

dynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.

Ronberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:In

SouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazetsouttomake

hAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopleto

promotesafexamongtheirpeers.

Theideaemspromising，tiqueofthelamenessof

manypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andthey

demonstrateariouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleadon’tsmoke!”

pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesire

ergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakea

pagefromadvertirs,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.

Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,eClubisfilled

withtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmake

tglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’sprentedhereisthatitdoesn’t

cethatthe

LoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.

There’gingbodyof

rearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsvia

asubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorwee

everyday.

Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanlectourpeergroupsand

’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersintheback

t’stheproblem

withasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingour

ownfriends.

ingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas

A、asupplementtothesocialcureB、astimulustogroupdynamics

C、anobstacletoschoolprogressD、acauofundesirablebehaviors

ergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould

A、recruitprofessionaladvertirsB、learnfromadvertirs’experience

C、stayawayfromcommercialadvertirsD、recognizethelimitationsofadvertiments

uthor’sview,Ronberg’sbookfailsto

A、adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactorsB、effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocial

cure

C、illustratethefunctionsofstatefundingD、producealong-lastingsocialeffect

aph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors

A、isharmfultoournetworksoffriendsB、willmisleadbehavioralstudies

C、occurswithoutourrealizingitD、canproducenegativehealthhabits

horsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis

A、harmfulB、desirableC、profoundD、questionable

Text2

Adealisadeal-except,apparently,pany,amajorenergysupplier

inNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingona

longstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.

Instead,thecompanyhasdoneprecilywhatithadlongpromiditwouldnotchallengethe

constitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermont

’sastunningmove.

Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclear

powerplant,ditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,the

co2006,thestatewenta

stepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicenbesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.

Then,too,thecompanywentalong.

EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythocommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeewhat

gofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapofacoolingtowerin207andthe

discoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raidriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’s

safetyandEntergy’smanagement–especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthe

dbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowingan

extension.

Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauofthe2006

legislation,andal

issuesinthecaareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatory

authorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcawillofferaprecedent-ttingtestofhow

nly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcould

Entergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.

ThecompanyemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatit

siontorun

yruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrim

ngtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermission

heNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthe

company’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisfromEntergyareworth.

a“renegingon”(.1)isclostinmeaningto

A、condemning.B、reaffirming.C、dishonoring.D、curing.

ringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto

A、obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.

B、ekfavorfromthefederallegislature.

C、acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicen.

D、getpermissiontopurchaapowerplant.

ingtoParagraph4,Entergyemstohaveproblemswithits

A、managerialpractices.B、technicalinnovativeness.

C、financialgoals.D、businessvision

uthor’sview,theVermontcawilltest

A、Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitspromis.

B、thematureofstates’patchworkregulations.

C、thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.

D、thelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearissues.

einferredfromthelastparagraphthat

A、Entergy’sbusineslwheremightbeaffected.

B、theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.

C、EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.

D、Vermont’sreputationmightbedamaged.

Text3

Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobrvedand

collectedbyoheeveryday

practiceofscience,obe

objective,nowledgeandinterest

influencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubquentactionswetake.

Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andlf-deceptionabound.

Conquently,rtonewlystakedmining

claims,akescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscovery

thecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualrearcher’sme,

here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,iveknowledgeisthegoal,notthe

startingpoint.

Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,,unlikewith

miningclaims,thecomplexsocialstructureof

thescientificcommunity,rearchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersby

controllingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsuthenewfindingtosuittheirownpurpos;and

finally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanying

coveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetween

sharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’s

discoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.

,scientificworktendstofocusonsome

rewardaccompanies

lisnew-arch,notre-arch.

Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantand

convincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfuturerearchers.

Second,aureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyi

oncedescribeddiscoveryas“eingwhateverybodyhasenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”But

thinkingwhatnobodyelhasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemisdmaynotchangetheir

mesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.

Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim–aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopher

AnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revi,and

completeeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”

ingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits

A、uncertaintyandcomplexity.B、misconceptionanddeceptiveness.

C、logicalityandobjectivity.D、systematicnessandregularity.

einferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires

A、strictinspection.B、sharedefforts.

C、individualwisdom.D、persistentinnovation.

aph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit

A、hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.

B、hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.

C、hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.

D、hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.

Szent-Györgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat

A、scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.

B、discoveriestodayinspirefuturerearch.

C、effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.

D、scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.

fthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?

A、NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.

B、CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.

C、EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.

D、ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.

Text4

IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,

Hoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoa

union;now36%2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicctorpasdthatoftheirfellow

ain,morethanhalfofpublic-ctorworkersbutonlyabout15%of

private-ctoronesareunionized.

Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-ctorunions’,theycanshutthingsdownwithout

,erof

America’,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.

n’sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociated

rentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-ctorunions.

ldassareofthePublicPolicy

InstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate’chers’unions

keepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.

Inmanyrichcoreal

cianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-ctorpay

deals,keepingthepayincreasmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealready

generous.

Reformhasbeenvigorouslyoppod,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,

oughthereisplentyofevidencethatthe

qualityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers’unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridof

badonesandpromotinggoodones.

Asthecosttoeveryoneelhasbecomeclearer,onsin

theunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.

Butmanywithinthepublicctorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.

JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivil

yAmericanpublic-ctor

workerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnited

s’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-ctorsystemthatdoesnot

rewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.

elearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat

A、Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.

B、JimmyHoffaudtoworkasacivilrvant.

C、unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-ctormembership.

D、thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.

fthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?

A、Public-ctorunionsareprudentintakingactions.

B、Educationisrequiredforpublic-ctorunionmembership.

C、LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-ctorunions.

D、Public-ctorunionsldomgetintroublefortheiractions.

elearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatectoris

A、illegallycured.B、indirectlyaugmented.

C、excessivelyincread.D、fairlyadjusted.

mpleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions

A、oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.

B、canchangepeople’spoliticalattitudes.

C、maybeabarriertopublic-ctorreforms.

D、aredominantinthegovernment.

nahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-ctorsystemisoneof

A、disapproval.B、appreciation.

C、tolerance.D、indifference.

PartB

Thinkofthofleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealithatyouare

flying,nkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryourcellphone

theluckyinheritorofa

dreamcometrue.

Thecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgenius,warriors,entrepreneursand

visionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress,studio

andtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,themailaswellasthemailcarrier.(41)

Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethatrvesasthemodeof

production,meansofdistribution,siteofreception,puteristhe

21stcentury'sculturemachine.

Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsotreadwithcaution.(42)Icallit

,mostpeopledonotrealithattherearestrongcommercialagendasat

,themajorityofpeoplewhounetworked

computerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyaredoing.

Allanimalsdownload,the

mostpart,areuniqueintheircapacity

tonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundanduthemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods-paintings,

sculptureandarchitecture-andsuperfluouxperiences-music,literature,religionandphilosophy.(43)

Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuckindownloadmode.

Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,withasmallnumberof

peopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahuge

percentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.(44)

desttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneis

toturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.

(45)

Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof"stickiness"-

creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.

A、Ofcour,itisprecilythesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimatelywhat

adingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,butfailingtomovebeyond

downloadingistostriponelfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.

B、,whichallowurstocombinepictures,wordsandothermediain

creativewaysandthensharethem,havethepotentialtoaddstickinessbyamusing,entertainingand

enlighteningothers.

C、Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanaged

toembeditinaworldwidesystemaccesdbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.

D、Thisisbecauthenetworkedcomputerhassparkedacretwarbetweendownloadingand

uploading-betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation-whooutcomewillshapeourcollective

futureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.

[E]Thechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeing

replacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.

[F]Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-century,much

oftheworld'smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium-television-andtelevisionisdefinedby

downloading.

[G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstorevertheflow,toencourage

thoughtfuldownloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,meaningfuluploading.

答案：

1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A10.B11.A12.C13.C14.D15.A16.C17.A18.C19.D20.D

21.D22.D23.A24.C25.D26.C27.A28.A29.B30.B31.A32.D33.B34.D35.D36.C37.D38.B

39.A40.A

41.C42.D43.A44.F45.G