determiner

1

Grammar

6-7-8-9代词和限定词

代词和限定词的学习要点：

代词和限定词的区别

代词：在句中既能当名词用，也能当形容词用，即，能作主语，宾语和定语；

限定词：在句中使用是有限制的，不能单独存在，只能充当形容词用，作定语，修饰名词。

注意：有些词有双重身份，既是代词，也是限定词

Form1.代词和限定词的种类

代词和限定词的种类例词

1人称代词personalpronoun(pron.)人称代词的主格形式

I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they

人称代词的宾格形式

me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them

2物主代词posssivepron.名词性物主代词mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs

3物主限定词posssivedeterminer形容词性物主代词my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their

4反身代词,yourlf,himlf,herlf,itlf,

ourlves,yourlves,themlves,onelf

5相互代词her,oneanther

6指示代词,that,the,tho,such

7指示限定词demonstrativedeterminerthis,that,the,tho,such

8疑问代词,whom,who,what,which

9关系代词,whom,who,which,that,as

10不定代词indefinitepron.

既可修饰可数名词，

也可以不可数名词

some,any,no,all,half,enough,other;

more,most,none;

一般修饰可数名词

many,manya,few,afew,fewer,veral;

every,each;

one,either,neither,both;

another;

theformer,thelater;

一般修饰不可数名词much,little,alittle,less,least;

复合词不定代词

(一般用动词单数)

somebody,someone,something;

anybody,anyone,anything;

nobody,noone,nothing;

11

不定限定词indefinitedeterminer

(可用作定语修饰名词)

both,all,any,each,every,one,

no,none;

other,another,either,neither,

many,some,few,afew;

much,little,alittle;

theformer,thelater

12名词的属格Tom’s,Today’s

13冠词

定冠词the

不定冠词a,an

零冠词不用冠词

14

基数词two,eight,hundred,thousand;

twohundredandthirtyven;

序数词cond,eightieth,hundredth,thousandth

twenty-third

2

数词

分数onethird,threefourths,twofifths

2¾(twoandthreefourths)

小数点

0.3(zeropointthree);0.04(opointofour);

5.47(fivepointfourven/fivepointforty

ven)

倍数5times

Form2:表示不确定的人或物的不定代词和不定限定词：

全部“一”部分否定

复数单数“一个”“另一个”确定非确定

用于两者botheachonetheotheroneeitherneither

用于三者，

及以上

alleach

every

oneanothersomeanynone

no

Form3:Such的用法(难点)

such在句中的位置例句

1such修饰单数名词时，在不定冠词前He’ssuchaman.他就是这么一个人。

2such修饰复数名词时，置名词前Ihavebeeninvolvedinmanysuchcours.

3若名词前有one，no，any，some，

all,many等，such则置该词后

everysuchpossibility每一个这样的可能性

anysuchplan任何这样的计划

Thereisnosuchthing.没有这么一回事。

4such位于句首，须倒装Suchismyhopeforthefuture.我对未来的希望就是这样。

Suchwerethefacts.事实就是这样。

5such…..that…表示“如此…以至于”,

用在从句不缺少句子成分时

Hehadsuchlongarmsthathecouldalmosttouchtheceiling.

（从句完整）

他的胳臂很长，(以至于)几乎能碰到天花板。

6such…as…表示“如此…以至于”,用在

从句缺少句子成分时，表示“像…一样”

Sheissuchagoodteacherjustasweexpect.（从句缺宾语)

正如我们所料(的一样)，她是一位好老师。

7suchas:“例如，像”Ilikedrinkssuchasteaandsoda.

我喜欢诸如茶和汽水之类的饮料。

8

assuch:

A)同样地,同量地;如所指的，

Heisachild,andmustbetreatedassuch.

Heisagoodman,andisknownassuchtoeveryone.

B)“本身”

Aname,assuch,meansnothing.姓名本身并无意义。

Success,assuch,doesn’talwaysbringshappiness.

成功本身并不总是带来幸福。

Wealth,assuchdoesn'tmattermuch.财富本身算不了什么。

C)（用语否定句）“并不真是”

Itisnotanagreementassuch,butwillrveasone.

Itisnotagoodbookassuchbutithassomeinteresting

pictures.

9suchandsuch:“某某，这种那种的”Suchandsuchresultsfollowfromsuchandsuchcaus.

这样那样的原因就产生这样那样的结果。

Form4:前位、中位、后位限定词

限定词例词例句

1pre-determiners

前位限定词:

表“全部，倍数，分数”等

all,both,half;/double,

twice,threetimes;/¾,

sucha

Hehassuchafunny

character.

2centraldeterminers冠词，指示代词，物主，Halfhislectureisdull.

3

中位限定词:

表示“特指，泛指”等

不定，名词属格):

a,the;/this;/my;/any,

each,either/what(ever),

which(ever),/Mary’s’;

Isawboththeboysthere.

Theywantatleastdouble

theirsalaries

One-thirdthatmeatisbad.

3post-determiners

后位限定词:

表示“顺序和数量”

two/cond,next/

another/many,much,a

few,thefewest,more,

most/veral,such/alot

of,agreatnumberof,

Allthefirstimmigrates

can

liveinnewhous.

Hismanyfriendsusually

speakhighlyofhim.

suchbeautifulflowers

5.冠词的用法

类别用法

冠词

the定冠词

1.特指theteacher

2.最高级thebiggest

3.世界独一无二的事物thesun

4.方向inthenorth

5.计量单位bythemonth

6.序数词thefourthline

7.年代inthe1990s

8.专有名词theUnitedStates

9.弹奏乐器playthepiano

10.当姓指一家人时theSmiths

11.当用形容词指一类人时theyoung

12.习语

a/an不定冠词表示“一个”，“每个”

〇冠词

1.称呼waiter,president

2.三餐饭dinner

3.运动，颜色，游戏swimming,skating,red

4.有些建筑物school,college

5.交通工具bycar

6.节日SpringFestival

7.街道名称HudersonRoad

8.抽象名词、物质名词music,wood

9.疾病heartattack

10.学科mathematics

11.四季，月份summer,May

12.习语daybyday,arminarm,athome

Mainpointsofdefinitedeterminers不定限定词

Warmingup

Givethenamesofeachdeterminer:

esthiswordmean?

Iboughtahouwhowindowfacessouth.

John’sbrothergavemysisteralotofrecords,sometapes,threesongbooksandaCDplayer.

Thisisthecondtimeforhimtodoso.

Theirhouisaboutthreetimesthesizeofours.他们的房子大约是我们房子的三倍。

ficationofdeterminers:

1)articles:a,an,the,

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2)posssivedeterminer(adj.):my,mine

3)genitivenoun名词属格:John’s,myfather’s

4)demonstrativedeterminer指示:this,the,such

5)relativedeterminer关系：who,which

6)interrogativedeterminer疑问:what,which

7)indefinitedeterminer不定:no,each,either,neither,some,any,all,half,many,afew,alittle,enough,another

8)cardinalandordinalnumeral:66,thecond

9)Multiplicative倍数词andfractionalnumeral分数:threetimes,twice,2/3

10)quantifier量词:alotof,lotsof,plentyof,alargenumberof

ationsbetweendeterminersandnouns

1):与名词单数搭配

eofuswasaskedwhatwenton.我们每个人都被询问了发生了什么事。

Becauoftyphoonneithershipmentwillarrivethisweek.

Neitherstatementistrue.(are--informal)

But:Neitherofthebooksisofanyutome.

可搭配的词：each/neither/manya/sucha+(N-sin.)

2)WithbothN-sin./N-pl:与单数/复数搭配

stimmigrantsfromThreeGorgesarrivedyesterday.

(可搭配的词：thefirst,thecond,thelast,thenext)

ThecondquizisinOctober.

(thefirst)+N-pl,(thecond)+N-sin

derofdefinitedeterminers限定词的的顺序

Order—‘pre-determiner+centraldeterminer+post-determiner’:theorderofthethreedeterminers

‘前位-中位-后位限定词’的顺序

(Seep64)Doexerci6C

限定词例词例句

1pre-determiners

前位限定词:

表示“全部，倍数，

分数”等

all,both,half;/double,twice,three

times;/¾,“such(a)+N”

Hehassuchafunnycharacter.

2

centraldeterminers

中位限定词:

表示“特指，泛指”

等

articles,demonstrative,posssive;

genitive(冠词，指示代词，物主代

词，不定代词，名词属格):

a,an,the;/this,that,the,tho;/

my,your;/some,any,no,every,

each,either,enough;/what(ever),

which(ever),who;/Mary’s,my

friends’;

Halfhislectureisdull.

Isawboththeboysthere.

Theywantatleastdoubletheirsalaries

One-thirdthatmeatisbad.

3

post-determiners

后位限定词:

表示“顺序和数量”

one,two/first,cond,next,last/

other,another/many,much,afew,

few,little,alittle,thefewest,the

least,more,most/veral,such/

plentyof,alotof,lotsof,agreat

numberof,alargeamountof

Allthefirstimmigratescanliveinnew

hous.

Hismanyfriendsusuallyspeakhighlyof

him.

suchbeautifulflowers

Note:Whensuchisudwith“some,any,no,all,few,one,another,onesuch”,suchshouldbeudas

’Tsay“someofsuch…..”;while“somesuch”isOK.

eparent,oneofmanysuchpeopleintheneighborhood.单亲，这地区附近有许多这样的人

Iwantsomesuchbooks.

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Thereisnosuchbook.(noneofsuchbooksX)/Thereisnosuchabook(informal)

Allsuchbooksshouldbeburnedup.

Haveyouevermetanysuchman?

Everysuchpersonisgoodforthecommunity.

Ineed3suchnovels.

Few(Many)suchdogsarenosale.

,every

1）each,every这两个词都有“每个”的意义,each强调各别、各个，而every强调“全部、都”

eachboyanapple.他给每个孩子一个苹果。

Fromeachaccordingtohisability,toeachaccordingtohiswork.各尽所能，按劳分配。

Thesunshineveryday.每天都是阳光灿烂。

Heisonlyforty-oneyearsold,andhehasalreadybeentonearlyeverycountry.

他只有41岁，而他已经几乎到过一切国家。

2)each一般用于指两个或两个以上的人或物中的一个；而every则通常用于指三个或三个以上的人或物中

的一个。如：

avebeenplantedoneachsideoftheroad.路的两旁都已种上了树。

Everychildintheclasspasdtheexamination.班上所有的学生考试都及格了。

3)注意each与动词位置的关系：

chhadtheirproblems.

Theyhadeachhisownproblem.

1)such修饰单数名词时，置不定冠词前；修饰复数名词时，置名词前。

’ssuchaman.他就是这么一个人。

Ihavebeeninvolvedinmanysuchcours.我参加过许多种这样的课程。

2)若名词前有one，no，any，some，all,many等，such则置该词后。

uchpossibility每一个这样的可能性

anysuchplan任何这样的计划

Thereisnosuchthing.没有这么一回事。

3)such位于句首，须倒装。

myhopeforthefuture.我对未来的希望就是这样。

Suchwerethefacts.事实就是这样。

4)such…that…/such…as…的区别

--such…..that:用在从句不缺少句子成分时，表示“如此…以至于”；

uchlongarmsthathecouldalmosttouchtheceiling.（从句完整）

他的胳臂很长，(以至于)几乎能碰到天花板。

--such…..as:用在从句缺少句子成分时，表示“像…一样”。

uchagoodteacherjustasweexpect.

（从句缺宾语)正如我们所料，她是一位好老师。

5)suchas/assuch的区别：

▪--suchas:“例如，像”

rinkssuchasteaandsoda.我喜欢诸如茶和汽水之类的饮料。

▪--assuch:

A)同样地,同量地;如所指的，照那样的

hild,andmustbetreatedassuch.

Heisagoodman,andisknownassuchtoeveryone.

B)本身

,assuch,meansnothing.姓名本身并无意义。

Success,assuch,doesn’talwaysbringshappiness.成功本身并不总是带来幸福。

Ihavenoprejudiceagainstforeignersassuch,butIdon’tthinktheyshouldbeallowedtotakeworkfrom

ourownpeople.(取代)

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Wealth,assuchdoesn'tmattermuch.财富本身算不了什么。

C)（用语否定句）并不真是

tanagreementassuch,butwillrveasone.

Itisnotagoodbookassuchbutithassomeinterestingpictures.

6)suchandsuch:“某某，这种那种的”

dsuchresultsfollowfromsuchandsuchcaus.这样那样的原因就产生这样那样的结果。

:Rightorwrong

1)Eachpasngerwaxaminedbythecaptain.

2)Everypasngerwaxaminedbythecaptain.

3)Everywaxaminedbythecaptain.(X)

4)Eachboyreceivedaprent.

5)Eachwasgivenabook.

6)Everyoneofthebookshasbeenpaid.

7)Everyhasbeenpaid.(X)

8)everyoneofmyhands(or:parents)(X)

9)everyoneofmyfingers

10)Noteachstudentwalkstoschool.

11)Wehaveapartyeachtwoweeks.(X)

es---definiteandindefinitearticles

Generic类指/泛指andspecificreference特指

不定限定词例子

genericreference

类指/泛指

a,an,theahor,aman,thestudent,abird

specificreference特指thethehor,theman,thestudent,thebird.

meaning:

one---a,an(名词第一字母为元音时用);the---that,this,the,tho

1)Genericreference

A)the+N-sin;a(an)+N-sin;N-pl

eatgrass.

B)the+adj(is/are)

harenotalwayshappy.

2)specificreference特指

3)UsageofArticles

A.a,anthemeaningof“a,an”:

1)ablackand(a)whitehor一只黑白相间的马

2)=thesame:MysisterandIareofanage.

3)=acertain:?alledonyou.

4)=onelike:HewishestobecomeanEdison.

finitearticle(withsomeexceptions)

1)The+(–est,first,only,same)+N:ThisisthefirstEnglishstoryI’veheard.

Manistheonlyanimalthatcantalk.

2)the–erofthetwo:Heisthetallerofthetwo.

3)playthe+musicalinstruments：achpiano.

4)theonlythingexists独一无二：Theearthmovesaroundthesun.

5)direction:’sinthenorth.

6)bythe+unitN计量单位：Theyarepaidbythemonth.

7)the+partofabody:thimbytherighthand.

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8)the+adj.:(sin./pl):Therich(people)arenotalwayshappierthanthepoor.

(theyoung,old,living,dead,learned,injured)

9)The+N+attributives(phra/clau):

psonthewallareverypretty.

10)the+familysurname:Thesmithsareonholiday.

11)inthe+1990s

12)mountainranges,islands,rives

(amountain:without)

tdefinitearticles(withsomeexceptions)

1)title:Waiter,bringthebill,entoftheUnitedStates

Fatherisout,butmotherisathome.

2）threemeals,language,scientificcour:English,lunch,Physics

3）sports,colour,game运动，颜色，游戏等，swimming,skating,

4）somebuildings非指建筑物本身：Schoolbeginsateight./HegoestochurcheverySunday./Iwenttocollege

whenIwas19.

5)bytrafficmeans交通工具：bycar,bytrain,byplane,

6)festivals节日：MayDay

7）streetnames街名

8）abstractnounsandmaterialnouns抽象名词和物质在泛指时：

---Doyoulikemusic?–Yes,butIdon’tlikethemusicheisplaying.

---skindoftableismadefromthewoodgrownhere.

9)arminarm,shouldertoshoulder,daybyday,youngandold,dayandnight,doortodoor,stepbystep

10)propernoun

11)dia

不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词的用法

1)Idiomaticexpressionswiththedefinitearticle

2)Idiomaticexpressionswiththeindefinitearticle

3)Idiomaticexpressionswiththezeroarticle(e7.2，p81③)

MainPointsofpronouns

fications:

Warmingup:Givethenamesofeachpronoun:

reourbooks.=The(books)areours.

Themanagerhimlfwillinterviewyou.

urageeachother.

---Whatdoyouwant?---some.

Whereistheboywhofatherwantstoeme?

alpronoun(udassubject&object)-----he,I,they,we,him,me,them,us

sive(udasadj&noun)-----myhome,It’smine,notyours.

ive反身-----mylf,ourlves

ocal相互-----eachother,oneanother

trative指示-----this,that,the,tho

ogative疑问--who,what,which

ve--whom,who,which

nite----:

---collocatedwithc-N:each,every,both,either,neither,one,afew,few,many,other,another

---withu-N:little,alittle,much,

---withc-N,u-N:all,some,any,none,no,alotof,lotsof

8

usareperfect.

nconcordinnumber:

Thechoiceofpronounnumberformsisgenerallydeterminedbythenumberofitsantecedent先行项,that

is,thechoiceagreeswithitsantecedentinnumber.

1)Pronounconcordwithevery-,some-,any-compoundsasantecedent---pron-sin.

ycanattendthemeetingifheisinterested.

Everyoneshoulddohisduty.

Butinformal‘everyone’‘everybody’---referringtolivingpeople:

--pron-pl:Someonelefttheirkeyinthecab.

Everyonesigntheirnameshere.

‘everything’‘anything’----referringtothething:

--pron-sin:Everythinghasitstwosides.

2)Pronounconcordwithcoordinateconstruction并列结构asantecedent

ndandclassmateagreestolendmehisbike.(onlyoneperson)

Myfriendandmyroommateagreedtolendmetheirbikes.(twopersons)

3)Pronounconcordwithcollectivenounasantecedent

Accordingtothemeaningoftheworditlf,assingularorpluralform.

mhaslostitsfirstgame.

Theteamaretakingtheirpracticeinthegym.

4)Pronounconcordwith‘pluralnoun/pronoun+each’asantecedent

Accordingtopositionof‘each’:afterorbeforeverb

dentachhadtheirproblems.

Thestudentshadeachhisownproblems.

5)oneof,theoneof

oneof….do,theoneof….does

nconcordingender:—(male)阳,(female)阴,neuter中orcommon普通

a)Pronounconcordwithmale/femalenounasantecedent

b)Pronounconcordwithcommon(both‘boyorgirl’)gendernounasantecedent

,child,infant,parent,person,doctor,lawyer,student----genericreference---male

baby---it(heorshe,ifknown),doctors---their

c)Pronounconcordwithneutral中性gendernounasantecedent

okhaslostitscover.

Theship--she—her(somenicefeeling)

Thecat—she—her

Ourcountry—she—her

nconcordinperson

Order:

Theorderofthesingularperson:单数人称2,3,1;or3,2,1

I,youandhe,heandI,

You,heandIaregoodfriends.

Heandshearehusbandandwife.

But:whenyouareinasituationofacknowledgethemistakesoranythingel:

当在承认错误时，自己要说先。

e.g.I,heandyouwillbepunishedforbeinglate.

ItwasIandTomthatbrokethewindow.

Theorderofthepluralform复数人称1,2,3,

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ou,weandthey,youandthey,we,youandthey

ofpronouncaforms

1）ectinanomittedntence

Formaluinsubjectiveca:

e.g.---Whocananswerthisquestion?----I(can).用主格

InformaluinspokenEnglish—objectiveca:----Me(can).用宾格

2)Incomparativeclau:;object—;afterprep---objca.

Informalu:

derthanshe(isold).Heisolderthanher.

HelikesyoubetterthanI(likeyou).(HelikesyoubetterthanIlikeyou.)

他喜欢你超过我喜欢你。（他更喜欢你。我没有他那么喜欢你。）(Helikesyoumore,whileIlikeyouless.)

Helikesyoubetterthan(helikes)me.(Helikesyoubetterthanhelikesme.)

他喜欢你超过他喜欢我。（他更喜欢你。他喜欢我少点。

(Helikesyoumore,whileIlikeyouless.))Everybody,includingme,failedthecompetition..

3)Inacleft-ntencewherepronounisudasacentralmeaning,--subca

whodidit.(insub.---)

Itismethathehates.（）Informal:objectiveca.

4)‘everybody/nobody+but/except’(prep.)---traditional–obj.

but::传统上用宾格，但实际上有用主格

butshecansolvetheproblem.(insubposition)—主语用主格

Nobodycansolvetheproblembuther.(whenparated,)

Everybodyagreedtoourproposalbut/excepthim.

Itrusteveryonebut/excepthim.---(inobjposition)—subcaorobj

5)Inrelativeclau,accordingtotheposition:

Whoever—sub—subca;e.g.I’llpunishwhoeverbrokethewindow.

Whomever---obj—objca;e.g.I’llnottrustwhomevertheywillelect.

thwho(theysaid)wasthemostadvancedinthegroupdidprovetobetheleader.

Thewomanwhomwethoughttobeourteacherturnedouttobehissister.

sivepronouns,reflexiveandgeneric类指uofpersonalpronouns

1)Otherusofreflexives

assubjectcomplement:

e.g.I’mnotquitemylf.(physicalcondition,healthcondition)

2)informal—assubject:

herandmylf(I)wentsailingyesterday.

3)Notice:.Anyonebutyourlf/mylfwouldhavenoticedthechange.(only1stand2ndperson)

只在第一、二人称可以这样用，但要注意第三人称的用法

Wecanuinthisway:

‘anyone/noone+but+yourlf/mylf’放在一起用；

Notice:第三人称的用法：

uthe(himlf)speaksFrenchhere.（如反身代词在主语位置，需前加主格才对。）

‘anyone/noone+but+yourlf/mylf’分开用

peaksFrenchherebuthim/himlf.

（如反身代词不在主语位置，用宾格和反身代词皆可。）

4)Genericu泛指ofpersonalpron.

genericu:one—one’s/his,we—our,you—your,they—their

it—its;they—their

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roblems:

1）同一个动词短语含义的变化。如：

Don’tloheart.别灰心。

Thesoldierslostheartandretreated.士兵们失去了勇气而退却了

Theteamhadwonnogamesanditlostheart

这个球队从未赢过一场比赛，所以队员都气馁了。

Shelostherhearttoanotherman.她爱上了别人。

JohnlosthishearttoMary.约翰倾心于玛丽。

Helosthishearttothesinger.他爱上了那位歌手。

2)使用动词be,feel,em,look（相当于系动词），反身代词作表语时，表示身体或精神处于的状态。

e.g.I'llbemylfagaininnotime.我一会儿就会好的。

I’mnotquitemylfthedays.我近来身体不大舒服。

3)eachother和oneanother在句中通常只用作宾语

tsshouldhelponeanother.学生应该互相帮助。

Wehadknowneachotherformanyyears.我们认识许多年了。

相互代词可以有所有格形式(eachother’s,oneanother’s):

tenstayinoneanother'shou.他们常常在彼此的家里住

Theylookateachother'sfaces.他们望着彼此的脸。

另外，有人认为eachother用于两者，oneanother用于三者，但在现代英语中它们常可换用(即均可用于

两者或三者)。

4)为避免重复，在比较级中用that替代单数名词；在定语从句中，用tho替代人的复数。

inoutputisnow5timesthatof1980.我们现在的粮食产量是1980年的5倍。（that=thegrain

output）

Thowhofailedtheexamtakeamakeupexam.这次考试不及格的人必须参加补考。

5)this和that还可用作副词，意为“这么”、“那么”，相当于so。

e.g.I'vedoneonlythatmuch.我所做的就这么多。

Ishealwaysthisbusy?他总这么忙吗?

6)疑问代词what与which的用法区别：

当选择的范围较明确时，用which；当选择的范围不明确时，用what。

olordoyoulike,red,blackorwhite?红色、黑色和白色，你喜欢哪种？(有明确的颜色供你选

择。)

Whatcolorisyourcar?你的汽车是什么颜色的？(没有明确的颜色供你选择。)

7）noone,nobody,none

noone与nobody指人不能接of短语

none既可用于指人也可用于指物，其后可接of短语，

谓语可用单数(较正式)；复数(用于非正式文体)。

[Nobody]hasreadit.没有人读过它。

Noneofthismilkcanbeud.这牛奶一点都不能用了。

Noneofthefilmsis[are]wortheing.没有一部电影值得看。

8）复合不定代词有定语修饰时，定语应置于其后。

somethinginteresting.给我们讲点有趣的事。

Therewasnobodytired.没有一个人很累。