hostility

考研英语(二)分类真题11

(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)

一、ReadingComprehension(总题数：0，分数：0.00)

二、PartA(总题数：0，分数：0.00)

三、Text1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)

Whateverelwentwrongintheworldthisyear,noonecancomplainaboutashortageofcelebrity

nniferAniston"ssplitwithBradPittinJanuarytoJessicaSimpson"sdivorce

fromNickLacheyinDecember,dthetears—atleast

cherssaythatlong-term

angerandhostilitybetweenpartnersismuchmoredangerousforwomenthanmenandcanimpair

ourimmunesystemandputusatriskfordepression,highbloodpressureandevenheartdia.

InastudypublishedinthecurrentissueoftheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry,

Kiecolt-GlarandhercolleaguesatOhioStateUniversityrecruited42healthycoupleswhohad

beenmarriedanaverageof12yearstospendtwo24-hourstretchesinahospitalrearchunit.

Onthefirstvisit,

thecondvisit,visit,aspecialvacuumtube

thostilecouples

tookanaverageofadaylongertoheal."Hostilemaritalinteractionsreallyenhanceproduction

ofstresshormones,especiallyforwomen,"Kiecolt-Glarsays."Andimmunechangeisgreater

forwomenthanformen."

Whatmakeswomensovulnerabletoahusband"shostility?Kiecolt-Glar,aprofessorofpsychiatry

andpsychology,sayswomenrememberbothpositiveandnegativeinteractionsmorethanmenbecau

they"avelargerand

broadersocialnetworksthanmen,shesays,andthey"remorensitiveto"adverevents"in

theirnetworks—afriend,achild,nsitivityispeciallyacute

whenitcomestotheirmostintimaterelationship,nlaboratorystrategy

forstudyingmarriage,Kiecolt-Glarsays,istowatchcouplestalkaboutadisagreementand

thenhaveeachpartnerratetheirownandtheirspou"sbehavior."Women"sratingsofthebehavior

aremuchclortotheoutsideobrver"scodingsofhostilitythanmen"s,"shesays."Mensimply

don"teit."

herstudypublishedearlier

thisyearintheArchivesofInternalMedicine,rearchersfromtheUniversityofPittsburgh

andSanDiegoStateUniversitylookedatdatafrommorethan400healthywomenwhowerefollowed

undthatmaritaldissatisfactiontripledawoman"s

chancesofhavingmetabolicsyndrome,dowsweremorelikely

tohavemetabolicsyndromethantheunhappywives;evendivorcedandsinglewomenhadbetter

health-riskprofiles.

Whatshouldyoutakeawayfromallthis?Kiecolt-Glarsayscouplesshouldlearntokeephostility

incheck."Whenrelationshipsarestresd,"shesays,"youea"titfortat"kindofbehavior

timportantthingistocutthatoffearly."（分数：20.00）

(1).Themaritalstatusofthecelebritiesismentionedinthebeginningtoshow______（分数：

4.00）

ulardivorceisamongfamouspeople

tilitybetweenpartnersmightendupindivorce

vorcehasbecomelesspopularevenamongcelebrities

vorcemaybeabetteroptionthanbadmarriages√

解析：[解析]第一段提到今年许多名人离异，但作者接着说，不要忙着为这些离异的妇女流泪，因为糟糕

的婚姻可能会使她们得病(言外之意，离异对她们来说可能是件好事)。可见，作者提到这些名人的婚姻状

况，目的是为了说明本文的主题：夫妻间的对抗可能会削弱女人的免疫系统，损害她们的健康。

(2).t-Glar"srearchistofindout______（分数：4.00）

rbadmarriagesdamagewomen"simmunesystem√

tilemaritalrelationshipcanbestbehandled

scaudtensionbetweenhusbandsandwives

g-termangerhurtswomenwithouthurtingtheirhusbands

解析：[解析]第一段最后一句提到了研究的目的。这句话的意思是：研究者说，夫妻间长期的怨恨和敌对

情绪对女人比对男人要危险得多，这可能损害我们的免疫系统，使我们有患各种疾病的危险。第二段最后

一句也提到了类似内容，照应了第一段最后一句。注意：本文作者是女性，因此她用了“我们”。

(3).tGlarsaysattheendofthethirdparagraphmeansthat______（分数：

4.00）

asrationalasoutsiderswhendealingWithmaritalproblems

ideobrverknowsbetterwhenhostilityaris

remorensitivetohostilefeelingsthanmenare√

reparticularlynsitivetotheirhusbands"extramaritalrelationship

解析：[解析]在第三段最后Kiecolt-Glar说：“与男人相比，女人对其丈夫行为的评价，与旁观者对

敌意的描述非常相近。男人根本不这样看。”所谓“相近”指女人和旁观者都把夫妻间的表现看作是产生

了敌意，而丈夫们不这样认为。这句话实际上说的就是本段的主题：女人比男人更敏感，特别是在夫妻感

情方面。

(4).Whichofthefollowinggroupsofwomenaremostvulnerabletothemetabolicsyndrome?（分

数：4.00）

edwomen.

.√

ywives.

women.

解析：[解析]根据第四段第三、四句，在几种妇女中比较而言，寡妇患新陈代谢综合征的可能性最大。

(5).t-Glargivetounhappywives?（分数：4.00）

adivorce.

noticeofanyhostility.

sbadfeelingsdirectly.

traightforwardconfrontation.√

解析：[解析]在最后一段，Kiecolt-Glar博士提出了建议，其中提到夫妻应该学会控制自己的敌对情

绪，尽早消除对抗状态。所谓“尽早消除”不是说要赶快离婚，而是说不要让敌对情绪进一步发展，也即

不要选择针锋相对的对抗方式。

四、Text2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)

IfIcouldguaranteeonethinginlifeitwouldbechange—thefactthatitwillhappenevenwhen

econstantmotioninourlivesanditspowershouldnotbetakenlightly

orunderestimated.

Changeispersonal,boutthemagnitudeofthewordwhenwetalkabout

siretochangemaycomefromwantingtoimproveyourlfinsomeway

tainlygladwhenIhearthisfrompeople,becauatourverycore

t"sabouthealingourlvesfromabrokenheartor

replenishingoursoulwhenapainfulsituationhasleftusfeelingmentally,physicallyor

t"sjustthatdeep-downdesiretobekindertoourlves,for

ourlvestotreatourlvesbetter.

Thingsthatsoundeasytochangecanactuallybethehardestthingswe"veeverdone,andbecau

ofthisit"simportanttointernalizethechangeswewanttomakebyjournalingandwritingdown

e"regoingtobemoreintouchwithfamilyorbemorepositive,buthowmany

timeshavetheregularconversationsremainedjustthatconversations,insignificantwordsthat

couldhavebeenpowerfulifwehadbackedupourtalkwithatimelineforchange?I"mtalking

aboutlivingalifewhereourwordsbecometheframeworkforpositiveactions—alifeinwhich

westopwishingforabetterjobormoretimewithourchildrenorbetterbodies,andinstead

thinkaboutwhatwemustdotospurthechangeforourlves.

eone-syllablewordcausmany

ofustobecomefearful—atjustthethoughtofdoingsomethingdifferently,tryingsomething

spectofchangingbehaviors

andtal

conversationsmanypeopletellmetheywelcomechange—butbehindcloddoorstheyadmitthey"re

eafraidoftherealizationthatwhattheyaredoingtodaycouldbealtered

dramaticallyinameretwenty-fourhours.

Icansaywithconfidencethatchangehassuchanimpactonourlivessimplybecauitisa

mentofthedayweareconsciouslyand

subconsciousl

constantinfluxandexchangehastheabilitytoalterthewayweviewsituationsinourlives.

Perhapswehavechangedabelieforcometotermswithsomething,ormaybewenowdisagreewith

someonebecau,astheytellus,we"ve"changed."Thetransformationisbroughtonbysomething

ishappens,it"s

arealbreakthrough,isn"tit!（分数：20.00）

(1).Thetextismainlyabout______（分数：4.00）

pactchangescanhaveonus

sdifficulttochangeourlvesinlife

reatesuccessfulchangesinlife√

ecanfindconfidenceinlife

解析：[解析]本文作者认为，变化是我们生活中的一个普遍原则(第一段和最后一段)，它能以意想不到的

方式改变我们的身心生活，使我们不断改进自己(第二段和第三段)。据此作者认为，我们不应该惧怕改变

自己(第四段)，不能把变化仅仅挂在嘴上(第三段)，要积极促进自己的进步和变化。

(2).Theauthorsuggeststhatitistimetoekachangewhen______（分数：4.00）

ourlvesstuckinasituation√

izethemagnitudeoftheword

saconstantmotioninourlife

retoomanydifficultiesaheadofus

解析：[解析]第二段提到，当我们处于一种痛苦的状态时，我们应该改变自己，使自己摆脱身心的痛苦，

重新振作自己。

(3).Inadvocatingchanges,theauthorattachesmoreimportanceto______（分数：4.00）

√

gs

解析：[解析]第三段提到，我们之所以难以改变自己，主要原因是我们说得太多而做得太少。我们应该把

话语转化为行动，积极促进变化的发生。

(4).Itisimpliedthatoneoftheinherentcharacteristicsofchangeisthe______（分数：4.00）

istencyinattitudetowardslife

sstowardsabetterlife

rtheunknown√

ormationofanundesirablehabit

解析：[解析]第四段中提到，我们之所以不愿意改变自己，是因为我们已经习惯了现在的所作所为，惧怕

改变自己以后带来的新的、未知的情景。在作者看来，我们应该欢迎变化，不仅因为变化可以使我们改进

自己，还因为变化是我们生活的一个普遍原则。

(5).Wechangeourlvesprimarilybecauweareableto______（分数：4.00）

learlyaboutpastthings

aninnatecalltogoahead

eandreprocessinformation√

andthengetridofpains

解析：[解析]最后一段提到，我们具有接受新信息和不断重新处理旧信息的能力，这种能力是促使我们改

变的主要原因。

五、Text3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)

In1981KenjiUrada,aJapanefactoryworker,climbedoverasafetyfenceataKawasakiplant

aste,hefailedtoswitchtherobotoff

tonhim,therobot"spowerfulhydraulicarmkeptonworkingandaccidentally

thmadeUradathefirstrecordedvictimto

dieatthehandsofarobot.

Thisgruesomeindustrialaccidentwouldnothavehappenedinaworldinwhichrobotbehaviour

wasgovernedbytheThreeLawsofRoboticsdrawnupbyIsaacAsimov,asciencefictionwriter.

ThelawsappearedinI,Robot,abookofshortstoriespublishedin1950thatinspiredarecent

adeslaterthelaws,designedtopreventrobotsfromharmingpeopleeither

throughactionorinaction,,despitetheintroductionof

improvedsafetymechanisms,robotshaveclaimedmanymorevictimssince1981.

Withrobotsnowpoidtoemergefromtheirindustrialcagesandtomoveintohomesandworkplaces,

roboticessthe

concerns,leadingrobotexpertshavecometogethertotrytofindwaystopreventrobotsfrom

edbythePugwashConferences—aninternationalgroupofscientists,

academicsandactivistsfoundedin1957tocampaignforthenon-proliferationofnuclear

weapons—thenewgroupofrobo-ethicistsmetearlierthisyearinGenoa,Italy,andannounced

theirinitialfindingsinMarchatthemeeting.

Shouldrobotsthatarestrongenoughorheavyenoughtocrushpeoplebeallowedintohomes?Is

"systemmalfunction"ajustifiabledefenceforaroboticfighterplanethatviolatestheGeneva

Conventionandmistakenlyfiresoninnocentcivilians?Thequestionsmayemesotericbutin

ingtotheUNEconomicCommission

forEurope"sWorldRoboticsSurvey,in2002thenumberofdomesticandrvicerobotsmorethan

tripled,ndof2003thereweremore

than600,tofallthis,itiscrucialthatwe

starttothinkaboutsafetyandethicalguidelinesnow.

Regulatingthebehaviourofrobotsisgoingtobecomemoredifficultinthefuture,sincethey

willincreasinglyhavelflearningmechanismsbuiltintothem,saysGianmarcoVeruggio,a

roboticistattheInstituteofIntelligentSystemsforAutomationinGenoa,ult,

theirbehaviourwillbecomeimpossibletopredictfully,sincetheywillnotbebehavingin

predefinedwaysbutwilllearnnewbehaviourastheygo.（分数：20.00）

(1).Theword"gruesome"(Para.2)probablymeans______（分数：4.00）

cted

c

le√

l

解析：[解析]Thisgruesomeindustrialaccident当然是指第一段提到的事故，第一段讲述了KenjiUrada

惨死在机器人手下的经过。gruesome意为causinghorrororfright。

(2).Bysayingthat"theThreeLawsofRobotics...remainintherealmoffiction",theauthormeans

that______（分数：4.00）

dsofrobotskeepcroppingupinsciencefictions

kersarestillkeenonadaptingsciencefictionstomovies

thatarebadonsafetylawsarenotyetareality√

"ssciencefictionstilldepictspeopledyingatrobots"hands

解析：[解析]这里说基于三个定律来设计的机器人仍然只存在于科幻领域，实际上是说这样的机器人还没

有被设计出来，也即不存在。这句话的意思由其下一句话的意思可以准确推出。

(3).Thenewgroupofrobo-ethicistsarelikethePugwashConferencesinthatthey______（分

数：4.00）

oconcernedabouttheuofadvancedtechnologyinwar

oordinateinternationaleffortsincopingwithrobotsafety√

ttopreventdevelopingroboticfighterplanesforwar

reventwidespreaduofrobotsforhouholdwork

解析：[解析]从第三、四段谈到的内容来看，这个新组织显然是想在国际范围内制定开发和利用机器人的

一些条约和规范(guideline)。

A：本文主要谈为工厂以外使用机器人制定规范，以确保使用者安全的问题。

(4).Thenewlyheightenedconcernaboutrobotsafetyiscaudby______（分数：4.00）

readnumberofdeathscaudbyindustrialrobots

readnumberofdomesticandrvicerobots√

luretodesignsaferrobotsforindustrialu

kofregulationsindesigningandusingrobots

解析：[解析]这是第三、四段所主要表达的内容。起初机器人主要用于工厂环境中，造成了一些工业事故，

现在，随着机器人越来越多地用于家庭和服务，机器人专家开始对其安全性担忧，因此建议制定相应的规

范。可见，机器人在工厂环境以外被广泛地使用，是造成机器人专家目前对机器人安全问题担忧的主要原

因。

(5).Itisdifficulttodevelopsaferobotsbecau______（分数：4.00）

ctechnologyhasfoundwideapplications

ironmentinwhichrobotsworkisusuallydangerous

entcountrieshavedifferentversionsofrobots

donotworkonlybyfollowinginstructions√

解析：[解析]最后一段提到了为什么没计出安全的机器人如此难：因为专家们设计的机器人将被安装上自

我学习装置，能不按照预先设定的方式改变自己的行为。

六、Text4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)

Higherdemandfromdevelopingcountriesandoilproducersisoffttingthelowerdemandofwealthy

ptioninthecountrieswillri3percentin2008,or1.2millionbarrels

aday,thecountriessubsidizefuelsothat

neisabout25centsagallonin

Venezuelaandabout60centsinSaudiArabia,KuwaitandIran.

There"$100abarrel,SaudiArabia,Kuwait

andtheUnitedArabEmirateswillearnalmost$8trillioninoilrevenuesbetweennowand2020,

oublingarethepoliticalimplications."This

hasreallystrengthenedtheIranians,RussiansandVenezuelanstobemoreprovocativeinthe

world,"ghgovernments

controlcrudesupplies,canbuyoilata

couldbecomeapoliticalcommodity,udbygovernmentstocementtheiralliances,

offeredtofriendsatadiscount;withheldfromrivals.

Howcanweretrievesomeofourlostpower?aming

oilcompanies,"speculators",we

needtoexpandoilandnatural-gasdrillingintheUnitedStates,,wecan"t

"drillourway"anaugmentoilsuppliesandlesnpricestrains

ttake10yearsormore,becaunewprojectsarehugeundertakings.

Butdelaywillonlyaggravateourfutureproblems,justaspasterrorsaggravateprentproblems.

Finally,romencouragingfuel-efficientvehiclesand

discipliningdrivinghabits,theymayalsostimulatedevelopmentofnewbiofuelsfromwoodchips,

tioncostsofthefuelsmaybeintherangeof$1agallon.

Iftrue,that"swellbelowtoday"renewproducersthatthey

wouldn"tbewipedoutifoilpricesplunged,weshouldtafloorpriceforoilof$50to$80

abarrel,about40percentto60percentoftoday""saworthyideaandcanbedone

thatoilprices

areunpredictable,andshouldapricecollapoccur,Americanswouldn"tbedeludedintothinking

we""vemadethatmistakebefore.（分数：20.00）

(1).Inthefirstparagraphtheauthorimpliesthat______（分数：4.00）

shockiscaudbyincreadoverallpetroleumdemand√

pingcountriesarenoteconomicalintheiruofoil

ceofgasolineinoil-producingcountriesshouldberaid

cessaryforrichcountriestosubsidizeoiltoprotecttheconsumers

解析：[解析]第一段提到了日益高涨的石油需求对石油价格的推动作用，并提到发展中国家对石油价格的

补贴也是造成石油价格上涨的原因。

(2).Oneofthepoliticalimplicationsoftheprentoilpriceriisthefearthat______

（分数：4.00）

oil-richcountrieswillbealliedtocontroltheworld

ecompanieswilltakeovercrudecontrolfromgovernments

-richcountrieswillplottopushthepriceevenhigher

bitiouscountriesuitasadiplomaticinstrument√

解析：[解析]在第二段作者指出，石油价格上涨所带来的政治影响更令人感到不安(troubling)。下文接

着引用了LarryGoldstein的话，他担心伊朗、俄罗斯和委内瑞拉等主要石油生产国会因此变得更好斗。

本段最后提到，石油可能成为政治商品，被那些不友好的石油生产国利用来达到拉帮结伙的目的。

A：是不对的，第二段只提到了几个对美国等西方国家不友好的国家，并没有提到“所有”产油国都把石油

当成了一种拉帮结伙的政治工具。

(3).Whichofthefollowingmeasurescanbetakentooffttheoilshock?（分数：4.00）

totermswithoilproducers.

ingmorenaturalgastoreplaceoil.

singoilsuppliesbyone"sownefforts.√

friendlycountriestoincreaproduction.

解析：[解析]第三、四段提到了一些降低油价的措施。其中第三段建议说美国应该加强在阿拉斯加等地的

石油和天然气开采。作者说，这虽然不能帮助美国彻底解决问题，甚至也不能立刻解决问题，但至少能缓

解对全球石油市场的压力。美国政府应该立刻做出决策，以防形势进一步恶化。

(4).Whatcanbedonetoprotectthenewbiofuelproducerswhenoilpricefalls?（分数：4.00）

ethepriceofthebiofuels.

floorpriceforoil.√

idizethebiofuels.

ucevehicleswithcleanerfuel.

解析：[解析]第四段提到鼓励开发新的生物能源的问题。第五句中提到的newproducers指新的生物能源

的开发商，而不是指石油生产商或生产国。如果油价急剧下跌，这些新的生物能源开发商就可能被逐出市

场(bewipedout)，所以，为了保护它们的利益，保证它们不被逐出市场，作者建议为石油设定一个基价。

油价一旦低于这个基价，就可以通过机动的税收政策将油价推回到基价之内。

(5).Whatisthetextmainlyabout?（分数：4.00）

ectofoilshockonrichcountries.

sofoilpriceincreas.

sonslearnedfromtheoilshock.√

rchforalternativefuels.

解析：[解析]文章第一段提到了造成石油价格上涨的原因，第二段提到石油价格上涨可能给世界带来的影

响，第三、四段则提到了美国应该如何面对和应付这一形势。第三段最后一句和第四段最后两句都提出了

警告：我们必须正视目前的问题，吸取教训，不能再犯以前犯过的错误。可见，本文的重点不是谈造成石

油价格上涨的原因(这仅仅是第一段的主题)，也不是谈石油价格上涨对富国的影响(第二段谈到的不仅仅是

石油价格上涨对富国的影响，而是对全球形势的影响)，而是如何接受以前的教训，采取措施应对目前的形

势。

七、Text5(总题数：1，分数：20.00)

Onceuponatime,theonlyideologicallyacceptableexplanationsofmentaldifferencesbetween

logistwhodaredtosuggestinpublicthatperhapvolution

mightworkdifferentlyonthexes,andthatthismightperhapsresultinsomeunderlying

neurologicalinequalities,waslikelytogettarredandfeathered.

Today,bycontrast,

isbeneficiarytocomeacrossanexperimentwhichshowsthatanewlydiscovereddifferencewhich

fitasily,atfirstsight,intothebiological-determinismcamp,actuallydoesnotbelongthere

atall.

WritinginPsychologicalScience,ateamledbyranSpenceoftheUniversityofTorontodescribes

atestperformedonpeople"sabilitytospotunusualobjectsthatappearintheirfieldofvision.

Successatspatialtaskslikethisoftendiffersbetweenthexes,sotherearcherswerenot

taskedpeopletoidentifyan"odd

manout"ob

a68%ada55%successrate.

Hadtheyleftitatthat,andhiscolleaguesmighthaveconcludedthattheyhaduncovered

yetanotherevolveddifferencebetweenthexes,comeupwitha"JustSo"storytoexplainit

intermsofdivisionoflabourontheAfricansavannah,r,theydidnotleave

d,theyaskedsomeoftheirvolunteerstospendtenhoursplayinganaction-packed,

shoot-"em-upvideogame,called"MedalofHonour:PacificAssault".Asacontrol,othervolunteers

wereaskedtoplayadecidedlynon-action-packedpuzzlegame,called"Ballance",forasimilar

tswerethenaskedtodotheodd-man-outtestagain.

AmongtheBallancers,ho

whohadplayed"MedalofHonour",bothxesimprovedtheirperformances.

Thatisnotsurprising,r,theimprovementin

thewomenwasgreaterthantheimprovementinthemen—somuchsothattherewasnolongera

er,

thevolunteersweretestedagainafterfivemonths,boththeimprovementandthelackofdifference

itistooearlytobesure,itlookslikelythatthechange

inspatialacuity—andtheabolitionofanyxdifferenceinthatacuity—inducedbyplaying

"MedalofHonour"ispermanent.

hatplayingviolentcomputergamescanhavebeneficial

risthatthegamesmightprovideawayofrapidlyimprovingspatialabilityin

irdisthatalthoughgenesareimportant,upbringing

matters,too.

Inthisinstance,sithastodowiththe

houtfurtherrearch,thatsuggestionisas

muchofa"JustSo"storyasthotalesfromthesavannah.（分数：20.00）

(1).Inthepast,ifarearchsuggestedthatxdifferenceswerebiological,hewould______

（分数：4.00）

nforgranted

dofbeingbiad√

redinpublic

bothxes

解析：[解析]第一段提到，由于一段时间内人们普遍认为两性的差异是文化上的(即后天形成的)，如果哪

位生物学家胆敢说二者的差异是有生物学基础的，那么他可能会受到斥责(被认为是为男女不平等寻找先天

的理论基础)。

(2).Intheirexperiment,andhiscolleaguesaskedtheirsubjectsto______（分数：

4.00）

besoldiersofbothxesinawargame

fytwostrange-lookingpeople

tadifferentobjectfromsimilarones√

tastrangemanbydescribinghisfeatures

解析：[解析]第二段提到，受试者被要求在相同物体背景下辨别出“不合群”的物体——与所有其他物体

不同的物体。这里odd-man-out并非指古怪的人，而是指不同于其他东西(包括人)的物体。这是一种常见

游戏，测试人的空间认知能力。

(3).Therearchersfindthatveralmonthslaterthewomenwhoplayedthewargame______

（分数：4.00）

whatwasinsidethegame

irspatialacuityturningduller

illignorantofthenameofthegame

epttheirenhancedspatialability√

解析：[解析]第五段第三句以后对此进行了具体说明。

(4).Itisimpliedthatthepuzzlegame"Ballance"hasproducedlittleeffectonspatialability

mainlybecau______（分数：4.00）

sn"tanydemandingactioninit√

nsthemindwithouttrainingthebody

eacefulgamemostsuitedtowomen

meequallysuitedtomenandwomen

解析：[解析]作者在第三段介绍了选择这两种游戏做实验的原因，二者主要的区别在于：一个游戏充满动

作和枪战场景，而另一个什么动作都没有。第五段提到，恰恰是这两种游戏的不同性质决定了它们对受试

者的影响。

(5).Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat______（分数：4.00）

xdifferencesthatlookbiologicalarereallycultural√

"sdiscoveryconfirmscurrentlypopularfindings

ironmentinwhichgirlsarereareddoesn"taffecttheirspatialability

houldbebroughtupinavastplaceliketheAfricansavannah

解析：[解析]这是本文所主要说明的观点。所谓生物学上的差异，即指先天差异；所谓文化差异，即指后

天差异，换言之，是可以通过学习、训练、经验等改变的。