动词过去式和过去分词法则
(一)、不规则动词过去式和过去分词
一、原形、过去式和过去分词的词形和读音都相同的单词,结尾字母一般是t或d。如:
cut-cut-cut,hit-hit-hit,put-put-put,cost-cost-cost,let-let-let,shut-shut-shut,t-t-t,hurt-h
urt-hurt,spread-spread-spread
特殊:动词read的过去式和过去分词虽然词形与原形一致,read-read-read,但发音分别
是[ri:d]-[red]-[red]。
二、有些动词的过去分词与原形是一样的。如:
come-came-come,become-became-become,run-ran-run,overcome-overcame-overcome
三、有些动词的过去式和过去分词相同。如:
1.把单词结尾的字母d改为t。如:
lend-lent-lent,spend-spent-spent,nd-nt-nt
2.改变单词中间元音字母。如:
sit-sat-sat,win-won-won,shine-shone-shone,hold-held-held
3.以eep结尾的动词,把eep改为ept。如:
keep-kept-kept,sleep-slept-slept,sweep-swept-swept
4.过去式和过去分词都以augh或ough结尾的动词。如:
buy-bought-bought,fight-fought-fought,think-thought-thought,bring-brought-brought,teac
h-taught-taught,catch-caught-caught
5.有的以ay结尾的动词,在过去式和过去分词中把ay变成aid。如:
say-said-said,lay-laid-laid,pay-paid-paid
6.另有一些其它形式的变化。如:
have-had-had,learn-learnt-learnt,leave-left-left,lo-lost-lost,make-made-made,meet-met-
met,feel-felt-felt
四、有些动词原形中含有字母i,在过去式中变i为a,在过去分词中变i为u。如:
五、以字母ow或aw结尾的动词,在变成过去式时,通常把元音字母变成e,在变成过
去分词时,通常只在词尾加n。如:
blow-blew-blown,draw-drew-drawn,grow-grew-grown,throw-threw-thrown,know-knew
-known
六、有些动词的过去分词是在原形词尾加n或en,变成以en结尾的单词。如:
ri-ro-rin,give-gave-given,take-took-taken,fall-fell-fallen,drive-drove-driven,eat-ate-
eaten
特殊:write-wrote-written,speak-spoke-spoken,ride-rode-ridden,get-got-gotten
(二)、动词过去式和过去分词的变化规则
动词过去式和过去分词有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1)规则变化
情况例词读音与说明
动词原形过去式过去分词
一般在动词原形后加-edlook
call
open
needlooked
called
opened
neededlooked[lukt]
called[kC:ld]
opened[5EupEnd]
needed[ni:did]①-ed在清辅音音素后
发音为〔t〕,在浊辅音后发音为〔d〕,在元音后发音也为[d]
②-ed在〔t]、〔d〕
后发音为[id]
③但fix的过去式和过去
分词x不双写,为fixed.
以-e结尾的动词加-dmove
phone
hope
agreemoved
phoned
hoped
agreedmoved[mu:vd]
phoned[fEund]
hoped[hEupt]
agreed[E5^ri:d]
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i,
再加-edstudy
carry
trystudied
studied
carriedstudied[5stQdid]
carried[5kArid]
tried[traid]
以原音字母加y结尾的词,直接加-edplay
enjoy
stayplayed
enjoyed
stayedplayed[pleid]
enjoyed[in5dVCid]
stayed[steid]
末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,双写该辅音字母,再加-edstop
plan
fitstopped
planned
fittedstopped[stCpt]
planned[plAnd]
fitted[5fitid]
以-r音节结尾的词,双写r字母,
再加-edprefer
referpreferred
referredpreferred[prI`f:d]
referred[ri5fE:]
2)不规则变化
英语中有些动词的过去式和过去分词形式变化不规则,可分为五种情况。
1.动词原形、过去式和过去分词完全同形。
例:
原形过去式过去分词
cut(切)
hit(打)
cast(扔)
hurt(伤害)
put(放)
let(让)
shut(关)
cost(花费)
t(放)
rid(清除)cut
hit
cast
hurt
put
let
shut
cost
t
ridcut
hit
cast
hurt
put
let
shut
cost
t
rid
2.过去式与过去分词完全同形。
例:
原形过去式过去分词
find(找到)
pay(支付)
leave(离开)
lend(借出)
meet(遇见)
keep(保持)
lo(丢失)
teach(教)
sit(坐)
lead(引导)
win(赢)除)found
paid
left
lent
met
kept
lost
taught
sat
led
wonfound
paid
left
lent
met
kept
lost
taught
sat
led
won
3.动词原形与过去分词同形
例:
原形过去式过去分词
come(来)
run(跑)
become(成为)came
ran
becamecome
run
become
4.动词原形、过去式、过去分词形式完全不同。
例:
原形过去式过去分词
give(给)
fly(飞)
drink(喝)
e(看见)
go(去)
know(知道)
wear(穿)
speak(说)gave
flew
drank
saw
went
knew
wore
spokegiven
flown
drunk
en
gone
known
worn
spoken
5.过去式和过去分词有两种形式
例:
原形过去式过去分词
burn(燃烧)burned
burntburned
burnt
learn(学习)learned
learntlearned
learnt
smell(闻)smelled
smeltsmelled
smelt
spell(拼写)spelled
speltspelled
spelt
shine(照射)shined
shoneshined
shone
leap(跳)leaped
leaptleaped
leapt
提示
的过去式与原形同形:
比:beat(打击)beat(过去式)beaten(过去分词)
有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同
比:lielied,lied(说谎)
lay,lain(躺,位于)
有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同
比:hanghanged,hanged(处绞刑)
hung,hung(挂,吊)
e(欢迎)一词是规则动词,不可误用为不规则动词
比:welcomewelcomed,welcomed(正)
welcome,welcome(误)
e.不要将不规则动词误用为规则动词
比:hit(打)hit,hit(正)
hitted,hitted(误)
6现在分词的变化规则
规则动词原形现在分词及发音
一般在动词原形词尾加-ing,-ing发音为[iN]go
push
play
carrygoing[5^EuiN]
pushing[5puFiN]
playing[pleiiN]
carrying[5kAriiN]
以不发音的e结尾的动词,先去掉e,再加-ingtake
write
leavetaking[5teikiN]
writing[5raitiN]
leaving[5li:viN]
重读闭音节结尾的动词,如果词尾只有一个辅音字母,要将该末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读
闭音节词,双写该辅音字母,再加-edstop
stop
fit
begin
forgetcutting[5kQtiN]
stopping[5stCpiN]
fitting[5fitiN]
beginning[bi5^iniN]forgetting[fE5^etiN]
以ie结尾的动词,要把ie改为y,再加-inglie
die
tielying[5laiiN]
dying[5daiiN]
tying[5taiiN
(三)、不规则动词过去式和过去分词归纳
A.原形与过去式和过去分词完全相同.
cost----cost----costcut----cut----cutput----put----put
let----let----lett----t----thit----hit----hit
shut----shut----shuthurt---hurt----hurtread---read----read读音/e/
lie---lied---lied说谎lay---laid---laid放置,下蛋
lay---lain躺下,位于,平放
sdon’t_______eggsduringsuchcoldweather.
She_____herbooksonthetable.____
B.过去式与过去分词完全相同
1.过去式和过去分词中含有ought,aught,读音是〔:t〕
bright----brought----broughtthink----thought----thoughtbuy----bought----bought
catch----caught----caughtteach----taught----taught
2.动词原形中的e为o,变成过去式和过去分词。
get----got----gotll----sold----soldtell----told----told
3.动词原形中i为a,…sit----sat----satspit----spat----spat
4.动词原形中i为o,…win----won----wonshine----shone/shined----shone/shined
5.动词原形中an为
oo,…stand----stood---stoodunderstand----understood----understood
6.动词原形中的ay为ai,…say----said----saidpay----paid----paid
7.a)动词原形中的d为t,…nd----nt----ntlend----lent----lent
spend----spent----spentbuild----built----built
b)动词原形最后一个字母改为t,…smell----smelt----smeltlo----lost----lost
c)动词原形后加一个字母
t,…learn----learnt----learntmean----meant----meant读音/e/
d)动词原形中的ee去掉一个字母e,然后在词尾加t.字母e发音/e/
feel----felt----feltsleep----slept----sleptsweep---swept----swept
keep----kept-----kept
其它meet----met----methave----had----hadhold----held----held
make----made----madedig----dug----dughear----heard----heard
find----found----foundhang----hung----hung
C.原型与过去分词相同
come----came----comerun----ran----runbecome----became----become
D.原形,过去式,和过去分词完全不同
1.把动词原形中i改为a变成过去式,改成u变成过去分词.
begin----began-----begundrink---drank----drunkring----rang-----rung
swim----swam----swumsing----sang----sung
2.把动词原形中o改为e变成过去式,在原形词尾加n变成过去分词.
blow----blew----blowngrow----grew----grownknow---knew---known
throw----threw----thrownfly----flew/flu:/----flown(和以上相似)
3.以下动词的过去分词都以en结尾,故把它们分为一类.
a)把动词原形中i改为o变成过去式,在词尾加n变成过去分词.
drive----drove----drivenri---ro---rinwrite---wrote---written(双写t)
ride----rode----ridden(双写d)
b)把动词原形中ea改为o,在词尾加e变成过去式,在过去式后加n变成过去分词.
speak----spoke----spokensteal----stole----stolenbreak----broke----broken
c)把动词原形中的个别字母或字母组合改为o变成过去式,在过去式后加n变成过去分词.
wake----woke----wokenfreeze----froze----frozen
choo----cho----chonforget----forgot----forgotten(双写t,加en)
d)其它过去分词以en结尾的动词
eat----ate----eatenbeat----beat----beatenfall----fell----fallen
give----gave----givene----saw----entake----took----taken
mistake----mistook-----mistakenhide----hid----hidden(双写d)
E.没有过去分词的动词
can-----could-may----might-shall----should-will----would-
其它
am,is----was-----beenare-----were-----beendo-----did-----done
draw-----drew-----drawn/:/go-----went-----goneshow----showed----shown
wear---wore----worn
不规则动词的过去式
不规则动词的过去式是同学们学习的重点,也是一个难点。同学们应通过不规则动词的动词原形和它
们的过去式找出其变化规律,总结如下:
1.把动词原形中的o改为a,变成过去式。过去分词不变.如:
become—became,come—came
2.把动词原形中的i改为a,变成过去式。如:
begin—began,drink—drank,give—gave,ring—rang,sing—sang,sit—sat,swim—swam,sink—s
ank,
3.把重读开音节中的i改为o,变成过去式。如:
drive—drove,ride—rode,shine—shone,win—won,write—wrote
4.动词原形中的e改为o,变成过去式。如:
get—got,forget—forgot
5.动词原形中的eep改为ept,变成过去式。如:
keep—kept,sleep—slept,sweep—swept
6.动词原形中的an改为oo,变成过去式。如:
stand—stood,understand—understood
7.改动词原形中的aw/ow为ew,变成过去式。如:
draw—drew,grow—grew,know—knew,throw—threw(动词show除外,show—showed)
8.动词原形中的eak改为oke,变成过去式。如:
break—broke,speak—spoke
9.动词原形中的ell改为old,变成过去式。如:
ll—sold,tell—told
10.以ought和aught结尾,且读音是〔:t〕的过去式。如:
bring—brought,buy—bought,think—thought,catch—caught,teach—taught
11.以ould结尾且读音为〔ud〕的情态动词过去式。如:
can—could,shall—should,will—would
12.在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式,并且发生音变。如:
hear〔hi〕—heard〔h:d〕,say〔i〕—said〔d〕,
mean〔mi:n〕—meant〔ment〕,dream—dreamt〔dremt〕
13.动词的过去式与动词原形一样。如:
cut—cut,hit—hit,hurt—hurt,let—let,must—must,
put—put,read—read〔red〕,t—t
14.动词的过去式有两种形式。如:
dream—dreamed/dreamtlearn—learnt/learnedshine—shone/shined
smell—smelt/smelledwake—woke/waked
15.不符合上述规律的动词过去式。如:
am,is—was,are—were,build—built,do—did,eat—ate,fall—fell,
feel—felt,find—found,fly—flew,go—went,have/has—had,hide—hid,
hold—held,lay—laid,leave—left,lie—lay,lo—lost,make—made,may—
might,run—ran,e—saw,smell—smelt,take—took,wake—woke,
wear—wore
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