海明威英文

ErnestMillerHemingway(July21,1899–July2,1961)wasanAmericanauthorandjournalist.

Hisdistinctivewritingstyle,characterizedbyeconomyandunderstatement,influenced

20th-centuryfiction,ucedmostofhiswork

heNobelPrizeinLiteraturein1954.

Hemingway'sfictionwassuccessfulbecauthecharactersheprentedexhibitedauthenticity

publishedvennovels,sixshortstorycollections,andtwonon-fictionworksduringhislifetime;

afurtherthreenovels,fourcollectionsofshortstories,andthreenon-fictionworkswerepublished

posthumously.

HemingwaywasbornandraidinOakPark,eavinghighschoolheworkedfora

fewmonthsasareporterforTheKansasCityStar,beforeleavingfortheItalianfronttobecome

anambulancedriverduringWorldWarI,whichbecamethebasisforhisnovelAFarewelltoArms.

1922Hemingwaymarried

HadleyRichardson,thefirstofhisfourwives,andthecouplemovedtoParis,whereheworkedas

histimetherehemetandwasinfluencedbymodernistwriters

andartistsofthe1920xpatriatecommunityknownasthe"LostGeneration".Hisfirstnovel,

TheSunAlsoRis,waspublishedin1926.

AfterdivorcingHadleyRichardsonin1927HemingwaymarriedPaulinePfeiffer;theydivorced

followingHemingway'sreturnfromcoveringtheSpanishCivilWar,afterwhichhewroteFor

Gellhornbecamehisthirdwifein1940,butheleftherforMary

WelshafterWorldWarII,duringwhichhewasprentatD-DayandtheliberationofParis.

ShortlyafterthepublicationofTheOldManandtheSeain1952Hemingwaywentonsafarito

Africa,wherehewasalmostkilledinaplanecrashthatlefthiminpainorill-healthformuchof

wayhadpermanentresidencesinKeyWest,Florida,andCubaduring

the1930sand'40s,butin1959hemovedfromCubatoKetchum,Idaho,wherehecommitted

suicideinthesummerof1961.

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TheOldManandtheSea

+++++++TheOldManandtheSeaisastorybyErnestHemingway,writteninCubain1951and

helastmajorworkoffictiontobeproducedbyHemingwayand

ismostfamousworks,itcentersuponSantiago,anagingCuban

fishermanwhostruggleswithagiantmarlinfaroutintheGulfStream.[1

Plotsummary

TheOldManandtheSeatellsanepicbattlebetweenanold,experiencedfishermanandagiant

sbyexplainingthatthefisherman,whoisnamedSantiago,hasgone84days

unluckythathisyoungapprentice,Manolin,hasbeen

forbiddenbyhisparentstosailwiththeoldmanandbeenorderedtofishwithmoresuccessful

edicatedtotheoldman,however,theboyvisitsSantiago'sshackeachnight,

haulingbackhisfishinggear,gettinghimfoodanddiscussingAmericanbaballandhisfavorite

gotellsManolinthatonthenextday,hewillventurefaroutintothe

Gulftofish,confidentthathisunluckystreakisnearitnd.

Thusontheeighty-fifthday,Santiagotsoutalone,his

linesand,bynoonofthefirstday,topull

inthegreatmarlin,sandtwonightspass

inthismanner,heis

woundedbythestruggleandinpain,Santiagoexpressacompassionateappreciationforhis

adversary,determinesthatbecauofthefish'sgreat

dignity,noonewillbeworthyofeatingthemarlin.

Onthethirddayoftheordeal,thefishbeginstocircletheskiff,indicatinghistirednesstotheold

go,nowcompletelywornoutandalmostindelirium,usallthestrengthhehasleftin

himtopullthefishontoitssideandstabthemarlinwithaharpoon,endingthelongbattle

gostrapsthemarlintothesideofhisskiffand

headshome,thinkingaboutthehighpricethefishwillbringhimatthemarketandhowmany

peoplehewillfeed.

WhileSantiagocontinueshisjourneybacktotheshore,sharksareattractedtothetrailofblood

st,agreatmakoshark,Santiagokillswithhisharpoon,

sanewharpoonbystrappinghisknifetotheendofan

oartohelpwardoffthenextlineofsharks;intotal,fivesharksareslainandmanyothersare

sharkskeepcoming,andbynightfallthesharkshavealmostdevouredthe

marlin'ntirecarcass,leavingaskeletonconsistingmostlyofitsbackbone,itstailanditshead.

Finallyreachingtheshorebeforedawnonthenextday,Santiagostrugglesonthewaytohisshack,

me,heslumpsontohisbedandfallsintoadeep

sleep.

Agroupoffishermengatherthenextdayaroundtheboatwherethefish'sskeletonisstillattached.

Oneofthefishermenmeasuresittobe18feet(5.5m)tsatthenearbycaf

én,worriedduringtheoldman'ndeavor,criesupon

eoldmanwakes,

sreturntosleep,Santiagodreamsofhisyouth—

oflionsonanAfricanbeach.

[edit]Backgroundandpublication

nin1951,andpublishedin1952,TheOldManandtheSeaisthefinal

workpublishedduringHemingway'k,dedicatedtoHemingway'sliteraryeditor

MaxwellPerkins,[2]wasfeaturedinLifeMagazineonSeptember1,1952,andfivemillioncopies

ofthemagazineweresoldintwodays.[3]TheOldManandtheSeaalsobecameaBook-of-the

Monthlection,andmadeHemingwayacelebrity.[4]Publishedinbookformon1September

1952,thefirsteditionprintrunwas50,000copies.[5]ThenovellareceivedthePulitzerPrizein

May,1952,[6]andwasspecificallycitedwhenhewasawardedtheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein

1954.[7][8]ThesuccessofTheOldManandtheSeamadeHemingwayaninternational

celebrity.[4]TheOldManandtheSeaistaughtatschoolsaroundtheworldandcontinuestoearn

foreignroyalties.[9]

“Nogoodbookhaverbeenwrittenthathasinitsymbolsarrivedatbeforehandandstuck

in....Itriedtomakearealoldman,arealboy,

madethemgoodandtrueenoughtheywouldmeanmanythings.”

—ErnestHemingwayin1954[10]

Hemingwaywantedtouthestoryoftheoldman,Santiago,toshowthehonorinstruggleandto

lybadonthecharacterofGregorio

Fuentes,HemingwayhadinitiallyplannedtouSantiago'sstory,whichbecameTheOldMan

andtheSea,aspartofanintimacybetweenmotherandsonandalsothefactofrelationshipsthat

covermostofthebookrelatetotheBible,whichhereferredtoas"TheSeaBook".(Healso

referredtotheBibleasthe"SeaofKnowledge"andothersuchthings.)Someaspectsofitdid

vefeedbackhereceivedforOn

theBlueWater(Esquire,April1936)kis

generallyclassifiedasanovellabecauithasnochaptersorpartsandisslightlylongerthana

shortstory.

[edit]LiterarysignificanceandcriticismTheOldManandtheSearvedtoreinvigorate

Hemingway'sl

novellawasinitiallyreceivedwithmuchpopularity;itrestoredmanyreaders'confidencein

Hemingway'lisher,Scribner's,onanearlydustjacket,calledthe

novellaa"newclassic,"andmanycriticsfavorablycompareditwithsuchworksasWilliam

Faulkner's"TheBear"andHermanMelville'sMoby-Dick.

Followingsuchacclaim,however,aschoolofcriticmergedthatinterpretedthenovellaasa

mple,criticPhilipYoungprovidedanadmiringreviewin1952,

justfollowingTheOldManandtheSea'spublication,inwhichhestatedthatitwasthebook"in

whichHemingwaysaidthefinestsinglethingheeverhadtosayaswellashecouldeverhopeto

sayit."However,in1966,Youngclaimedthatthe"failednovel"toooften"wentwayout."The

lf-contradictoryviewsshowthatcriticalreactionrangedfromadorationofthebook'smythical,

terisfoundedinthe

notionthatHemingway,onceadevotedstudentofrealism,failedinhisdepictionofSantiagoasa

supernatural,clairvoyantimpossibility.

JophWaldmeir'ssayentitled"ConfiteorHominem:ErnestHemingway'sReligionofMan"is

oneofthemostfamedfavorablecriticalreadingsofthenovella—andonewhichhasdefined

sthemostmemorableclaimthereinisWaldmeir'sanswerto

thequestion—Whatisthebook'smessage?

"TheanswerassumesathirdlevelonwhichTheOldManandtheSeamustberead—asasortof

allegoricalcommentaryonallhispreviouswork,bymeansofwhichitmaybeestablishedthatthe

religiousovertonesofTheOldManandtheSeaarenotpeculiartothatbookamongHemingway's

works,andthatHemingwayhasfinallytakenthedecisivestepinelevatingwhatmightbecalled

hisphilosophyofManhoodtothelevelofareligion."[11]

The2006coverfortheCharlesScribner'sSonditionofthenovellaWaldmeirwasoneofthe

mostprominentcriticstowhollyconsiderthefunctionofthenovella'sChristianimagery,made

mostevidentthroughSantiago'sblatantreferencetothecrucifixionfollowinghissightingofthe

sharksthatreads:

"‘Ay,′snotranslationforthiswordandperhapsitisjustanoisuchasa

manmightmake,involuntarily,feelingthenailgothroughhishandsandintothewood."[12]

Supplementedwithotherinstancesofsimilarsymbolism,Waldmeir'scriticismstandsasoneofthe

mostdurable,positivetreatmentsofthenovella.

Ontheotherhand,oneofthemostoutspokencriticsofTheOldManandtheSeaisRobertP.

1962piece"FakeryinTheOldManandtheSea"prentshisclaimthatthenovellais

aweakandunexpecteddivergencefromthetypical,realisticHemingway(referringtotherestof

Hemingway'sbodyofworkas"earlierglories").[13]Injuxtaposingthisnovellaagainst

Hemingway'spreviousworks,Weekscontends:

"Thedifference,however,intheeffectivenesswithwhichHemingwayemploysthischaracteristic

koffictionin

whichHemingwaydevotedthemostattentiontonaturalobjects,TheOldManandtheSea,is

piecedoutwithanextraordinaryquantityoffakery,extraordinarybecauonewouldexpectto

findnoinexactness,,

couldnotreadThoreau,deploredMelville'srhetoricinMobyDick,andwhowashimlf

criticizedbyotherwriters,notablyFaulkner,forhisdevotiontothefactsandhisunwillingnessto

"invent."[13]

Somecriticssuggest"TheOldManandtheSea,"wasHemingway'sreactiontowardsthecriticism

ofhismostrecentwork,AcrosstheRiverandintotheTrees.[14]ThenegativereviewsforAcross

theRiverandintotheTreesdistresdhim,butwerelikelyacatalysttohiswritingofTheOld

ManandtheSea.

三、蕴含深层内涵

1、通过作品中展现的老人的精神与命运，赞美和讴歌了不服输的硬汉子精神。海明威巧妙

的把这一主题镶嵌在故事情节中，使他想表达的主题升华到了更高的象征地位，获得了永恒

的生命，读者的审美感同时也得到了升华。

2、解读《老人与海》，体会海明威人与自然的观念，我们得到的启示是：自然法则是人类

力量不可抗拒的，人类可以利用自然、改造自然，但人类不能征服自然。