英语写作中的过渡词
过渡词是一种关系指引词,其作用是连接上下文,使文章保持
连贯、自然、通顺。过渡词可以用于句子与句子之间的连接,还可
以用于段落与段落之间的连接。当句子进入语段、语段进入语篇
时,往往需要用一些连接手段把句子和句子、语段和语段,有时甚
至是段落与段落连接起来,使它们之间建立起各种各样的语义关
系,并使整个语篇在意义上具有连贯性。根据章振邦的划分,英语
的衔接手段主要分为三大类:过渡词衔接、词汇纽带和语法照应。
我们在此主要讨论过渡词连接。
过渡词的使用是保证段落或文章连贯的重要手段之一,同时也
是英语写作中应注意的一个关键问题。本德(Bander)曾在其著作
《美国英语修辞》(AmericanEnglishRhetoric)中高度概括了写作
中使用过渡词的重要性,认为“有两个技巧比学任何其它的更能增
强英语写作技能:其一是使用过渡连接词;其二是使用附属关系”。
夸克(Quirk)等人把过渡词分为13大类:(1)列举类;(2)强势
类;(3)对等类;(4)转折类;(5)总结类;(6)同位类;(7)结果类;(8)
推论类;(9)重述类;(10)替换类;(11)对立类;(12)让步类;(13)时间
转换类。蔡基刚将过渡词分为11类:举例、比拟、对照、让步、原
因、结果、强调、递进、结论、时间和空间。
我们立足于教学,从方便实用的角度出发,综合以上学者的成
果,将过渡词按语义划分为以下最常见的几种类型:(一)表示添加
信息:and,also,too,furthermore,besides,moreover,
inaddition,whatismore等;(二)表示因果关系:becau,
for,forthisreason,becauof,since,asaresult,
thus,therefore,so,conquently,ofcour,aordingly
等;(三)表示文章意义的转折或比照:although,however,on
thecontrary,still,but,otherwi,despite,
nevertheless,though,infact,ontheotherhand,asa
matteroffact等;(四)表示文章中事件发生的时空顺序:first,
cond,third,afterthat,meanwhile,then,before,
next,formerly,later,finally,intheend,atlast
等;(五)表示列举:firstly,condly,foronething…for
another,firstofall,tobeginwith,then,last等;(六)
表示举例、解释:forexample,forinstance,thatis,
namely,toillustrate等;(七)表示总结:inshort,tosum
up,inconclusion,briefly,onthewhole,toconclude,
tosummarize等。下面我们逐一进展说明。
常用词:besides此外,furthermore此外,additionally此
外,inaddition此外,inparticular特别地,moreover此外,
whatismore另外。例如:
①Nowit’stimetobeeconcernedwiththefutureof
icular,wemustpayenoughattentiontothe
problemofpollution.
②Asthissocietylookstoeducationhighly,thereis
anofdignityandprideinreceivingacollege
tion/Furthermore/Besides/Whatismore,I
believewithacollegeeducationIcanrvemyfellowmen
andmycountrybetter.
aordingly于是,asaresult因此,becauof由于,
conquently因此,dueto由于,thanksto幸亏,forthis
reason由于这个原因,hence因此,inthisway这样,
therefore因此,thus因此。例如:
①Becauof/Duetoscience,wenowlivesafer,
morefortableandconvenientlives.
②Ourstandardoflivingtodayismuchhigherthanit
wasbefore.
Asaresult,moreandmorepeoplecanaffordtheirown
housandcars.
③Hewastoldtospeakbriefly;aordingly,hecut
shorthisremarks.
④Itisimportanttohavegoodplansifwewanttobe
suessful.
Inthisway/So/Forthisreason/Becauof
this/Therefore/Asaresult/Conquently,itismost
importanttohaveagoodbeginningwheneverwewantto
aomplishsomething.
equallyimportant同样重要地,similarly同样地,despite
纵使,inspiteof纵使,likewi同样重要地,nevertheless
不过,converly相反地,onthecontrary相反地,onthe
otherhand另一方面。例如:
①Despite/Inspiteofalltheheartachesandthe
difficulties,acollegeeducationisstillourbest
passporttosuess.
②Ifwelackedfreedoms,peoplecouldnotsaywhat
theyfelt.
Ontheotherhand/Converly,ifwelackedlaws,then
societywouldbedisorderlyandviolent.
③Jones’rly,sowerethe
chargesagainstSmith.
④CongresscanpassalawandthePresidentmaysignit.
Nevertheless,theSupremeCourtcandeclarei
tunconstitutional.
afterward以后,atprent目前,atthesametime同
时,currently目前,inthemeantime同时,meanwhile同时,
lately最近,recently最近,sincethen...之后,soon不久,
soonafter不久之后,today现在。例如:
①Atprent/Currently/Today/Recently/Lately,more
andmorepeoplearerealizingtheimportanceofprotecting
ourenvironment.
②Meanwhile/Inthemeantime/Atthesametime,
studentsshouldhavemorefreetimeforreadingwhatthey
liketoread.
③Sincethen,peoplehavebeemoreandmore
interestedinlearningEnglish.
Firstofall首先;Inthefirstplace,…Second,...
Finally首先……,第二……,第
三……;Firstly,…Secondly,...Thirdly第一……,第
二……,第三……;Attheverybeginning,…Then,…
Finally,…首先……其次……最后……;Tobegin
with,…Next,…
Finally,…首先……其次……最后……。
例如:
Ourstandardoflivingtodayismuchhigherthanit
sdoesnotmeanthatthespiritual
ouldwedo?
First/Firstofall/Inthefirstplace,wemust
understandthatmoneycan’’tbea
,weshouldspendtimewithfriendsand
rd,weshouldfindtimetolistentothe
birdssing,andethebeautifulscenery.
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