dimensionless

Chapter1ThermodynamicsandHeatTransfer

主要内容

ts:

heat(thermalenergy)、heattransfer、thermodynamics、total

amountofheattransfer、heattransferrate、heatflux、conduction、

convection、radiation

ons:

1)Thefirstlawofthermodynamics(conrvationofenergy

principle)

2)Heatbalanceequation:a)clodsystem;b)opensystem

(steady-flow)

3)Fourier’slawofheatconduction

4)Newton’slawofcooling

5)Stefan-Boltzmannlaw

主要专业词汇

heattransfer传热、热传递、传热学thermodynamics热力学

caloric热素specificheat比热massflowrate质量流

率

latentheat潜热nsibleheat显热heatflux热流

密度

heattransferrate热流量totalamountofheattransfer总热量

conduction导热convection对流radiation辐

射

thermalconductivity热导率thermaldiffusivity热扩散率

convection/combinedheattransfercoefficient对流/综合换热系

数

emissivity发射率absorptivity吸收率

simultaneousheattransfer复合换热

Chapter2HeatConductionEquation

主要内容

ts:

temperaturefield、temperaturegradient、heatgeneration、initial

condition、boundarycondition、steadytransientheattransfer、

uniformnonuniformtemperaturedistribution

ons:

1)Fourier’slawofheatconduction(§2-1)

2)Heatconductionequation(inrectangularcylindricalspherical

coordinates)(§2-2、§2-3)

3)Boundaryconditions:(§2-4)

a)SpecifiedtemperatureB.C.

b)SpecifiedheatfluxB.C.[specialca(dt/dx=0):insulation、

thermalsymmetry];

c)Convection.

d)Radiation.

e)Interface.

4)Averagethermalconductivityk

ave

(§2-7)

5)Solutionofone-dimensional,steadyheatconductioninplane

walls、cylindersandspheres(k=const)：

a)noheatgeneration,specified.:T(x)orT(r)(§2-5)

Q(x)orQ(r),Q=const

b)withheatgeneration,ection.:(§2-6)

∆T

max

=T

o

-T

s

=gs2/2nk;q(x)=gx/n;T

s

=T+gs/nh

characteristiclengthS,shapefactorn:

planewalls—s=L(halfthickness),n=1

cylinders——s=ro,n=2

spheres——s=ro,n=3

s:Solveaheattransferproblem

1)Mathematicalformulation(differentialequation&.)

2)Generalsolutionofequation

3)ApplicationofUniquesolutionoftheproblem

主要专业词汇

temperaturefielddistribution温度场分布temperaturegradient

温度梯度

heatgeneration热生成(热源)initialboundarycondition初始边

界条件

transientheattransfer瞬态(非稳态)传热isothermalsurface

等温面

Heatconductiondifferentialequation导热微分方程

trialanderrormethod试算法iterate迭代

convergence收敛

Chapter3SteadyHeatConduction

主要内容

ts:

multilayercompositewalloverallheattransfercoefficientU

thermalresistanceRtthermalcontactresistanceRccriticalradiusofinsulationRcr

finefficiencyfineffectiveness

ons:

Multiplayerplanewall、cylindersandspheres:

Fin:finequation——refertotheattachment.

1)Uniformcross-ction:refertotheattachment.

2)Varyingcross-ction:refertotheattachment.

主要专业词汇

thermalresistance热阻parallel并联inries串联

thermalcontactresistance接触热阻compositewall复合壁面

thermalgrea热脂cross-ction横截面temperatureexecess过余温度

hyperbolic双曲线的exponent指数

fin肋(翅)片finba肋基fintip肋端

finefficiency肋效率fineffectiveness肋片有效度

Chapter4TransientHeatConduction

主要内容

ts:

lumpedsystemanalysischaracteristiclength(Lc=V/A)

Biotnumber(Bi=hLc/k)Fouriernumber(τ=at/L)

ons:

Bi≤0,lumpedsystemanalysis(§4-1)

Bi>0,Heisler/GroberchartsORanalyticalexpressions

1-D：a)infinitelargeplanewalls,longcylindersandspheres(§4-2)

b)mi-infinitesolids(§4-3)

multidimensional:productsolution(§4-4)

主要专业词汇

lumpedsystemanalysis集总参数法characteristiclength特征长度（尺寸）

dimension量纲nondimensionalize无量纲化dimensionlessquantity无量纲量

mi-infinitesolid半无限大固体complementaryerrorfunction误差余函数

ries级数productionsolution乘积解

Chapter5NumericalMethodsinHeatConduction

主要内容

ts:

controlvolume(energybalance)method、finitedifferencemethod、

discretization、node、spacestep、timestep、

meshBiotnumber、meshFouriernumber、mirrorimageconcept、

explicit/implicitmethod、stabilitycriterion(primarycoefficients0)

Numericalerror:1)discretization/truncationerror;2)round-offerror

s:

Numericalsolution:

1)Discretizationinspaceandtime(x,t);

2)Buildallnodes’finitedifferenceformulations(includinginteriorandboundarynodes);

differencemethod

lVolumemethod)

3)conduction;

method:GaussianElimination

ivemethod:Gauss-Seideliteration

主要专业词汇

controlvolume控制容积finitedifference有限差分

Taylorriexpression泰勒级数展开式

mirrorimageconcept镜像法Eliminationmethod消元法

direct/iterativemethod直接/迭代方法explicit/implicitmethod显式/隐式格式

stabilitycriterion稳定性条件primarycoefficients主系数

unconditionally无条件地algebraiceq.代数方程

discretization/truncationerror离散/截断误差round-offerror舍入误差

Chapter6、7ForcedConvectionandNatural

Convection

主要内容

ts:

Nu、Re、Gr、Pr

Force/naturalconvection、external/internalflow、velocity/thermalboundarylayer

flowregimes、laminar/turbulentflow

hydrodynamic/thermalentryregion、fullydevelopedregion

CriticalReynoldsNumber(Rec)、hydraulicdiameter(Dh)、

filmtemperature(Tf)、bulkmeanfluidtemperature(Tb)

logarithmicmeantemperaturedifference(Tln)

volumeexpansioncoefficient(β=1/T)

effectivethermalconductivity(Keff=KNu)

ons:

Dragforce：FD=CfAρV2/2

Heattransferrate：Q=hA(Ts-T)

3．TypicalConvectionPhenomena:

1)Forcedconvection：externalflow——flowoverflatplates(§6-4)

——flowacrosscylindersandspheres(§6-5)

internalflow——flowintubes(§6-6)

2)Naturalconvection：flowoversurfaces(§7-2)

flowinsideenclosures(§7-3)

主要专业词汇

Force/naturalconvection自然/强制对流laminar/turbulentflow层/湍流

boundarylayer边界层laminarsublayer层流底层bufferlayer缓冲层

transitionregion过渡区flowregimes流态

inertia/viscousforce惯性/粘性力shearstress剪切应力

friction/dragcoefficient摩擦/阻力系数frictionfactor摩擦因子

dynamic/kinematicviscous动力/运动粘度

wake尾流stagnationpoint滞止点flowparation流体分离

vortex漩涡rotationalmotion环流velocityfluctuation速度脉动

hydrodynamic水动力学的hydraulicdiameter水力直径

fullydevelopedregion充分发展段volumeflowrate体积流量

arithmetic/logarithmicmeantemperaturedifference算术/对数平均温差

volumeexpansioncoefficient体积膨胀系数

interferometer干涉仪asymptotic渐近线的

effectivethermalconductivity有效热导率

analogicalmethod类比法integralapproach积分近似法

orderofmagnitudeanalysis数量级分析法similarityprinciple相似原理

Chapter9RadiationHeatTransfer

主要内容

ts:

blackbody、graybody、diffusurface、emissivepower(E)

emissivity(ε)、absorptivity(α)、reflectivity(ρ)、transmissivity(τ)

irradiation(G)、radiosity(J)、reradiating(adiabatic)surface

viewfactor(Fij)、radiationnetwork、spaceresistance、surfaceresistance

radiationshield

gasradiation、transparentmediumtoradiation、absorbingandtransmittingmedium

:

Blackbody：(1)Plank’slaw

(2)Stefan-Boltzmann’slaw

(3)Wien’sdisplacementlaw

Graybody：(4)Kirchhoff’slaw

Actualbody：E(T)=εEb(T)=εσT4W/m2

Gas：(5)Beer’slaw

3．Calculation:

1)Viewfactor：reciprocity/summation/superposition/symmetryRule

crosd-stringsmethod

2)Radiationheattransfer：Radiationnetwork

Opensystem：geparallelplates)

Enclosure：2-surfaceenclosure；3-surfaceenclosure

Radiationshield

主要专业词汇

thermalradiation热辐射、quantumtheory量子理论、indexofrefraction折射系数

electromagneticwave/spectrum电磁波/波谱、ultraviolet(UV)rays紫外线、infrared(IR)rays红外

线

absorptivity吸收率、reflectivity反射率、transmissivity透射率、emissivity(ε)发射率(黑度)、

specular/diffureflection镜反射/漫反射

irradiation(incidentradiation)投入辐射、radiosity有效辐射

spectral/directional/totalemissivepower单色/定向/总辐射力

fractionofradiationenergy辐射能量份额(辐射比)、blackbodyradiationfunction黑体辐射函数

viewfactor辐射角系数、crosd-stringsmethod交叉线法、

reciprocity/summation/superposition/symmetryRule相互/完整/和分/对称性

netradiationheattransfer净辐射热流量

radiationnetwork辐射网络图、space/surfaceradiationresistance空间/表面辐射热阻、

reradiatingsurface重辐射面、adiabatic绝热的

radiationshield遮热板

transparentmediumtoradiation辐射透热体、absorbingandtransmittingmedium吸收-透过性介质

Chapter10HeatExchangers

主要内容

ts:

heatexchangertype----double-pipe、compact、shell-and-tube、plate-and-frame、regenerativeheat

exchanger

parallel/counter/cross/multipassflow

overallheattransfercoefficient(U)foulingfactor(Rf)

heatcapacityratecapacityration

logmeantemperaturedifference(ΔTlm)

heattransfereffectiveness(ε)

numberoftransferunits(NTU)

ons:

1)heatbalanceeq.:Q=Ch(Th,in-Th,out)=Cc(Tc,out-Tc,in)

2)heattransfereq.:Q=UAΔTlm(LMTDmethod)

orQ=εQmax=εCmin(Th,inCTc,in)(ε-NTUmethod)

3．Methods:

1)LMTDMethod：lectaheatexchanger

Known:Ch、Cc、3‘T’

Predict:1‘T’、Q、A

2)ε-NTUMethod：evaluatetheperformanceofaspecifiedheatexchanger

Known:Ch、Cc、UA、Th,in、Tc,in

Predict:Q、Th,out、Tc,out

主要专业词汇

double-pipe/compact/shell-and-tube/plate-and-frame/regenerativeheatexchanger

套管式/紧凑式/壳管式/板式/蓄热（再生）式换热器

parallel/counter/cross/multipassflow顺流/逆流/叉流/多程流

areadensity面积密度tube/shellpass管程/壳程static/dynamictype静/动态型

baffle挡板header封头nozzle管嘴guidebar导向杆porthole孔口

gasket垫圈lateral侧面的/横向的

foulingfactor污垢因子heatcapacityrate水当量

heattransfereffectiveness(ε)传热有效度

numberoftransferunits(NTU)传热单元数