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语言学的名词解释

语言学的名词解释

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语言学的名词解释

WhenIwaspreparingthepostgraduateentranceexaminationofNNU（NanjingNormal

University）,someofthefollowingconceptshadbeentested，butthere’snospecificorclear

explanationinthetextbookrequiredbytheuniversity。Asinpreparingthecond—round

examinationIreadtheminotherrelevantbooks,Iwrotedownhereforyourreference。Hope

theyareufultosomeofyou。

uration(同化过程)isaprocessinwhichmembersofoneculturalgroup

adoptthebeliefsandbehaviorsofanothergroup。

2。Adjacencypair(相邻语对）；aquenceoftwoutterancesbydifferentspeakers

ondisarespontothefirst，suchasquestion/answer

quencesandgreeting/greetingexchange.

：aboundmorphemethatisattachedtoastemandmodifiesitsmeaning

insomeway。

4。agreement(concord)(一致):agrammaticalphenomenoninwhichtheformofone

wordinantenceisdeterminedbytheformofanotherwordwhichis

grammaticallylinkedtoit.E。entenceTheboygoestoschoolevery

day。Thereisanagreementinnumberbetweenboyandgoes。

5。articulators(发音器官）:thetongue,lips,andvelum,whichchangetheshapeof

thevocaltracttoproducedifferentspeechsounds.

(体）：thegrammaticalcategoryreprentingdistinctioninthetemporal

structureofanevent。Englishhastwoaspectconstruction-——theperfectand

theprogressive.(完成体和进行体）

7。aspiration（吐气）;thepuffofairthatsometimesfollowsthepronounciation

ofastopconsonant.E.g。/p/inthewordpit。

ant（辅音）；aspeechsoundproducedbypartialorcompleteclosureof

partofthevocaltract,thusobstructingtheairflowandcreatingaudible

friction。Consonantsaredescribedintermsofvoicing,placeofarticulation，

andmannerofarticulation。

stionalimplicature（会话含义）:meaningsthatareexplicableinthe

lightofconverationalmaxims。

icativecompetence（交际能力）；theabilitytoulanguage

appropriatelyinsocialsituations。

11。constituent（成分）:asyntacticunitthatfunctionsaspartofalargeunit

withinantence；typicalconstituenttypesareverbphra，nounphra,

prepositionalphraandclau.

12。ca（格）：thegrammaticalcategoryininflectionallanguagesbywhichthe

h

hasonlyonecadistinctioninnouns—thegenitiveca（所有格），butEnglish

pronounshavethreeformsthatcorrespondtothreeofthesixcasinLatin.

（小句）:agrammaticalunitthatcontainsasubjectandapredicate。

Itmaybeantenceorpartofantence。

14。clodclass(封闭词类）:agroupofwordswhomembershipissmallanddoes

notreadilyacceptnewmembers.

15。coinage（创新词）:theconstructionandadditionofnewwords.

16。distribution（分布）：thetofpositionsinwhichagivenlinguistic

elementorformcanappearinalanguage。

语言学的名词解释

y（双重结构）:atypeofdouble—layerstructureinwhichasmallnumber

ofmeaninglessunitsarecombinedtoproducealargenumberofmeaningfulunits.

18。entailment（包含）；therelationshipbetweentwontenceswherethetruth

ofone（thecond）isinferredfromthetruthoftheother.

19。euphemism（委婉语）:awordorphrathatreplacesataboowordorisud

toavoidreferencetocertainactsorsubjects,e.g。powderroomfortoilet。

pathntence（花园小径句）：antenceinwhichthecomprehender

assumesaparticularmeaningofawordoraphrabutlaterdiscoversthatthe

assumptionwasincorrect，forcingthecomprehendertobacktrackandreinterpret

thentence

21。freevariation；(自由变异)arelationbetweentwospeechsoundssuchthat

eitheronecanoccurinacertainpositionandthesubstitutionofoneforthe

othernevermakesanydifferenceinthemeaningoftheword。Forinstance,the

unexploded(失去爆破）stop/d/inthephraGoodmorningisinfreevaritation

withtheexploded(爆破）counterpart。

tion（屈折变化）：themorphologicalprocessbywhichaffixescombine

withwordsorstemstoindicatesuchgrammaticalcategoriesastenorplurity.

ment（支配）：thegrammaticalphonomenoninwhichtheprenceofa

particularwordinantencerequiresacondwordwhichisgrammaticallinked

withittoappearinaparticularform。E。sitionoraverbrequires

thatthepronounfollowingitbeintheobjectiveform，asinwithme，tohim.

24。languageuniversal(语言共性):anypropertythatissharedbymost,ifnotall，

humanlanugages。

25。linguafranca：(通用语）Alanguagevarietyudforcommunicationamong

groupsofpeoplewodonototherwishareacommonlanguage。Forexample,

Englishisthelinguafrancaoftheinternationalscientificcommunity。

26。macrosociolinguistics;Thestudyoftheeffectoflanguageonsociety。

ociolinguistics：Thestudyoftheeffectofanyandallaspectsof

society，includingculturalnorms,expetationsandcontexts,onthewaylanguage

tensimplycalledsociolinguistics.

28。paradigmaticrelation：（纵组合关系)Thesubstitutionalrelationbetweena

toflinguisticitems,thatis，linguisticforms（letters，wordsandphras)can

besubstitutedforeachotherinthesamepositioninawordorntence.E。g,b，

p,s,fareinparadigmaticrelationinthewordsbit,pit，sit,fit,soare

Nature,Beauty，Love，Honestyinthentences:

Naturepurifiesthemind。

Beautypurifiesthemind.

Lovepurifiesthemind.

Honestypurifiesthemind.

maticrelation:(横组合关系)Therelationbetweenanylinguistic

elementswhicharesimultaneouslyprentinastructure。ordbit,

b,i，tareinsyntagmaticrelation，soarenature，purifies，the,mind,in

thentenceNaturepurifiesthemind。

position（预设）：implicitassumptionsabouttheworldacquiredtomake

anutterancemeaningfulorappropriate,e,g,“someteahasalreadybeen

语言学的名词解释

taken”isapresuppostionof“Takesomemoretea"。

31。prototype（典型):Whatmembersofaparticularcommunitythinkofasthebest

exampleofalexicalcategory，e。eEnglishspeakers“cabbage”（rather

than,say,carrot）mightbetheprototypicalvegetable.

32。root(词根）:themorphemethatremainswhenallaffixesarestrippedfroma

complexword。E。g。systemfromun-+system+atic+ally。

（词干):thebatowhichoneormoreaffixesareattachedtocreatea

morecomplexformthatmaybeanotherstemoraword.

（禁忌语)：wordsthatareoffensiveorembarrassing,considered

inappropriatefor“politesociety”,thustobeavoidedinconversation。

35。lectionalrestriction(选择限制）：arestrictiononthecombiningofwords

inantenceresultingfromtheirmeaning。

36。linguisticuniversal：(语言共性)Thelinguisticuniversalsareprinciples

thatenablechildrentoacquireaparticularlanguageunconsciously，without

instructionintheearlyyearsoflife。Asawholetheyarereferredtoas

UniversalGrammar.

stivedistribution（对比分布）：Ifthespeechsoundsoccurinthesame

phoneticcontextandthesubstitutionresultsacontrastinmeaning,wesaythey

areincontrastivedistribution。

ateconstituentanalysis(直接成分分析法）isthetechniqueofbreakingup

ntencesintowordgroupsbymakingsuccessivebinarycuttingsuntilthelevel

ofsinglewordsisreached.

ntricconstruction：（向心结构或内心结构)Oneconstructionwho

distributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneof

itsconstituents。ThetypicalEnglishendocentricconstructionsarenounphras

andadjectivephras.

tricconstruction(离心结构或外心结构）theoppositeofendocentric

construction,referstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthe

nstructionsare

exocentric.

41。politenesscanbedefinedasthemeanmployedtoshowawarenessofanother

person’spubliclf-image.

42。PP（politenessprinciple）tactmaxim；generosityprinciple；approbationmaxim；

modestymaxim；agreementmaxim；sympathymaxim。

(反语）istheuofwordstoexpresssomethingotherthanandespecially

theoppositeoftheliteralmeaningoftheutterance.

—switching:（语码转换）meansthealternationbetweentwoormore

languages，languagevarietiesorregistersincommunication。

ivefilter（情感过滤)：Ascreenofemotionthatcanblocklanguage

acquisitionorlearningifitkeepsthelearnersbeingtoolf—consciousortoo

embarrasdtotakerisksduringcommunicativeexchanges.

sion（转类构词）isachangeinthegrammaticalfunctionofaword

elongingtoonepartofspeech

socalledfunctionalshiftorzero

derivation.

语言学的名词解释

47。lexicalmeaningVSgrammaticalmeaning(词汇意义与语法意义）

Themeaningofantenceiscarriedbythewordsproperaswellasbythe

partofthentencemeaningcontributedbywordsiscalledthelexicalmeaning

andthepartofntencemeaningthatdependsuponthewaythewordsareput

togetheriscalledgrammaticalmeaning,inwhichthefunctionwordsandtheword

orderplayaveryimportantrole。

48。paralinguisticmeaningVSnon—linguisticmeaning(副语言意义与非语言意义）

Inhumancommunication，apartfromthelinguisticmeaningconveyedbylanguage

itlf,therearenumerousparalinguisticmeaningsandnon—linguisticmeanings

thatareperceivedsimultaneouslybythehearer。Paralinguisticmeaningsare

thoattachedtotheverbalexpressionsbyqualityofvoice,tempoofspeech，

posture，-linguisticmeaningsaretho

indicatedbynon-verbalnoissuchascough,sigh,tongue-clicking,various

kindsofbodylanguagesanddifferentcontextsofsituation。

tionVSconnotation(外延与内涵）

Denotationisastraightforward，literalmeaningofthewordeverymemberofthe

languagespeakingcommunitywillagreeon。Connotationisnotthebasicmeaing

ofthewordbutsomeemotiveorevaluativemeaingsassociatedwiththewordby

individuallanguageursintheirmind.

sticrelativityVSlinguisticdeterminism(语言相对论与语言决定论)

TheSapir—WholfHypothesisstatesthatthereisasystematicrelationship

betweenthegrammaticalcategoriesofthelanguageapersonspeaksandhowthat

personbothunderstandstheworldandbehavesinit。Itboilsdowntotwo

principles:linguisticrelativityandlinguisticdeterminism.

Linguisticrelativitystatesthatdisctinctionncodedinonelanguageare

uniquetothatlangagealone,andthatthereisnolimittothestructural

diversityoflanguages。

Linguisticdeterminismreferstotheideathatthelanguageweudetermines,to

someextent,thewayinwhichweviewandthinkabouttheworldaroundus。This

concepthastwoversions；strong

determinismandweakdeterminism。Thestrongversion，whichhasfewfollowers

today，holdsthatlanguageactuallydeterminesthought,whereasthatweak

version,whichiswidelyacceptedtoday,merelyholdsthatlanguageaffects

thought.