during怎么读

英语阅读：6-Duringthepastgeneration

Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfair

playtokeepitlfnk

slip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspoucanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoor

inafewmonths.

Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountoncounton（指望、依靠）（指望、依靠）hardworkandfairfair

play（公平竞争）（公平竞争）tokeepitlffinanciallyfinancially（财⼒）（财⼒）curecure（保证）（保证）hadbeentransformedtransformed（改变、转变）（改变、转变）byeconomiceconomic

riskrisk（经济风险）（经济风险）andnewrealtiesrealties（reality现实）现实）.Nowapinkslippinkslip（解雇通知书）（解雇通知书）,abaddiagnosisdiagnosis（诊断）（诊断）,ora

disappearingspouspou（配偶）（配偶）canreduceafamilyfromsolidlysolidly（坚固的）（坚固的）middleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.

公平：Justice、equitable、equity、fairness、fair、impartial

保证/确保：guarantee、pledge、ensure、assure、cure、warranty

Solidly坚固的，firmly牢牢地，sturdily刚强地，stably稳定地；可靠地...，soundly完全地，steadily稳定地，dependably可信任地

在上⼀个年代，美国中产阶级的家庭可以通过依靠努⼒的⼯作参与到公平竞争来维持家庭的财⼒保证。但是最近发⽣了变化，他们也将⾯临着经济

风险和新的现实问题，现在，⼀封解雇通知书、⼀个病情诊断书或者配偶的离去都会使得⼀个富裕的中产阶级家庭在短短⼏个⽉内变得贫困。

Injustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.

Scholars,policymakers,andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthechanges,but

fewhavelookedatthesideeffect:’sfamilieshavebudgetedtothe

ult,theyhavelosttheparachutedtheyoncehadintimes

offinancialtback–aback-upearner(usuallyMom)whocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimary

“added-workereffect”couldsupportthesafetynetofferedby

unemployay,adisruption

tofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwi-stay-at-homepartner.

Injustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,transformingtransforming（改变、转变）（改变、转变）basic（基本的）basic（基本的）family

rsScholars（学者）（学者）,policymakerspolicymakers（决策者）（决策者）,andcriticscritics（批评家、评论家）（批评家、评论家）ofallstripesstripes（种类、类型）（种类、类型）have

debateddebated（讨论、思虑）（讨论、思虑）thesocialimplicationsimplications（意义、含义）（意义、含义）ofthechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffectsideeffect（副

作⽤）作⽤）:’sfamilieshavebudgetedbudgeted（预算）（预算）tothelimitsoftheirsnewtwo-paychecktwo-paycheck（双（双

收⼊）收⼊）status（地位、⾝份status（地位、⾝份）.Asaresult,theyhavelosttheparachuted（保护伞）parachuted（保护伞）theyoncehadintimesoffinancial

tback（挫折、退步、阻碍）tback（挫折、退步、阻碍）–aback-up（后备的、后援的、备份的）back-up（后备的、后援的、备份的）earner(usuallyMom)whocouldgointothe

workforce（劳动⼒、劳动⼤军）workforce（劳动⼒、劳动⼤军）iftheprimary（主要的，⾸要的）primary（主要的，⾸要的）earnergotlaidoff（解雇）laidoff（解雇）orfellsick（⽣病）fellsick（⽣病）.This

“added-workereffect（附加劳动⼒效应）added-workereffect（附加劳动⼒效应）”couldsupportthesafetynetoffered（组成的）offered（组成的）byunemploymentinsurance

ordisability（残疾）disability（残疾）insurancetohelpfamiliesweather（经受住）weather（经受住）ay,adisruption（中断）disruption（中断）tofamily

fortunes（财富、财产）fortunes（财富、财产）cannolongerbemadeup（赚取）madeup（赚取）withextraincomefromanotherwi-stay-at-home（其他呆在otherwi-stay-at-home（其他呆在

家⾥）家⾥）partner.

Implication：：含义，含蓄，含意，⾔外之意，卷⼊，牵连，牵涉，纠缠

once：⼀旦，曾经，⼀次，⼀趟，⼀倍

争论/讨论：debate、discussion、dispute

statu：地位、状态、情形、重要⾝份

state：国家、州、状况、情况、资格、规定、陈述，声明、国家的、国务的、公务的、正式的

statue：雕像、塑像

statement：声明、陈述、叙述、报表、清单

在上⼀代中，数百万的母亲出去⼯作，改变了基本家庭经济结构。学者、决策者、以及各种类型的批评家都讨论过这种改变带来的社会意义，但是

很少去看到这⾥⾯的副作⽤：家庭风险也正在资深。现在的家庭根据新的双收⼊情况有限制地安排预算。结果，他们⼀旦⾯临财务困难是便失去了

保护伞：如果家⾥主⼒赚钱的⼈被解雇或者⽣病，会有⼀个后备的可以作为劳动⼒赚取经费的⼈（通常由母亲担任）。这种“附加劳动⼒效应”将

会⽀持组成失业保险或伤残保险来帮助家庭安全度过艰难的时候。但是现在，家庭的财富⼀旦中断就不能通过其他家⾥的对象赚取额外的收⼊。

Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.

Steelworkers,airlineemployees,andnowthointheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswho

mustworryaboutinterestrates,stockmarketfluctuation,andtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheir

hofthepastyear,PresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoa

saving-accountmodel,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpayments

eabsolutecost

ofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverin–andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingplans

arespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkers,withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenew

doofinvestmentriskforfamilies’mographicsareworkingagainstthemiddle

classfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent–andalltheattendantneedforphysicaland

financialassistance–havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.

Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorb（吸引、吸收）absorb（吸引、吸收）muchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.

Steelworkers（钢铁⼯⼈）Steelworkers（钢铁⼯⼈）,airlineemployees,andnowthointheauto（汽车）auto（汽车）industryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswho

mustworryaboutinterestrates（利率）interestrates（利率）,stockmarket（股市）fluctuation（波动）stockmarket（股市）fluctuation（波动）,andtheharsh（残酷的）harsh（残酷的）reality

thattheymayoutlive（⽐…长）outlive（⽐…长）hofthepastyear,PresidentBushcampaigned（发起运campaigned（发起运

动）动）tomoveSocialSecuritytoasaving-accountmodel（模式）,model（模式）,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteed（有保guaranteed（有保

障的）障的）paymentsforpayments（⽀付、缴纳）payments（⽀付、缴纳）dependingoninvestment（投资、投⼊）investment（投资、投⼊）ngerfamiliesthe

picture（情况、情形）eabsolute（绝对的，完全的）cost（花费）absolute（绝对的，完全的）cost（花费）ofhealthcare（医疗保健）healthcare（医疗保健）and

theshareofit（占有份额）borne（具有、推动）theshareofit（占有份额）borne（具有、推动）byfamilieshaverin–andnewly（最近）fashionable（流⾏）newly（最近）fashionable（流⾏）health-health-

saving（健康储蓄）saving（健康储蓄）plansarespreadingfrom（蔓延⾄）legislative（⽴法）halls（⼤厅、机构）arespreadingfrom（蔓延⾄）legislative（⽴法）halls（⼤厅、机构）toWal-Mart（沃尔Wal-Mart（沃尔

玛）玛）workers,withmuchhigherdeductibles（免赔额）deductibles（免赔额）andaalargenewdoof（⼀份、⼀点）investment（投资）doof（⼀份、⼀点）investment（投资）riskfor

families’futurehealthcare（医疗保险）healthcare（医疗保险）.Evendemographics（⼈⼝统计情况）demographics（⼈⼝统计情况）areworkingagainst（对…不利）workingagainst（对…不利）the

middleclassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweak（虚弱）weak（虚弱）elderlyparent–andalltheattendant（伴随⽽来的）attendant（伴随⽽来的）needfor

physicalandfinancialassistance（帮助）assistance（帮助）–havejumped（增加）jumped（增加）eightfold（笼罩、合拢）fold（笼罩、合拢）injustonegeneration.

以此同时期，家庭必须在他们的退休收⼊上承担更多的风险。钢铁⼯⼈、空乘雇员、还有现在汽车⾏业⼯⼈作为上百万家庭中都开始担⼼因利率上

涨、股市波动、寿命⽐退休⾦长的残酷现实。在去年的很长⼀段时间⾥，总统布什⼒图发起了社保转变为存款模式的变⾰，这使得退休报酬中的⼤

部门或者全部有保障的报酬变为依靠投资回报的报酬。对于年轻的家庭来说这样的情况并不乐观。在医疗保健的绝对花费上和家庭⽀出的占有率上

升两者上：最近流⾏的健康储蓄计划从⽴法机构蔓延到了沃尔玛的员⼯中，伴随着更⾼的免赔额和⼀些家庭未来医疗保险中新的投资风险。甚⾄⼈

⼝数据情况对中产家庭的⼯作也很不利，当⼀位年迈虚弱的⽼年⼈随之⽽来的是⾝体和精神上的帮助，这类⽐上个时期增长了⼋倍。

harsh：刺⽿的，残酷的，粗糙的，严厉的，严格的

absorb：吸收、吸引、承受、理解

absolute：绝对的、完全的、专制的

absorption：吸收、全神贯注、专⼼致志

absolve：免除、赦免、宣告、⽆罪

cost：价钱，代价，花费，费⽤，牺牲

Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective,muchofthis,understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunity

toexercimorefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthe

whoancialfallouthasbegun,

andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind.

Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective（⾓度、视⾓）perspective（⾓度、视⾓）,muchofthis,understandably,looksfarless（远没有）farless（远没有）likean

opportunitytoexerci（运⽤、锻炼）exerci（运⽤、锻炼）morefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmore（多得多）agooddealmore（多得多）likeafrightening

acceleration（加快）acceleration（加快）ofthewholesale（⼤规模的）shift（转嫁）wholesale（⼤规模的）shift（转嫁）offinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdened

ancialfallout（后果、影响）fallout（后果、影响）hasbegun,andthepolitical（政治）political（政治）falloutmaynotbefarbehind.

agooddealmore/less：多得多、少得少

从中产阶级家庭的视觉来看，更多的是也能理解，看起来远不仅是⼀个承担更多经济责任的机会，⽽更多的是令⼈恐惧的加快⼤规模转嫁经济风险

到他们早已难以负担的肩膀上。经济后果已经⽣效，⽽政治影响也可能将不远了。