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2022年12月7日发(作者:李易峰图片)

ECONOMlCS&MANAGEMENT

经济与篱理

部分大型运营商ARPU值与劳动生产率

的对标分析

口Thorleif Herrstr6m莫听玮

擅要:本文从ARPU值和每员工用户数两项指标对全球16家大型运营商进行了对标分析。ARPU值表征

了它们运营的区域的富裕程度,而每员工用户数则代表了运营商的劳动生产率。通过对标分析表明,这些

大运营商没有一家能够同时具有高的ARPU值和劳动生产率。在高ARPU值的市场上并处于高端地位的运营

商似乎“臃肿而懒散”,而处在低ARPU值的市场上的运营商则“被迫”提高了劳动生产率。中国和印度的

运营商都带有“大本土市场综合征”的特征,即ARPU值和劳动生产率均很低,但它们的规模效益带来了丰

厚利润。非洲运营商具有极高的劳动生产率,使之能在极低ARPU值的市场上生存。文章最后还指出了处于

高劳动生产率、低ARPU值区的运营商更容易通过并购进入高ARPU值、低劳动生产率的市场。

关键词:ARPU值;劳动生产率;对标分析

本文从ARPU值(本研究采用平均每用户每年收

入,货币单位为瑞典克朗)和每员工用户数两项的

指标(均采用2007年度数据)对16家全球最大的

运营商进行了对标分析。这些运营商大多同时运营

移动和固网业务。选用这两项最基本指标来做对标.

除了因其数据相对比较容易取得外,还因为对标需

要较多的样本来做.如果采用复杂的指标就会难以

操作。

本研究涉及的运营商如表1.它们一共覆盖了超

过20亿用户。

对ARPU值的对标分析

通过对这些运营商的ARPU值的比较,可以发

现一些有趣的现象。ARPU值从某种角度说明了运营

商在怎样的市场上运营。尽管如果运营商采取低价

策略也会导致低ARPU值,但ARPU值还是反映了相

应国家的富裕程度。“低ARPU值国家”意味着人均

GDP较低的新兴市场。

下面的分析揭示了这两个因素的作用。低ARPU

值的运营商首先是那些活跃在新兴市场上的运营商,

l;bAl:l中国移动、印度的Bharti和主要在东南亚/非

洲/南美经营的M…icom。

高ARPU值的运营商则是类似像TDC(丹麦的

主导运营商.只在丹麦、瑞士、匈牙利这些欧洲国

家运营)。图1也表明,例如Tele2由于采取低价策

略,其ARPU值自然就低于基本在相同国家运营的

Tel iaSonera。

很明显,高ARPU值的运营商大部分是欧洲的主

导运营商(排名前四的高ARPU值运营商都是欧洲

的主导运营商)。而且即便它们进入海外市场时,也

2009 1 29

呻西逼怯 China Communications

表1本研究涉及的运营商

名称 背景 运营区域

美洲电信 墨西哥 以南美为主、美国

Bharti 印度第一大移动和固网运营商 印度

中国移动 中国主导移动运营商,拥有超过4.4 中国、巴基斯坦

亿用户数

中国联通 中国第二大移动运营商 中国

德国电信 德国主导运营商 欧洲、美国

法国电信 法国主导运营商 欧洲、非洲法语国家

Millicom 瑞典Kinnevik—empiree ̄的子公司 仅在东南亚、非洲、南美等新兴市场上运

Reliance 印度第三大运营商 主要在印度

TDC 丹麦主导运营商 欧洲

Tele2 瑞典Kinnevik—empireJ ̄的子公司 专注于欧洲市场,正在进入俄罗斯市场

MTN 非洲

、中东的许多国家 南非运营商

西班牙电信 西班牙主导运营商 欧洲

、在南美有大量的投资

Telenor 挪威运营商 本土市场狭小,在亚洲、俄罗斯和其他欧

洲国家有大量投资

TeliaSonera 瑞典及芬兰主导运营商 以本土市场为主,也进入俄罗斯等前苏联

国家

沃达丰 英国移动运营商,全球第二大运营商 欧洲、美国、新兴市场

Zain(原MTC) 中东、非洲区域运营商 中东、非洲

作者简介:

ThO rIeif He r rst r6m,供职于瑞典

Gunnarsson&Herrstram HB公司,电信行业

监管首席顾问。2 0世纪70年代毕业于瑞典斯德哥

尔摩大学数学与经济学专业。现任多家电信企业的

高管,-J ̄Telia网络部副总裁、Aspi ro首席运营官、

Swedtel副总裁等。

莫昕玮,供职于中国华信邮电咨询设计研究院

有限公司,高级经济师、高级工程师,浙江大学管

理学院硕士毕业。现任华信邮电咨询设计研究院

有限公司网络规划研究院副院长,主要从事对电

信业国际化问题的研究。

30 2009 1

保持了相应的市场地位。一般历史上的主导运营商

基本都保持着相对于新进入者更高的ARPU值。以

中国为例,从原垄断运营商中国电信中拆分出来的

中移动的ARPU值几乎接近竞争对手中国联通的两

倍。

对劳动生产率的对标分析

如果说ARPU值与市场选择和市场定位有关的话,

每员工(服务)客户数”则衡量的是劳动生产率(或

ECONOMlCS&MANAGEMENT

者说运营效率)。从图2我们可以发现,同样是这些运

营商,它们在劳动生产率上的表现却与ARPU值截然

不同。

具有最高ARPU值的TDC的每员工用户数却是

最低的——从分析到的16家运营商的第1位跌落

至末位。另一家排名大幅跌落是德国电信,从第2

位跌至第13位。德国电信主要在欧洲运营.它也

在美国——同样也是典型的高ARPU值区域——开

展业务。从劳动生产率来看,赢家是ARPU中等的

Tele2

Telenor

、MTN和沃达丰。但一些低ARPU值

的运营商在劳动生产率上也达到了相当高的水平。

例如Bharti的排名就提高了10位。

本研究所涉及的高劳动生产率的运营商都采取

经济 管l理

在低ARPU环境下运营的战略。而提高劳动生产率

似乎是其战略的一个组成部分

ARPU与劳动生产率的对标

我们把ARPU值和劳动生产率这两项指标画到同

一个图中去(如图3所示)。很明显,处在左上角的

都是选择在高ARPU值的市场上运营和采取高ARPU

值市场定位的运营商。而处在右下角的则是高劳动

生产率的运营商。蓝色的分隔线所在的位置则是这

两项指标的平均值。

很显然.图中位于左上角的都是典型的移动运

营商。它们都拥有稳固的欧洲本土市场,例如德国

电信、法国电信、西班牙电信(TeliaSonera一定程度

图1对ARPU的对标分析 上也是)。

5000 对ARPU的对标分析(年ARPU,单位:瑞典克朗)

图2对劳动生产率的对标分析

每员工用户数的对标分析 一_l_l__I-__l l I I

誊) 毒毒 毒

结论和讨论

Telenor在欧洲主导运营

商中是一个例外。根据前面

的分析可以发现Telenor更像

是一个典型的低ARPU值一

高劳动生产率的运营商。其

原因是因为Telenor的主要市

场并非是其占据主导地位但

非常狭小的挪威本土市场,

而是孟加拉国、马来西亚这

些欧洲以外的移动市场。而

且Telenor的固网业务非常

小.以至于它被视为是一家

国际性的移动运营商。

1。没有一家运营商能达到完美的境界

非常有意思的是,没有一家运营商能同

时具有高ARPU值和高劳动生产率。投资者

看到也想象不出像德国电信、法国电信这样

的公司在劳动生产率上会有提高的可能性。

2.大本土市场综合征

位于图3左下角的运营商是ARPU值和

劳动生产率都相对较低的运营商。我们发现

这三家都是拥有巨大的本土市场的运营商:

2009.1 31

∞啪 4

呻固逼镀 China Communlcations

图3 ARPU和劳动生产率的对标

ARPU和劳动生产率的对标分析

一TDC

●德国电信

Te 。r。 一法国电信 一 ’

西班牙电信 沃达丰

■中国移动 一

…一NT

一.

_ ・中国联通 z

haiti IiIIi…… Hel iance

O 500 1OOO 1 500 2∞O 2500 300O 3500 4000 4500

每员工用户数

中国和印度的运营商。印度的第一大运营商Bharti

的位置离左下角也非常近。这些巨大的本土市场都

是人均GDP相对较低的市场,这可能是较低的ARPU

值背后的主要原因。尽管这几名区域冠军运营的市

场都不可能具有高的ARPU值,但它们却都具有很

高EBITDA利润(率)。它们惊人的利润似乎更多来

自于规模效应而非高效率。这些运营商都很专注于

它们的本土市场,似乎相互之间的可比性不大。但

它们在劳动生产率上却差异很小。这一点还需要进

一步的思考和分析。

印度和中国的运营商在今后几年里可能都将尝

试着走出国门。它们都将目光投向了非洲,那里可

能成为中国和印度的运营商将来在国际化进程中相

遇的战场。对低ARPU值市场的理解是印度和中国

运营商在本土市场就获得了的能力。但问题是它们

是否具备足够的运营效率。

3.非洲的案例

图3中的左下角的运营商(中国和印度运营商)

与非洲运营商形成了鲜明的对比。非洲也是低人均

GDP的区域.但非洲运营商具有与众不同的模式。

在非洲上演的移动革命,在很多方面改变了人

们对电信和商业环境的认识。在固定和移动的竞争

中,非洲是处于一种极端的状况。其固话已经被移

动替代到了基本不存在的地步。

本研究中,MTN、Zain、MiIlicom和沃达丰这四

家运营商涉足了非洲的几个国家。这几家运营商较

之典型的欧洲运营商(比如西班牙电信、德国电信、

TeliaSonera)具有较高的效率。他们都有较高甚至极

32 20o9 1

表2 ARPU指数

ARPU指数

运营商 (以美洲电信为100)

美洲电信 1 0O

中国移动 80

MTN 79

Zain 71

Telenor 70

MiIlicom 58

Reliance 5 7

中国联通 44

Bharti 33

高的每员工用户数和相对较低的ARPU值(但沃达

丰是个例外)。沃达丰的高ARPU值是因为混合了其

在欧美几大市场上作为第一位或第二位的运营商所

获得的高ARPU值。

如果要说哪些运营商值得称道的话,那就是那

些在ARPU值将长期处于低水平的市场上运营.而

能依靠自身的高劳动生产率来保持良好的EBITDA

利润率的运营商。本研究显示.它们是Zain和

Millicom。它们运营的都是低ARPU值的市场。而且

不仅如此,那里的管制、政局等其他因素都非常复杂。

它们在像乍得、刚果(金)、加纳、塞拉利昂、坦桑

尼亚这些非洲国家中参与竞争。而这些国家都是被

认为是 高风险”和环境“复杂”的国家。

4.新兴市场间的比较

对不同的ARPU值水平进行研究也十分有意

思。Bharti和中国联通都在很低的ARPU值水平上

运营——大约是墨西哥美洲移动的三分之一(如表

2)。中国移动的ARPU值则接近中国联通的两倍.

是Bharti的两倍还多。中国移动似乎是在一个较低

的水平上复制了欧洲主导运营商的模式。但令人惊

讶的是Reliance.它的ARPU值却几乎是Bharti的两倍。

表2中以美洲移动为100对低ARPU值的运营商进

行了比较,而德国电信的ARPU值是美洲移动的3倍。

0 O O O O O O O 0 O O ∞的∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞ 5 4 4 3 3 2 2

ECONOMICS&MANAGEMENT

5.Tele 2——模式独特

如果要在这里的对比中找出一家运营模式独特

而又业绩良好的运营商的话.那就是瑞典的Tele2。

Tele2现在只在欧洲(含俄罗斯)运营。它在所有市

场上都以挑战者的身份出现。Tele2有个著名的观点

就是”越少越好”。这在我们的对比中也能反映出来。

Tele2在生活水平较高的市场中选择低收入人群作为

其目标市场。它在任何一个市场上都没有像沃达丰

或西班牙电信那样“现成”的品牌地位和市场份额。

6.并购策略

业界都在等待着新一轮的并购高潮的到

来,特别是在欧洲。2007年夏天 法国电信竞标

TeliaSonera。这次竞标被大股东否决了。但关于这类

并购的好处的争论却由此而生。从ARPU值一劳动

生产率的对比图中可以看到一些有趣的现象,很少

有图3左上角的运营商试图收购右下角的。

・左下角运营商收购右下角

可以想象像德国电信那样的运营商希望能获得

像M…icom和Zain那样的知识以改进其在本土市

场上的业务。尤其是现在欧洲的渗透率已经超过

1OO%,增长很缓慢了。但这仅仅是理论上的猜测。

欧洲的大运营商不会改变自己以适应M.1licom和

Zain早已习以为常的环境。相反 这样的并购只会

把两者的缺点结合了起来。

●右下角运营商收购左下角

反过来并购却是有可能的。因为收购后.收购

方的文化可能更适合生存。

举个例子来说,瑞典政府已经宣布出售

TeliaSonera

,在对潜在购买方的筛选中我们可以直

接把Tele2和M…icom去掉。Tele2被排除是因为保

护竞争的需要。而M…icom则不会和它的兄弟公司

Tele2去竞争。但像Zain和美洲移动这些运营商可

以通过收购TeliaSonera来进入富饶的欧洲市场。它

们可以因此拥有一些高ARPU值的市场。也许在欧

洲进行收购实际并不在它们的议事日程上,但也没

有任何客观的理由说明它们没有这个打算。呻西鱼髓

(英文全文请参见104页)

经济勺管理

200g.1 33

/{『西逼{专 China Communications

Benchmarking the ARPU and Pro-・

ductivity of Some Biggest Telecom

Operators

Thorleif Herrstr6m’

Mo Xinwei

’Gunnarsson&HerrstrSm HB.Sweden

Huaxin Post&Telecom Consulting Designing Institute Co.,Ltd.,China

Abstract:This study is based on 1 5 of the biggest tel—

ecom operators globally.It focuses on two very simple

measures,ARPU and Customers per Employee.The

ARPU is a measure of the wealth of the specific context

of the operation.While the Customers per Employee

represents the productivity of the operator.Through

a benchmark analysis.it shows that no one of the big

operators has the ability to have both high ARPU and

high productivity.The operators acting in high ARPU

markets and with high ARPU market positioning seam

to get“fat and 1azy”.while operators that have chosen

markets with low GDP/capita and thus low expected

ARPU are forced to be productive.The Chinese and

Indian operators are characterized by‘‘the big home

market syndrome”with both low ARPU and low pro・

ductivity.But the economy of scale fertilizes their prof-

its.The African operators have very high productivities

to accommodate themselves in very low—ARPU circum・

stances.Further,the research points out it is more pos—

sible for the operators in the“south.east”comer to enter

the“north—west”comer through acquisition.

Key Words:ARPU:productivity:benchmarking

I.A BENCHMARK

The following is a benchmark study of the world’s

biggest telecom operators.The comparison is made

using two very simple measures,ARPU(yearly

104 2009.1

ARPU in Swedish Krona)and Customers per em—

ployee.(All the data applied here are of 2007)The

reason for the choice of benchmarks is—outside

the fact the benchmarks are relatively easy to ob—

tain—that the benchmarks are made on group level

and thus finer measurements would be complex to

handle.For instance the operators benchmarked in

many cases operate both mobile and fixed carriers.

I1. oPERATORS lN THIS STUDY

・Am6rica Movil.Mexican operator,active

mainly in South America but also in USA

・Bharti is one of the biggest Indian mobile and

fixed operators

・China Mobile and China Unicom are the two

biggest operators in China and China Mobile is

considered to be the biggest mobile operator in the

world,with more than 440 million customers

・Deutsche Telecom.the German incumbent ac-

tive in Europe and USA

・France Telecom the French incumbent.active

in Europe and in French speaking parts ofAfrica

・Millicom is a part of the Kinnevik—empire and

active only in emerging markets in South East

Asia,Africa and South America and always as a

ECONOMlCS&MANAGEMENT

challenger

・Reliance is mainly an Indian champion

・TDC is the Danish incumbent active only in

Europe

・Tele2 is also a part of the Kinnevik—empire

with focus on Europe and expanding in Russia

・MTN is a South African operator with opera—

tions in many African countries and in Middle East

・Telefonica the Spanish incumbent with great

investments in South America.both mobile and

fixed

・The Norwegian incumbent Telenor has a small

home—market and subsidiaries mainly in Asia but

also Russia and Europe

・TeliaSonera.the Swedish-Finnish incumbent.

has a significant home—market and also activities in

Russia and former Soviet republics

・Telecom Italia is the incumbent of Italy but

also have operations in Brazil and in European

outside Italy

・Vodafone.the British mobile operato ̄nr 2 in

the world with activities both in Europe.USA and

in emergmg markets

・Zain(former MTC)is active in Middle East

andAfrica

The study covers 2 billion customers.

川.ARPU

Comparing ARPU rAverage Revenue Per User)

gives some interesting information.ARPU tells

you about the market(s)the operator work on.Of

course ARPU is lower if the operator chooses to

have a low—price profile.ARPU is sometimes also

a measure of the wealth of a specific country,‘‘low

ARPU countries”means emerging economies

where GDP per capita is low.

The comparison below shows both these factors.

The low ARPU—operators are firstly those active in

emerging markets,like China Mobile,Bharti(In—

dia)or Millicom(South East Asia,Africa,South

America).

经济 管理

Fig.1 The ARPU of the Benchmarked Operatorst

The High—AI PU operators are for instance TDC

(the Danish incumbent)active in Denmark.Swit—

zerland and Hungary——only in Europe.The dia—

gram also shows companies like Tele2.with a low

price profile which of course makes ARPU lower

compared to for example TeliaSonera who is active

in almost the same countries.

It is evident that the high ARPU operators are to

a large extent the incumbent operators of Europe

(all the four highest ARPU operators are European

incumbent operators).Even though these operators

are intemational players they have maintained the

position.

It seems that former incumbents tend to have

relative high ARPU compared with the entrants

in the same country.An example is China,where

China Mobile.spun ofr from the former incumbent

China Telecom,has an ARPU of nearly twice of

the challenger China Unicom.

1V.PRODUCTlVlTY

If ARPU is connected to choice of market and

market positioning,the measure“Customers per

employed’’is a productivity measure(or even ef-

ficiency).Looking,at the same operators there are

amazing differences compared with ARPU——see

diagram below 1

20 09. 1 05

呻西遏怯 China Communications

rlg.z l lie yroouctlVltles oI me IJencnmarKeo uperators

TDC with the highest ARPU has the lowest

number of customers per employed——they fa11

from No.1 to No.16 1 Another big faU is Deut.

sche Telecom that falls from second to 1 3th place.

Dcutsche Telecom is active mainly in Europe but

also in USA—typical high ARPU areas.Looking

at productivity the winners are middle level AI U

operators like Tele2.Telenor,MTN and Vodafone

but also some of the low一 U operators reaches

a comparable high level when looking at this pro—

ductivity measure.Bharti for instance moves l 0

positions up.

The high—productivity operators in the study

have all a strategy to work with a lowARPU.and

part of that seems to be the high productivity.

V ARPU VERSUS PRODUCTlVlTY

It becomes very obvious if we plot the two pa—

rameters in the same diagram as it is done below.

In the North一、vest comer we have the operators

who chose high AI PU markets and a high—ARPU

market position,while in the South—East comer

we have the high productivity operators.The blue

lines represent the average of both parameters.

It is obvious from the diagram that in the North—

West comer there are the typical mobile operators,

with substantial European home—markets,like

1 O6 o。。.,

Deutsche Telecom,France Telecom,Telefonica

and to a certain extent TeliaSonera.

Among the European incumbent operators

Telenor sticks out.Telenor is according to this

comparison more like the typical low ARPU—hi

productivity operators.The reason is that the ma.

jor part of Telenor is not the small Norwegian mar-

ket where Telenor maintains a strong dominating

position,but the mobile markets in Bangladesh,

Malaysia or other countries outside Europe.In fact

the fixed part of Telenor is so small that Telenor is

considered to be a mobile operator in intemational

benchmarks.

一D

Hnsc.IeTdecom

Td・ r- f1-c.

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VlI CONCLUSlONS AND DlSCUSSlONS

6.1 NO operator in“the point of bliss”

It is also interesting to see that no operator sue—

ceeds to have relatively high ARPU and also rela.

tively high productivity.

It seems that investors don’t see the potentials

of companies like Deutsche Telecom or France

Telecom and understand the potential increase in

productivity that would be possible.

6.2 The big home market syndrome

In the south west comer are the operators with rel—

atively low ARPU and a low productivity.Here we

find two operators with the biggest home markets:

China and India.And close to this comer is also

Bharti,the biggest Indian operator.

These vast home markets are comparably 1ow

GDP/capita markets and this might be the main

;§ §§。

ECONOMlCS&MANAGEMENT

经济 管理

reason behind the comparably low ARPU for the

national champions.All the operators(Reliance,

China Mobile and China Unicom),show very high

EBITDA volumes and margins,although they op—

crate on markets where it is not possible to have a

high ARPU.The impressing profits are—it seems—

more a volume efrect man an eⅡ_ect of efficiency.

The owners might be focusing on the vast profits

that are generated and as these operators are very

much concentrated on their home markets with

small possibilities to compare different countries

with each other no one sees the difference in the

productivity.This is of course purely speculation

and need further analysis.

The Indian and Chinese operators will during

the coming years probably try to establish them—

selves abroad.Everyone is turning their eyes on

Africa,so that might be the future battlefield,

where the Chinese and Indian operators meet the

other global players.

The understandin2 of low ARPU markets is

something the Indian and Chinese operators have

from their home turf,but the question is if they

are capable of running their operations efficient

enough.

6.3 The African case

The issue of the operators in the South West comer

can be compared to the operators present in Africa.

Africa is also a continent where GDP/capita is low,

but the pattem of the operators in Africa is di虢r.

ent.

The mobile revolution of Africa is well known

and Africa in many aspects has changed the view

on what is possible in telecommunication also on

commercial conditions.In comparison between

fixed and mobile Africa is the extreme where fixed

telephony practically does not exist and it has been

totally overthrown by the use of mobile communi—

cation.

In the study four operators are present in sev—

eral African countries and that are MTN,Zain,

Millicom and V_odafone.Al1 these companies are

relatively efficient compared to the typical Euro—

pean operators(for instance Telefonica,Deutshce

Telecom or TeliaSonera).

All four operators have high or very high num—

bers of customers per employee and(with the ex—

ception of Vodafone)rather low ARPU values.The

high ARPU of Vodafone is blended by the ARPUs

Vodafone gather in Europe being number one or

two in many big markets in Europe and North

America.

If any of the operators should be praised it is

the ones that work in markets where ARPU will

be low for a long time.but still can keep a sound

EBITDA—level through high productivity.

These true fighters in this study are Zain and

Millicom.Both operators have a focus on markets

that are not only low ARPU markets but also tom—

plex when it comes to regulation,political stability

and other such factors.

Both operators compete in the African continent

in many countries,like Chad,Democratic Republic

of Congo,Ghana,Sierra Leone and Tanzania.All

of these are countries considered to be‘‘risky’’and

“complicated”or what euphemism is used.

6.4 Comparison in emerging markets

It is also interesting to study the different ARPU

levels.Bharti and China Unicom operate on a very

low level—a third of what Am6rica Movi1 has(see

table below!).China Mobile on the other hand has

an ARPU 1evel almost twice the one of China Uni—

com and more than twice the leve1 of Bharti.

It seems that China Mobile is repeating the pat—

tem of the incumbents in Europe but on a much

lower leve1.

Still it is amazing that the challenger Reliance

have almost two times higher ARPU than Bharti.

One should also observe that the indexed AI U

levels in the table are the low ones.Deutsche Te1.

ecom has an ARPU three times the one ofAm6rica

Movil.

6.5 Tble 2一not following the pattern

There is one operator in this comparison that has

amazingly good numbers and does not follow the

pattern,and that is Tlele2,the Swedish operator.

., 1 07

呻园遏{专 China Communications

Indexed ARPU

lAm6rlcan Movlle

opefator l

An1垂nca Movil IO0

Chlr Mobile 80

M1N 79

Zaln 7l

Telenor 70

Millicorn 58

Reliante 57

China Unicom 44

Bhartl 33

1’able l Indexed AI U

1'ele2 is present only in Europe(including Russia)

and have taken a challenger position in all markets.

It is well known that in Tele2 the view is“fewer

makes it better”,and that is also mirrored in the

comparison.Tele2 is active on markets where there

are comparably high living standards,but have

chosen the segments that have the lowest income.

And there are no market where Tele2 can rest on

a good old brand name and a‘‘given’’substantial

market share,like Vodafone or Telefonica.

6.6 Merger strategies

Especially in Europe everyone is awaiting the new

wave of mergers and acquisitions that has to take

place.Last summer France Telecom placed a bid

on TeliaSonera.The bid was turned down by the

biggest shareholders,but the discussion on the

gains of such a merger started.

Looking at the ARPU—productivity diagram it

is interesting to note that few attempts have been

made to establish acquisition on the axis from

North—west to South—East.

eNorth—West buying South—East

One could imagine that the companies like Deut—

sche Telecom would like to have the knowledge of

companies like Millicom or Zain to improve their

business in the“home.markets”.especially as the

growth in Europe is expected to slow down as den—

sityisway over 100%.

1 08 咖,

This is of course purely theoretica1.The great

European operator organizations would not change

to accommodate themselves to what is common

in companies like Zain or Millicom.Instead such

acquisitions will bring the worst of the two worlds

together.

●South—East buying North—West

But the other way around might be possible,as the

buyer’s culture has a better chance to survive after

an acquisition.

As an example:looking at possible buyers for

TeliaSonera(which is for sale as the Swedish gov.

ernment has declared)we can rule out Tele2 and

Millicom directly.Tele2 because that would not be

accepted for competition reasons and Millicom as

they would not compete with their sister company

1'e1e.2.

But companies like Zain or Amrrica Movil

could take their first step into the fat European

markets with an acquisition of TeliaSonera and

they could have some markets where ARPU is

high.Probably it is not on these companies agenda

to look for acquisitions in Europe,but there is no

objective reason why it is not.呻国I童娃

(See page 29 for the Chinese version of this arti—

cle.)

Biographies

ThorleifHerrstr6m,PrincipalAdvisorinTelecomwith afocus

on regulatory matters in the Telecom industry.He has held a

number of high level management positions as for example

Vice President in Telia Network Division,Chief Operational

Officer in Aspiro and Vice President in Swedte1.

Mo Xinwei,Senior Economist,Senior Engineer,Associ—

ate Director of Network Planning Department of Huaxin

Post&Telecom Consulting and Designing Institute Co.,Ltd.

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