synchronic

geisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsudforhuman

communication.

featuresrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguage

thatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

arinessrefersthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweena

linguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor(meaningandsounds).

ymeansthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,such

thatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecompodofelementsofthecondary

levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.

vity(productivity)meanslanguageisresourcefulbecauofits

dualityandrecursiveness.

cementmeanslanguagecanbeudtorefertocontextsremoved

fromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.

altransmission:languageisnotbiologicallytransmittedfrom

ailsofthelinguisticsystemmustbe

learnedbyeachspeaker.

hangeability:meansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducer

andareceiverofmessages.

sticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage

ptivemeansthelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyze

thelanguagepeopleactuallyu.

Prescriptivemeansthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor

correctandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguagetotellpeoplewhatthey

shouldsayandnotsay.

onic共时inwhichlanguagesaretreatedaslf-contained

systemsofcommunicationatanyparticulartime在那一刻、时、块的情况

（当代、古代）

Diachronic历时inwhichthechangestowhichlanguagesaresubject

inthecouroftimeandtreatedhistorically.(在过程中都有什么变化、

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区别、有大时间变化)2个共时即为历时

andparole找笔记重点。Competenceandperformance找笔记重

点。

icsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,and

perceived;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’

slanguages.

ants：aresoundsproducedbyobstructingtheflowofairin

theoralcavity。Vowels：areproducedwhentheairstreammeetswith

noobstruction。

tics：areadditionalsymbolsormarksudtogetherwiththe

consonantandvowelsymbolstoindicatenuancesofchangeintheir

pronunciation.

ogyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsof

todiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernsthewaysounds

areorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.

latoryphonetics发音语音学studiesoftheproductionofspeech

sounds.

Acousticphonetics声学语音学studiesofthephysicalpropertiesof

speechsounds

Perceptualphonetics感知听觉isconcernedwiththeperceptionof

speechsounds

culation协同发音meanswhenaspeechsoundchangesand

becomesmorelikeanothersoundwhichfollowsitonprecedesit

Anticipatorycoarticulation:asoundbecomesmorelikethefollowing

:lamb

Perverativecoarticulation:thesoundshowstheinfluenceofthe

:map

ranscription:thetranscriptionwithletters,symbolsonly.

Narrowtranscription:thetranscriptionwithletters,symbolstogether

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withthediacritics.

echsoundswehearand

onedoes

notdistinguishmeaning.

eisaphonologicalunitwhichisthesmallestunitofsound

inalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.

onemeansthedifferentphoneswhichcanreprentaphoneme

indifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthat

iceofanallophoneisnotrandom,itisrule-governed

indifferentcontexts

lpair:Aminimalpaircontainstwowordsinalanguagewhich

differfromeachotherbyonlyonedistinctivesoundandwhichalsodiffer

inmeaning.

onesofaphonemealwaysoccurindifferentphonetic

environment,sotheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

honeticallysimilarsoundsare2distinctivephonemes,they

aresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.

riation:Whentwoormorelinguisticitemsoccurinthesame

positionwithoutanyapparentchangeofmeaningtheyareinfree

variation.

lation同化现象isaprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsome

orallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound。

Regressiveassimilation:afollowingsoundinfluencingaprecedingsound

Progressiveassimilation:aprecedingsoundinfluencesafollowing

sound.

音位变化规则：threeaspects：atofsoundstoundergotheprocess;

atofsoundsproducedbytheprocess;atofsituationsinwhich

theprocessapplies.

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aminimumfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundand

meaningandsyntacticfunction.

me语素isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguageinterms

oftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannot

bedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrastically

alteringthemeaning,whetheritislexical词汇的orgrammatical.

30．Morphology形态学studiestheinternalstructureofwordsandthe

rulesbywhichwordsareformed.

ntriccompound:isoneinwhichoneconstituentisthecenter

andtheotheristhemodifier.

Exocentriccompound:isoneinwhichthereisonfocalelementandthe

wholereferstosthelratherthanwhateitheroftheconstituents

denotes

rph:anyofthedifferentshapesorphoneticformsofamorpheme

tion:atypeofirregularityinwhichthereisacompletechange

intheshapeofawordinitsvariousforms

isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferent

constituentsarecombinedtoformntencesinalanguage,orthestudy

oftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinntencestructures.

ticalconstructioncanbeudtomeananysyntacticconstruct

whichisassignedoneormoreconventionalfunctionsinalanguage,

togetherwithwhateverislinguisticallyconventionalizedaboutits

contributiontothemeaningorutheconstructcontains.

ateconstituentsareconstituentsimmediately,ordirectly,

belowthelevelofaconstruction,evenawordwhichcanbefurther

analyzedintomorphemes(Bloomfield)

ysis:theanalysisoftheantenceintermsofitsimmediate

constituent-wordgroupswhichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediate

constituentoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimate

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constituentarereached.

ortanceofICanalysis:isthatitstresdthefunctionof

theintermediatelevel-thewordgroup-intheanalysisofa

ntence,eingahierarchicalstructureofthentence.

antagesofICanalysis：theinternalstructureofantence

isdemonstratedandambiguitycanberevealed.

ntric向心性constructionisonewhodistributionis

functionally功能相同equivalenttothatofoneormoreofits

constituents,awordoragroupofwords,whichrvesasadefinable

centerorhead一个词或一组词是整个结构的核心或中心

tric离心性referstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwords

wherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,

thatis,thereisnodefinablecentreorheadinsidethegroup.

ion:therepeateduofthesameruletocreateinfinite

ntences.

ructure:theabstractreprentationofthesyntactic

propertiesofaconstruction.

Surfacestructure:thefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofa

construction,whichclolycorrespondtothestructuralorganization

ofaconstructionpeopleactuallyproduceandreceive.

nguistics:abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesspokenor

writtentexts.

ra:theuofawordorphrawhichrefersbacktoanother

wordorphrawhichwasudearlierinatextorconversation.

icsisthestudyoflinguisticmeaning,themeaningofwords,

phras,andntences.

nce指代meansthetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaning

ofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor.

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ictriangle(OgdenandRichards)meanstherelationbetweena

wordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect.(concept)

tualism:onecanderivemeaningfromobrvablecontextswhich

includesituationalcontextandthelinguisticcontext.

orism:meaningisthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersit

andtheresponitcallsfortheinthehearer.

entialanalysis成分分析法istheapproachthatanalyzeword

meaningbydecomposingisintoitsatomic原子的sthe

manticfeatures语义特征ofaword.

ment蕴涵XJohnkilledBill

YBilldied

IfXentailsY,themeaningofXisincludedinY.(ifxistrue,yis

true;yisfal,xisfal)

position预设XJohn’sbikeneedsrepairing

YJohnhasabike

Yisaprerequisiteofx.(ifxistrue,yistrue;ifxisfal,yis

true)

tics语用学isthestudyofthorelationsbetweenlanguage

andcontextthataregrammaticalizedorencodedinthestructureofa

language.

acttheory言语行为理论由Austin提出

onaryact发话行为（以言指事字面意思）whenwespeakwemoveour

vocalorgansandproduceanumberofsounds,organizedinacertainway

performedintheniscalled~

tionaryact行事行为（以言行事言外之意）whenwespeak,wenot

onlyproducesomeunitsoflanguagewithcertainmeaning(locution),but

alsomakeourpurpoinproducingthem,thewayweintendthemtobe

understood,thisisthe~,whichindicatesthespeaker’

utteranceshavesomeillocutionaryforces行事语力

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utionaryact取效行为（以言成事）Itreferstotheconquential

effectsofalocution语句uponthehearer.

ativeprinciplemeansthatmakeyourcontributionsuchasis

required,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurpoor

directionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.四个准侧：maxim

Ofquantity数量准则；maximofquality质量准则（修辞）；relation；manner