americas

英语国家概况美国部分

Chapter14Population,RaceandEthnicGroups

stimmigrantsinAmericanhistorycamefromEnglandandNetherlands.

ear2050,thepopulationixpectedtoclimbto383million,a50%increa.

77%ofthepopulationintheUnitedStateslivedinmorethan283cityareasin1988.

ty(onethemove)istheoneofthecharacteristicsoftheAmericanpeople.

vesystemwasformallyendedbyLincoln’sEmancipationProclamationin1863

andThirteenthAmendmenttotheConstitutionin1865.

gestoftheracialandethnicminoritiesintheUnitedStatesistheblackswhonumber

about12.1%stblackswerebroughttoNorthAmericaasslavesin1619.

美国人口最多的少数民族是黑人，大约占总人口的12.1%，第一批黑人作为奴隶于1619年

运抵北美。

numberofblankpeoplemoveoutofthesouthtootherareasduringtheperiod

between1920-1960.大批黑人离开南方涌向外地发生在1920-1960年间。

ilRightsActof1964addedprotections（加强维护）fortherighttovote,tou

publicfacilities(公共设施)andtoenjoythesameeducationaswhitepeople.

ingRightsActof1965wasmeanttoguarantee(保证)theblacksandotherstheright

tovote.

ionally,themainstreamAmericanwerecalledWASPs,thatis,WhiteAnglo-Saxon

Protestants.传统上读，美国人的主流是祖先为英国新教徒的白人。

Chapter15AmericanHistoryI

opherColumbusanItaliannavigator,supportedbytheSpanishqueendiscovereda

oVespuccinamedAmericaafterhim.

"firstAmericans"stEnglishcolonyintheAmericaswas

foundedatJamestown,Virginia,n1607and1733theBritishestablished13

coloniesalongtheeastcoastofNorthAmerican.“最早的美国人”是印地安人，英国于1607年

在美国建立了第一块殖民地，即在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯，1607-1733年间，英国在北美洲的东

海岸建立了十三个殖民地:Virginia，Maine，NewHampshire，Massachutts，Connecticut，

NewYork，RhodeIsland，Maryland，NorthCarolina，SouthCarolina，NewJery，Pennsylvania

andGeorgia.

1620,rived

atPlymouthandbuiltthePlymouthcolony.1620年，有201名英国清教徒乘坐一名为”五月花

号“的船到达了普利茅斯并建立了殖民地。

itanswantedtopuritytheChurchofEngland.

1630to1643,some200shipstransportedover20000EnglishmentotheMassachutts

Baycolony.约有200艘船把2万英国人抵马萨者萨弯殖民地。

ereanumberof

re:reprentative

formofgovernment,ruleoflaw,respectofindividualrights,religioustoleranceandastrongspirit

ofindividualenterpri.殖民主义者新生活方式的这些特点在美国人性格形成中发挥了重要

作用：建立代义制政府，法治，对个人权利的尊重，宗教上的宽容及强烈的个人进取心。

ember1744,theFirstContinentalCongresswasheldinPhiladelphiawhich

encouragedAmericantorefutobuyBritishgoods.

tishsoldiersarrivedatLexington,theWarofIndependencehadbegun.

ondContinentCongresswasheldinPhiladelphia.

Declarationisaclearexplanationofthepoliticaltheorybehindtherevolutionandthistheory

camefromtheBritishphilosopherJohnLocke.《独立宣言》是由托马斯·杰文逊起草的，它

明确阐述了支撑这场革命的政治理论，这一理论来源于英国著名哲学家约翰·洛克。

hristmasDayof1776,theAmericansdefeatedtheBritishtroopsatTrenton,New

gafterwards,theAmericanstroopsdefeatedtheBritishatSaratogainNorthern

sagreatturningpointoftheWarofIndependence,leadingdirectlytoan

ance.1766年的圣诞节，美军在新泽西的特伦顿挫败英军，

这之后不久，美军在萨拉托加击败英军，史称“萨拉托加大捷”这次胜利被认为是北美独立战

争的转折点，并直接导致美法联军的建立。

ember,1783,theTreatyofPariswassigned,Britainrecognizedtheindependenceof

theU.S.1783年9月簦订《巴黎和约》，英正式承认美国独立。

ricanWarofIndependenceshowsthat,inajustwar,aweaknationcandefeata

strongone.

kness:withoutsomeoneto

dotheexecutive’sjob,theotheroneisCongresshasnopowertoraitaxes.

eralistPapersareregardedasthebestexplanationoftheconstitutionaswellasone

ofthemostimportantworksonpoliticaltheory.<联邦文集》被认为是对美国宪法最好的解释，

也是美国最重要的政治理论著作之一。

itution,whichwascalledtheBillofRights,

adoptedin1791whichpromitoprotectindividual'srights.成为宪法的前十条修正案被称为

《人权法案》。

warwithBritainin1812,thelastwarfoughtbetweenthetwocountries.

英美最后一次交火是1812的英美战争。

the13yearsofIndianwarsaftertheWarofIndependence,theAmericansforced

Englandtog

crossingoftheMis

1853,intheGadsdenPurchaanother30000squaremilesofMexicanlandwereaddedtothe

territoryoftheU.S.在独战后十三的印第安战争中，美国人适使英国放弃了旧西北地区，使

西班牙开放密西西比河，促使拿破伦把路易斯字那志给美国，在1853年的加兹登购买中，

另外的3万平方米的墨西哥土地也为美国领土。

19Theexpansionistmovementproducedatheoryof“ManifestDestiny”byDemocratic

politicianJohnL.O’Sullivan.

wasforcedtoagreetogiveCaliforniaandNewMexico(nowthestatesofArizona,

NewMexico,Utah,Nevada,ColoradoandWyoming)totheUnitedStates.

gremainedthemostimportantwayofmakingalivinginthesouth.

1830swereGarrisonand

FrederickDouglass.在19世纪30年代两位著名的黑人领袖为加里森和道格拉斯.

feelingagainstslaverywasincreadbyHarrietBeecherStowe’snovelUncleTom’s

Cabin.

brokeoutonApril12,1861.

ivilwar,LincolnrealizedthathecouldwinsupportfortheUnionathomeand

suedthefamousEmancipation

Proclamation.美国内战期间，林肯发表了《解放奴隶宣言》

efeatedtheConfederatearmyat

Gettysburg,Pennsylvania,thisvictorywastheturningpointoftheCivilWar.北方联军在尤利西

斯。格兰特的指挥下，在宾夕法尼亚的葛底斯堡击败了南方联盟军，葛底斯堡大捷是美国内

战的转折点。

mber19,1863,AbrahamLincolnmadeashortspeechontheoccasionof

dhisspeechwiththememorablewords:

"Thatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperishfromthe

earth.1863年11月9日，林肯在葛底斯堡阵亡将士公墓落成仪式上发表了简短的演说，他

以另人难忘的语言结束了演说“民有，民治，民享的政府永远不会从地球上消失。

rencewasheldinPhiladelphiainMay1787toconsiderwhatshouldbedoneto

hestatexceptRhodeIslandwere

reprentedattheConstitutionalConvention.1787年在费城召开的制宪会议上，除了罗得岛外，

其他所有州都参加了，大家讨论如何使《联邦条款》能够满足需要。

Chapter16AmericanHistoryII

1908HenryFordbegantomass-produce(大量生产)acarwhichwassoldfor$825.

krakers,sgroupofreform-mindedjournalists,madeinvestigationsandexpod

variousdarksidesoftheeminglyprosperoussociety.

gressiveMovement,amovementdemandinggovernmentregulationoftheeconomy

andsocialconditions,spreadquicklywiththesupportoflargenumbersofpeopleacrossthe

otanorganizedcampaignwithclearlydefinedgoals.

entWilsonputforwardhisprogramofNewFreedom.

stWorldWar,brokeoutinJune1914,wastheresultoffiercestrugglebetweentwo

imperialistpowergroupsforcolonies,marketsandspheresofinfluence,andofanintenarms

tedStatespursuedapolicyofpro-Allypartiality.

rmanywastryingtogetMexicointothewaragainsttheUnitedStates,promisingit

thereturnoflostterritoryofTexas,NewMexicoandArizona,theUSgovernmentdeclaredwas

onGermanyonApril6,1917.

ceConferencewasactuallyaconferenceofdivisionofcoloniesofGermany,

Austro-HungaryandtheOttomanEmpireandthegrabbingofasmuchaspossiblefromthe

ominatedbytheBigFour(theUS,Britain,France,andItaly).

wartime,therewasademandinthecountryforpatriotismanduniformity.

Klan(KKK)terrorizedandattackednotonlyblacks,butalsoprogressives,labour

unionorganizers,Communistorsocialistpartymembers.

stblowtothestockmarketcameonOctober24,1929,calledtheblackThursday.

ans(ex-soldiers)cametoWashington

ndfullpaymentofbonuspromidbyCongressin1942.

1932,inthedepthofdepression,eltas

theirnextpresidentwhopromida“newdeal”togetAmericaoutofthedepressionandto“save

Americandemocracy”.

ondWorldWarwastheresultofstrugglebetweenthegreatpowersforcontrolof

theworldandmilitaryexpansion(军事扩张)ofthecountriesofNaziGermany,FascistItalyand

militaristJapan.

arly1930s,theAmericanforeignpolicywasisolationisttokeeptheUSoutofthe

fightingthatwasgoingoninEuropeandAsia.

ionwasformallyin

wasformallyinwarwiththeAxispowers.

ondconferencewasheldinYaltainFebruary,builttheUnitedNations.

Chapter17AmericanHistoryIII

tainmentpolicy(遏制政策)becametheofficialpolicytowardstheSovietUnion

until1989.

overnmentwouldsupportanycountrywhichsaiditwasfightingagainst

theTrumanDoctrine.杜鲁门主义

shallPlanwasannouncedbySecretaryofStatesGeorgeMarshallonJune5,1947.

InordertoprotectWesternEuropefrompossibleSovietexpansion,theUSdecidedtooffer

WesternEuropeancountrieconomicaid.

n1946and1961,morethan63.5millionbabieswerebornintheU.S.,makingthe

baby-boomgenerationthelargestbyfarinthenation’shistory.

icyofcontainmentofCommunismledtheUSintothewarinVietnamwhichturned

outtobethelongestwaritfought(1950-1975).ThestorybeganwithVietnam’sindependencein

September1945.

dNixon,whowalectedonaplatformofendingtheVietnamWar,changedthe

strategyinto“Vietnamization”ofthewarbuildingupSouthVietnamtroopstoreplaceAmerican

fightingforce.

wanproblemhadbeenakeyprobleminUS-Chinarelations.

mber1954,theUSgovernmentsignedaMutualDefenceTreatywiththeChiang

KaishekregimeonTaiwan.

uary1927,PresidentNixonvisitedChinaandmetChairmanMaoZedongandthetwo

itended23yearsofhostilityandledtothe

establishmentofdiplomaticrelations(外交关系)inJanuary1979.

y’scallforaNewFrontier(新边疆)hadinspired(鼓舞)manytoworktowipeout

(擦掉)povertyandendgregation(隔离)andvotingrightsabus.

ethegrossnationalproducthadincread,

Johnsondecidedtospendtheextramoneytowipeoutpovertythrougheducationandjobtraining.

yas1962,agroupofradicalstudentsmetinPortHuron,Michigantoformthe

StudentsforDemocraticSociety(SDS).

emid-ventiesonwards,theUSsufferedfrom“stagflation”,thatis,theoccurrence

ofstagnationandinflationatthesametime.

Rightconrvatismconsistsoftwogroupsofpeople:thefirmbelieversof

Protestantreligiousteachingandtheintellectuals.

hisofconrvatismthatbroughtRonaldReaganintotheWhiteHou.

Chapter18TheEconomy

sbyfarthebiggestindustrialcountryintheworld.

ricaneconomyischaracterizedbyahighdegreeofmonopoly.高度垄断。

tlyUSexportsareabout

15%oftheworld’stotal.

mportsabout13%ofallworldimports.

isthelargestsinglesourceofgoodsimportedbytheUS.

nomicsystemoftheUSisprincipallyprivatelyowned.私有制。

Chapter19PoliticalInstitutions

stitutionoftheUSisthebasicinstrumentofAmericangovernmentandthe

supremelawoftheland.

ricanConstitutionistheoldestwrittenconstitutionintheworld.

stitutiontupafederalsystemofgovernmentwhichhastwolayersofrule:

centralorfederalgovernment.

ernmentisdividedinto3branches:thelegislative,theexecutive,andthejudicial.

remeCourtisthehighestcourtoftheUSandistheonlyorganwhichhasthe

powertointerprettheConstitution.

calpartiesarethebasisoftheAmericanpoliticalsystem.

ahasatwo-partysystem:theDemocrats,theRepublicans.

avebeenfourperiodinthehistoryofpoliticalpartiesinAmerica.

Chapter20Education

educationintheUSconsistsofelementary,condaryandhighereducation.

Elementaryandcondaryeducation,whichformspubliceducation,isfreeand

compulsory.

ityisconsideredtobeanoutstandingcharacteristicofAmericaneducation.

educationintheUSbeganwiththefoundingofHarvardCollegein1636.

temofhighereducationintheUShasthreeprincipalfunctions:teaching,

rearchingandpublicrvice.

1991,Presidentissued“American2000:AnEducationStrategy”.

Chapter21Literature,ArchitectureandMusic

gtonIrving’smostfamousbook:TheSketchBook.

1836,Emersonpublishedhisfamousbook:Nature,whichisthecleareststatementof

Transcendentalistideas.

carletLetter,Hawthorneconsiderstheeffectonanindividual’scharacterof

guiltyconscience,ofhypocrisy,andofhatred.

entureofHuckleberryFinn(MarkTwain)tellsastoryabouttheUSbeforethe

civilwar,andthestorytakesplacealongtheMississippiRiver,onbothsidesofwhich

thereareunpopulatedwildernessandadenforest.

man’smasterpieceLeavesofGrass,hepraidtheideasofequalityand

democracyandcelebratedthedignity,thelf-reliantspiritandthejoyofthecommonman.

waywonin1954.

Chapter22HolidaysandFestival

1．Bylongcustom,AmericannationallyobrvedholidaysincludeChristmas,Thanksgiving

Day,LaborDay,IndependenceDay,NewYear’sDay,ColumbusDay,Washington’sbirthday,

MemorialDayandVeterans’Day.以下节日是全国同庆的节日：圣诞节，感恩节，劳动节，独

立纪念日，新年，哥伦布纪念日，华盛顿诞辰纪念日，阵亡将士纪念日和退伍节。

2．EasterSunday,whichcomesfromtheancientNorwegianfestivalofSpringsun,isthe

ling,theoriginalEaster

traditionbythecolonists,isheldonEasterMondaymorningeveryyearontheWhiterHou

hesymbols,theeggandthehareareconsideredtoreprentfertilityandnewlife.复

活节源于古挪威的春天太阳节，是两上最重要的基督教节日中的第二个，滚彩蛋是殖民者最

初的复活节传统，至今仍每年在白宫草坪举行，鸡蛋和野兔被认为是多产和新生活的象征，

是复活节的象征物。

3．TocelebrateMemorialDay,agreatceremonyisalwaysheldattheTomboftheUnknown

SoldierinArlingtonNationalCemeterynearWashingtonD.C为庆祝阵亡纪念日，盛大仪式通常

在华盛顿特区附近的阿灵顿国家公墓的无名将士墓前举行。

4．IndependenceDayisAmerican’smostimportantpatrioticholiday,thebirthdayofthe

ymarkstheoccasionbyfiringa

oplebringtheirchildrentovisitthebirthplaceofthe

country-Philadelphia.独立日纪念是美国最重要的爱国节日，也是国家的生日，军队每年都

会鸣放13响礼炮来庆祝。家长们也往往带孩子们去参观美国的诞生地-费城

5．Halloween(AllHallows’Eve)isanighttimechildren’enwithcurious

masksgofromhoutohoutofrightenfriendsofneighborsandthreatenthemwith:Trickor

treat”.Since1950,moreandmorechildrenhaveaskedforpenniesforUNICEFtohelpchildrenin

othercountries,forwhichthe1965NobelPeacePrizewasawardedtoAmericanchildren.万圣节

除夕是孩子们的节日衣晚，你想挨捉弄还是款待我们“是万圣节的孩子们常说的话，1965年，

美国儿童获得诺贝尔和平奖。

ns'Day,whichwascalledtheArmisticeDaybefore,originallycelebratedthe

signingofthe1918Armistice.退伍节，以前称作休战日，最初是为了纪念1918年第一次

世界大战停战协议的签订。

meofThanksgivinghasalways

beenpeaceandplenty,givingDayishistorical,national,and

stThanksgivingDaywascelebratedbythe

EnglishttlersinPlymouth,MassachuttsonDecember13,ksgivingday,people

havesuchtraditionalfoodasroastturkey,pumpkinpie,apples,cranberrysauce,squash,etc.感恩

节的主题一直是和平，丰收，健康和快乐，感恩节是由清教徒发起的，第一个感恩节是于

1621年12月13日由居住在普利茅斯的英国移民庆祝的，烤火鸡，南瓜饼，越橘酱和南瓜

是感恩节的传统食品。

masDay,whichcelebratedthebirthofJesusChrist,isthebiggestandthe

best-lovedholidayintheUnitedstates,inmanyareas,,aftertheThanksgivingDayisthebiggest

shoppingdayoftheyear-thefirstdayofChristmasgiftshopping.圣诞节是美国最大的，最受美

国人喜欢的节日，在许多地区，感恩节后的第一个星期五是一年中最在的购物日---是购买圣

诞节礼物的第一天。