emigration

1

Unit1Pathology

TextB

Inflammation

DefinitionandNatureofInflammation

1Whenlivingtissuesareinjured,ariesofchanges,whichmaylastforhours,

daysorweeks,spontoinjuryis

knownasinflammation,thetermbeingderivedfromtheLatininflammaremeaningto

burn.

2Theinjuryisabnormalbutthebody’sreaction,inflammation,isanormal,if

complex,physiologicalreaction—theonlyonepossibleinthecircumstancesofthat

activenatureofinflammationwasfirstrecognizedbyJohn

Hunter(1794),who,afterhisstudiesofwarwounds,conclude:“Inflammationisitlf

nottobeconsideredasadia,butasasalutaryoperationconquenteitherto

someviolenceorsomedia”.

ybeclassified

asfollows:

1)Physicalagents,suchaxcessiveheatingorcooling,ultra-violetorionizing

radiationormechanicaltrauma.

2)Chemicalsubstances,includingtoxinsfromvariousbacteria.

3)ctionofantibodyorofnsitizedlymphocytes

withbacterialorotherantigensmay,bythemechanismofhypernsitivity

releasubstanceswhichcauaninflammatoryrespon.

4)Microbialinfectionsareaveryimportantcauofinflammation.

Micro-organismsmayinjuretissueinveralways—byreleaofexo-orendo-

toxins①,byhypernsitivitymechanismsorbyintracellularmultiplication

followedbycelldeathaseninmanyviralinfections.

5)Necrosisoftissuefromalmostanycauleadstoreleaofsubstanceswhich

induceinflammationinadjacentlivingtissues.

4Thereactioninthefirstfewhoursafterinjuryisstereotypedandwidelydifferent

kindsofinjurycauasimilarinitialrespon—

inflammatorynatureofalesionisusuallyindicatedbythesuffix–

inflammationoftheappendixisappendicitis,

mationofthelungistraditionally

pneumonia,notpneumonitis②,andofthepleurapleurisynotpleuritis③.Theterm

nflammationlastsfor

①referstoexotoxin(referstoatoxinthatiscretedbymicroorganismsintothesurroundingmedium)or

endotoxin(atoxinthatisconfinedinsidethemicroorganismsandisreleadonlywhenthemicroorganismsare

brokendownordie)

②meanstheinflammationofthelungs(NB:whenwerefertoinflammationofthelungs,weoftenu

“pneumonia”insteadof“pneumonitis”)

③NB:“pleura”isudmoreoftentorefertothethinrousmembranearoundthelungsandinnerwallsofthe

chestthan“pleuritis”.

2

daysorafewweeks;chronicinflammationpersistsforweeks,monthsorevenyears.

5Theinflammatoryresponisusuallybeneficial,indeeditisntialin

combatingmostinfectionsandinlimitingtheharmfuleffectsofmanytoxicagents.

remanysituationswhendestructionof

tissueorotheruntowardeffectsareduenottothedamagingagentbuttooneorother

aspectofthebody’mpleinacuteinflammationofthe

larynxtheremaybesufficientinflammatoryswellingtoobstructtheairwayandcau

theArhusreaction④andthelocalrespontothebites

ofcertainticks,necrosisoftissueiscaudbysubstancesliberatedfrompolymorph

nuclearleucocyteswhichaccumulateatthesiteofinjuryaspartoftheinflammatory

respon:suchnecrosisdoesnotoccurinanimalsdeprivedofbloodleucocytesby

mationis

bestconsiderednotasasingleprocessbutasacollectionofdistinctprocess,each

ofwhichmayhaveevolvedfordefenagainstinjury,buteachofwhichhasalso

potentiallydeleteriouffects.

AcuteInflammation

6Thisistheimmediateandearlyrespontoaninjuriousagentandaffectsthe

rethreemajor

componentsintheprocessofacuteinflammation:increadbloodflow(vasodilation),

increadvascularpermeability(exudation)andegressofwhitebloodcellsintothe

injuredtissue(emigration).Thethreecomponentsarecoordinatedandinterrelated

ors

includehistamine,bradykinin,complementandmanyotherpharmacologically

hasishereisonthemorphologicalaspectsofthe

inflammatoryprocessvisibletothepathologistratherthanonthepharmacological

andbiochemicalevents.

rovasculatureat

thesiteofjurybecomesdilatedandfilledwithblood(hyperaemia).Bloodflow

throughthedilatedmicrovasculatureisinitiallyrapid,butsoonslowsbecaua

concomitantincreainvascularpermeabilityandlossofplasmawaterraisthe

cellstendtoclumpinthecentreofthevesllumenandleucocytesassumeamore

rginationofleucocytesisan

becomesveryslow,theblood

mayclotandformathrombus.

theincreadpassageoffluidandsolutes,notablyproteins,

hanismsleadingtoincreadvascularpermeability

cludeendothelialcell

concentrationordamage,theeffectsofmediators,localhaemodynamicforcesandthe

④Inimmunology,theArthusreactionisatypeoflocaltypeIIIhypernsitivityreaction（过敏反应）.TypeIII

hypernsitivityreactionsareimmunecomplex-mediated,andinvolvethedepositionofantigen/antibody

complexesmainlyinthevascularwalls,rosa（膜，浆膜）(pleura（胸膜）,pericardium（心包膜）,synovium

（滑膜）),andglomeruli（血管小球）.

3

kofproteinsis

nisinthegreatestamount,butif

vascularpermeabilityixtensive,ion

reaininterstitialfluiddilutes

toxins,andproteinssuchasglobulinsareeffectiveinneutralisingagentslikebacteria.

Thisincreadfluidissometimescalledinflammatoryoedemaorsimplyoedema.

tionofwhitebloodcells,principallyneutrophilsand

rephagocyticcellswhich

engulfanddigestforeignparticulatemattersuchasbacteriaandthedebrisofdead

grationofleucocytesisanactiveprocesswhichoccursintwostages.

Thecellssticktotheendothelialsurface(pavementing)andthenactivelymigrate

tion

isanactiveamoeboidprocessandonceoutsidethevesl,neutrophilscanmoveas

fastas20µtes,whichdifferentiateintomacrophages,move

ntofleucocytesintissuespacesispolarizedinthegeneral

ocess,knownaschemotaxis⑤,ismediatedby

variouschemicalattractantssuchascomponentsofthecomplement,kininand

eneutrophilsareingreaternumberinthecirculatingblood

andbecautheymovefasterthanmacrophages,thefirstphaofcellularinfiltration

epassageoftime

macrophagenumberincreaandafter2or3daysmacrophagesoutnumber

neutrophilsinmostinflammations.

themajorcomponentsofacuteinflammationareprentinall

damagedtissue,theproportionsvaryaccordingtothenature,durationandextentof

yingtermsmaybeudto

mple,rouxudaterefers

tothefluid-filledblisterafterburn.

tionmeansthecomplete

restorationofnormalconditionsafterthecauoftheacuteinflammationisremoved.

Thisoccurswhenthereisminimalcelldeathandtissuedamage,rapideliminationof

thecausalagent,andlocalconditionfavouringtheremovalfluidanddebrisby

lymphaticsandbyphagocytosis.

Source：彭杰青编译，《英汉对照医学读物—病理学》，上海科学技术出版社；

P162-196

Words:1203

⑤趋向性（taxis）是一生物（或细胞）天生的行为反应，指其对一指向性刺激（由特定方向给的刺激），

会有趋进（正趋向性）或远离（负趋向性）刺激源的动作。如果这种反应与化学物质的浓度（可以是引

诱剂或驱除剂）有关，就叫做趋药性（chemotaxis）。

4

WordsandExpressions

physiologicalreaction生理反应

microbialinfection微生物感染

acute[ə'kjuːt]orexperiencingarapidontandshortbutverecour

（疾病）急性的

appendix[ə'pendɪks]gialprocessthatextendsfromthelowerendofthe

cecumandthatremblesasmallpouch阑尾

appendicitis[ə,pendɪ'saɪtɪs]mationofthevermiformappendix阑尾炎

pleura['plʊrə]nrousmembranearoundthelungsandinnerwallsofthe

chest胸膜，肋膜

pleurisy['plʊərɪsɪ]mationofthepleuraofthelungs(especiallytheparietal

layer)胸膜炎，肋膜炎

larynx['lærɪŋks]laginousstructureatthetopofthetrachea;containlastic

vocalcordsthatarethesourceofthevocaltoneinspeech喉（包

括声带）

airway['eəweɪ]sagesthroughwhichairentersandleavesthebody（肺的）

气道

asphyxia[æs'fɪksɪə]tioninwhichinsufficientornooxygenandcarbon

dioxideareexchangedonaventilatorybasis窒息[亦作

asphyxy]

polymorph['pɒlɪ,mɔ:f]nismthatcanassumemorethanoneadultformasin

thecastesofantsortermites多形态生物；分叶核白细胞

nuclear['njuːklɪə]latingtoorconstitutingthenucleusofacell细胞核的

nitrogenmustard氮芥

bloodflow血流

vasodilation[,veɪzəʊdaɪ'leɪʃən]onofbloodvesls(especiallythearteries)血

管舒张

mediator['miːdɪeɪtə]tingagentinaphysical,chemical,orbiological

process介质

histamine['hɪstəmi:n]ormedfromhistidinethatstimulatesgastriccretions

anddilatesbloodvesls;releadbythehumanimmune

systemduringallergicreactions组胺

bradykinin[,brædɪ'kaɪnɪn]n.缓激肽

pharmacologically[,fɑ:məkə'lɒʤɪkəlɪ]gardtopharmacology药物地；药

理地

pharmacological[,fɑ:məkə'lɒʤɪkəl]latingtopharmacology药理学的

pathologist[pə'ɵɒləʤɪst]rwhospecializesinmedicaldiagnosis病理学家

microvasculature[,maɪkrəʊ'væskjʊləʧə]n.微脉管系统

hyperaemia[,haɪpə'ri:mɪə]dbloodinanorganorotherbodypart充血

lumen['lju:mɪn]yorpassageinatubularorgan（管）腔

thrombus['ɵrɒmbəs]clotformedwithinabloodveslandremaining

attachedtoitsplaceoforigin血栓（复数形式是thrombi

['ɵrɒmbaɪ]）

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solute['sɒlju:t]solvedsubstanceinasolution（细胞内的）溶质

veslwall血管壁

endothelial[,endəʊ'ɵi:lɪəl]latingtoorlocatedintheendothelium内皮的

endothelialcell内皮细胞

haemodynamic[,hi:məʊdaɪ'næmɪk]adj.血液动力的；血液动力学的

interstitial[,ɪntə(ː)'stɪʃəl]latingtointerstices（细胞）组织间隙的；间质

的

interstitialtissue间质组织

albumin['ælbjʊmɪn]ewater-solubleproteinfoundinmanyanimaltissues

andliquids白蛋白，清蛋白[亦作albumen]

interstitialfluid间隙液体；间质液

globulin['glɒbjʊlɪn]yofproteinsfoundinbloodandmilkandmuscleandin

planted球蛋白

oedema[ɪ'di:mə]ngfromexcessiveaccumulationofrousfluidintissue水

肿[亦作edema]

neutrophil['nju:trəfɪl]efphagocyticleukocyte;stainswitheitherbasicor

aciddyes嗜中性的n.嗜中性白血球，中性白细胞[亦

作neutrophile]

monocyte['mɒnəʊsaɪt]fgranularleukocytethatfunctionsintheingestion

ofbacteria单核细胞；单核白血球

phagocytic[,fægə'sɪtɪk]eoffunctioningasaphagocyte噬菌作用的；食菌

细胞的

phagocyticcell吞噬细胞

particulate[pə'tɪkjʊlɪt]discretemassofsolidorliquidmatterthatremains

individuallydisperdingasorliquidemissions(usually

consideredtobeanatmosphericpollutant)微粒的；颗粒

的；粒子状的

particulatematter微粒物质；悬浮微粒

macrophage['mækrəʊfeɪʤ]phagocyte巨噬细胞

tissuespace组织间隙

chemicalattractant化学吸引剂

complement补体成分

kinin['kaɪnɪn]classofplanthormonesthatpromotecelldivisionanddelay

thenescenceofleaves激肽

clottingsystem凝固系统

rous['sɪərəs]oducingorcontainingrum浆液状的，（含）浆液的

blister['blɪstə]n.(pathology)anelevationoftheskinfilledwithrousfluid（皮肤上

的）疱，水疱，脓疱；水肿

quela[sɪ'kwiːlə]ormalityfollowingorresultingfromadiaorinjury

ortreatment后遗症，续发症（复数形式是quelae

['sɪ'kwi:lɪ]）

resolution[,rezə'ljuːʃən]sidenceofswellingorothersignsofinflammation

(especiallyinalung)（炎症、热度等的）消退

lymphatic[,lɪm'fætɪk]latingtoorproducedbylymph淋巴的；淋巴管

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phagocytosis[,fægəsaɪ'təʊsɪs]sinwhichphagocytengulfanddigest

microorganismsandcellulardebris;animportant

defenagainstinfection嗜菌作用；吞噬作用

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ComprehensionExercis

Exerci1MultipleChoices

Directions:Choothebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.

1)WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaboutthenatureofinflammation?

A)Whenlivingtissuesareinjured,ariesofchanges,whichmaylastforhours,

daysorweeks,sponto

injuryisknownasinflammation.

B)Inflammation,isanormalphysiologicalreaction—theonlyonepossiblein

thecircumstancesofthatparticularinjury.

C)Inflammationisasalutaryoperationconquenteithertosomeviolenceor

somedia.

D)Inflammationisconsideredasadiacharacterizedbypainandswelling

andrednessandheat.

2)sthe

importantone?

A)Physicalagents

B)Chemicalsubstances

C)Microbialinfections

D)Hypernsitivityreactionsandnecrosisoftissue

3)Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A)Thereactioninthefirstfewhoursafterinjuryisstereotypedandwidely

differentkindsofinjurycaudifferentinitialrespons—theacute

inflammatoryreactionandthechronicinflammatoryreaction.

B)Theinflammatoryresponisusuallybeneficial,indeeditisntialin

combatingmostinfectionsandinlimitingtheharmfuleffectsofmanytoxic

agents.

C)Chronicinflammationlastsfordaysorafewweeks;acuteinflammation

persistsforweeks,monthsorevenyears.

D)InArhusreactiontheremaybesufficientinflammatoryswellingtoobstruct

theairwayandcaudeathfromasphyxia.

4)WhichisNOToneofthethreemajorcomponentsintheprocessofacute

inflammation?

A)Immigration.

B)Exudation.

C)Emigration.

D)Vasodilation.

5)WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaboutacuteinflammation?

A)Themicrovasculatureatthesiteofjurybecomesdilatedandfilledwithblood

(hyperaemia).

B)Leucocytestendtoclumpinthecentreofthevesllumenandleucocytes

assumeamoreperipheralpositionneartheveslwall.

C)Themechanismsleadingtoincreadvascularpermeabilityinclude

endothelialcellconcentrationordamage,theeffectsofmediators,local

8

haemodynamicforcesandtheosmoticeffectsofproteinscapinginto

interstitialtissue.

D)Emigrationofwhitebloodcells,principallyneutrophilsandmonocytesis

ethearephagocyticcells

whichengulfanddigestforeignparticulatemattersuchasbacteriaandthe

debrisofdeadcells.

Key:

D-C-B-A-B

Exerci2Cloze

Directions:Fillintheblankswithappropriatewordstocompletethefollowing

paragraphs

When⑴⑵areinjured,ariesofchangesoccuraroundtheareaof

⑶mationisacomplex

reactiontoinjuriousagentssuchas⑷anddamaged,usuallynecrosis,cellsthat

consistsofvascularrespons,migrationandactivationofleukocytes,andsystemic

quefeatureoftheinflammatoryprocessisthereactionofblood

vesls,leadingtotheaccumulationoffluidand⑸inextravasculartissues.

Theinflammatoryresponisclolyintertwinedwiththeprocessofrepair.

Inflammationisafundamentallya⑹respon,theultimategoalofwhichisto

ridtheorganismofboththeinitialcauofcellinjury(es,toxins)andthe

conquencesofsuchinjury(iccellsandtissues).Withoutinflammation,

infectionswouldgounchecked,woundswouldneverheal,andinjuryorgansmight

lammatoryresponconsistsoftwomain

components,avascularreactionanda⑺reactionwhicharemediatedby

chemicalfactorsderivedfromplasmaproteinorcells.

Inflammationisdividedinto⑻and⑼nflammation

israpidinont(condsorminutes)andisofrelativelyshortduration,lastingfor

minutes,ncharacteristicsare⑽offluidand

plasmaproteins(edema)andthe⑾ofleukocytes,predominantlyneutrophils.

Chronicinflammationisoflongerdurationandisassociatedhistologicallywiththe

prenceoflymphocytesandmacrophages,theproliferationofbloodvesls,fibrosis,

ctorsmodifythecourandmorphologicappearanceof

bothacuteandchronicinflammation.

Key:

⑴living⑵tissues⑶respon⑷microbes⑸leukocytes⑹protective

⑺cellular⑻acute⑼chronic⑽exudation⑾emigration

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VocabularyExercis

Enhanceyourcommandofmedicalwords

Exerci1Word-matching

Directions:Choothedefinitionsintherightcolumntomatchthewordsintheleft

column.

Key:

b-c-a-d-f-e

Exerci2Translation

Directions:CompletethentencesbytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinegivenin

brackets,usingthemedicalwordsfromthetext.

1)Does（阑尾炎）needanoperationtotreat?

2)WhatChinetraditionalmedicine（对咽喉有好处）?

3)（早产、出生窒息和感染）caumostnewborndeaths.

4)（它有助于防止血管舒张）andtoinhibitinflammationandthe

releaofproteas（蛋白酶）.

5)（组织胺测试）canstimulatetheairwayenoughtocauviolent

coughing.

6)Thekallikreinsystem（血管舒缓素系统）,which（产生有效的引

起血管舒张的缓激肽）,isbeginningtobestudied.

7)Whitecellsfightinfectioninthebody.（中性粒细胞是其中的一

种）thatfightsinfection.

8)Weobrvedthatultravioletradiationcanresultin（使白细胞的吞

噬功能增强）.

9)Howtotakecareofslight（血栓病人）?

Key：

1)appendicitis

2)hasprofittolarynx

1)vasodilation

2)oedema

3)acute

4)intracellular

5)airway

6)asphyxia

a)havingasuddenont,sharpri,andshortcour

b)wideningofthelumenofbloodvesls

c)anabnormalinfiltrationandexcessaccumulationof

rousfluidinconnectivetissueorinarouscavity

d)existing,occurring,orfunctioningwithinacell

e)alackofoxygenorexcessofcarbondioxideinthe

bodythatresultsinunconsciousnessandoftendeathand

isusuallycaudbyinterruptionofbreathingor

inadequateoxygensupply

f)apassageforacurrentofair(asinamineortothe

lungs)

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3)Pretermbirth,birthasphyxiaandinfections

4)Ithelpstopreventvasodilation

5)Thehistaminetest

6)producesthepotentvasodilatorbradykinin

7)Neutrophilisonetypeofwhitecell

8)theenhancementofleukocyticphagocyticfunction.

9)thrombuspatient

Translationofthentences

1)阑尾炎需要手术治疗吗？

2)什么中药对咽喉有好处？

3)早产、出生窒息和感染是新生儿死亡的主要原因。

4)它有助于防止血管舒张和抑制炎症反应，并释放蛋白酶。

5)组织胺测试可以刺激呼吸道引起剧咳。

6)有人正在研究能产生有效的引起血管扩张的缓激肽的血管舒缓素系统。

7)白细胞可以对抗体内感染，中性粒细胞即为其中的一种。

8)我们观察到紫外线照射能使白细胞的吞噬功能增强。

9)怎样照顾症状轻微的血栓病人？

Enhanceyourcommandofgeneralwords

Exerci1Blank-filling

Directions:theword

formwhennecessary.

1)Hercommentprotestsfromtheshockedlisteners.

2)Debristheroad.

3)Allthingsareandinteractoneachother.

4)Themonkeyengulfedthefoodwhole.

5)Thesuicidesinareaareincidentalcoincidence.

6)Wealthywomenoftengetascare-freespendthrifts,leavingtheir

husbandstopaythebillsandworryaboutthecosts.

7)Thedifferenceliesintheandintensityofthesymptoms.

8)Theyareshownonchannelsthatattractaudienceswithdifferent

expectations.

9)Hispupilsarefully,itmaybefearoranger.

10)Nylonhasahightowatervapor.

Key:

1)evoked

2)obstructed

3)interrelated

engulfadjacentevokestereotyped

durationobstructdistinctiveinterrelatedilate

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4)engulfed

5)adjacent

6)stereotyped

7)duration

8)distinctive

9)dilated

Translationofthentences

1)她的评论让听众震惊并引起了他们的抗议。

2)垃圾堵塞了道路。

3)一切事物都是互相联系又互相作用的。

4)这只猴子囫囵吞下食物。

5)邻近区域内的自杀是偶然的巧合。

6)人们对富婆的固定成见常常是：她们是不负责任的挥霍者，让自己的丈夫埋

单、为花费操心。

7)区别在于症状的持续时间和强烈程度。

8)在不同频道上演的不同节目，吸引有不同期待的不同观众。

9)瞳孔扩张可能是因为愤怒或害怕。

SentenceTranslation

Directions:TranslatethefollowingntencesfromthetextintoChine.

1)Theinjuryisabnormalbutthebody’sreaction,inflammation,isanormal,if

complex,physiologicalreaction—theonlyonepossibleinthecircumstancesof

thatparticularinjury.

2)Thereactionofantibodyorofnsitizedlymphocyteswithbacterialorother

antigensmay,bythemechanismofhypernsitivityreleasubstanceswhich

cauaninflammatoryrespon.

3)Micro-organismsmayinjuretissueinveralways—byreleaofexo-orendo-

toxins,byhypernsitivitymechanismsorbyintracellularmultiplicationfollowed

bycelldeathaseninmanyviralinfections.

4)Thereactioninthefirstfewhoursafterinjuryisstereotypedandwidelydifferent

kindsofinjurycauasimilarinitialrespon—theacuteinflammatoryreaction.

5)Theinflammatoryresponisusuallybeneficial,indeeditisntialin

combatingmostinfectionsandinlimitingtheharmfuleffectsofmanytoxic

agents.

6)Inflammationisbestconsiderednotasasingleprocessbutasacollectionof

distinctprocess,eachofwhichmayhaveevolvedfordefenagainstinjury,but

eachofwhichhasalsopotentiallydeleteriouffects.

7)Therearethreemajorcomponentsintheprocessofacuteinflammation:incread

bloodflow(vasodilation),increadvascularpermeability(exudation)andegress

ofwhitebloodcellsintotheinjuredtissue(emigration).

Key:

12

1)损伤是异常的，而机体的反应（炎症）则是正常的生理反应，即使比较复杂，

仍然是在特殊情况下唯一可能的反应。

2)抗体或致淋巴细胞与细菌性或其它的抗原所发生的反应，可通过过敏机制释

放出引起炎症反应的物质。

3)微生物可通过几种方式损伤组织—释放外毒素或内毒素、过敏机制或先在细

胞内繁殖，然后导致细胞死亡，后者见于许多病毒感染时。

4)损伤后最初几个小时内的反应时有规律的，因此各种不同的损伤都可引起相

同的早期反应—急性炎症反应。

5)炎症反应常常是有益的，在对抗大多数感染及限制许多毒性因子的有害影响

中，炎症的反应的确是不可缺少的。

6)最好不要把炎症看做一个单一的过程，而应把它视为一系列不同的过程，每

一个过程有抗损害的防御作用，但也潜在着有害的影响。

7)急性炎症过程有三大组成部分：血流增快（血管扩张）、血管通透性增高（渗

出）及白细胞外出到受损组织内（白细胞游出）。