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JaneAusten(1775-1817)

Englishwriter,whofirstgavethenovelitsmoderncharacterthroughthetreatmentofeverydaylife.

AlthoughAustenwaswidelyreadinherlifetime,t

urgentpreoccupationofherbright,herlf

t-knownbooksincludePRIDEANDPREJUDICE(1813)andEMMA(1816).

VirginiaWoolfcalledAusten"themostperfectartistamongwomen."

"Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninposssionofagoodfortune,mustbe

inwantofawife."(fromPrideandPrejudice,1813)

JaneAustenwasborninSteventon,Hampshire,whereherfather,Austen,wasarector.

tensdidnotloasingle

draLeigh,Jane'smother,fedherinfantsatthebreastafewmonths,

andthenntthemtoawetnurinanearbyvillagetobelookedafterforanotheryearorlonger.

ather'sunexpectedretirement,the

familysoldoffeverything,includingJane'spiano,,agedtwenty-five,and

Cassandra,hereldersister,agedtwenty-eight,wereconsideredbycontemporarystandards

confirmedoldmaid,andfollowedtheirparents.

JaneAustenwasmostlytutoredathome,andirregularlyatschool,butshereceivedabroader

parentswereavidreaders;Austen'liest-knownwritingsdate

yaboutherwriting,shewroteonsmallpiecesofpaperthatsheslipped

etterssheobrvedthedailylifeofher

familyandfriendsinanintimateandgossipymanner:"JamesdancedwithAlethea,andcutupthe

nothingofthesilkstockings;Iflattermylf,

therefore,thatCharleshasnotpurchadany,asIcannotverywellaffordtopayforthem;allmy

moneyisspentinbuyingwhiteglovesandpinkpersian."(AusteninalettertohersisterCassandra

in1796)

Austen'sfathersupportedhisdaughter'swritingaspirationsandtriedtohelphergetapublisher.

Afterhisdeathin1805,shelivedwithhersisterandhypochondriacmotherinSouthamptonand

nevermarried,buthersociallife

dwardAusten-Leigh,hernephew,

wantedtocreateanotherkindoflegendaroundherandclaimedthat"ofeventsherlifewas

singularlybarren:fewchangesandnogreatcriverbrokethesmoothcurrentofitscour...

Therewasinhernothingeccentricorangular;noruggednessoftemper;nosingularityofmanner..."

Austen'erbrothersbecameaclergyman,tworved

inthenavy,akencareofalocalfamily.

Austenwaswellconnectedwiththemiddling-richlandedgentrythatsheportrayedinhernovels.

InChawtonshestartedtowritehermajorworks,amongthemSENSEANDSENSIBILITY,the

storyoftheimpoverishedDashwoodsisters,MarianneandElinor,whotrytofindproperhusbands

elwaswrittenin1797astherevisionofasketchcalledElinor

andMarianne,ingtosomesources,anearlierversionof

theworkwaswrittenintheformofanovelinletters,andreadaloudtothefamilyaarlyas1795.

Austen'sheroinesaredeterminedtomarrywilyandwell,butromanticMarianneofSenand

Sensibilityisacharacter,whofeelsintenlyabouteverythingandlosherhearttoanirresponsible

ducer."Icouldnotbehappywithamanwhotastedidnotineverypointcoincidewithmyown.

Hemustenterintoallmyfeelings;thesamewithbooks,thesamemusicmustcharmusboth."

ReasonableElinorfallsinlovewithagentlemanalreadyengaged.'"Ihavefrequentlydetected

mylfinsuchkindofmistakes,"saidElinor,"inatotalmisapprehensionofcharacterinsomepoint

oranother:fancyingpeoplesomuchmoregayorgrave,oringeniousorstupidthantheyreallyare,

mesoneisguidedbywhatthey

sayofthemlves,andveryfrequentlybywhatotherpeoplesayofthem,withoutgivingonelf

timetodeliberateandjudge."'WhenMariannelikestoreadandexpressherfeelings,Elinorprefers

ethedaughtersofHenryDashwood,who

son,John,isdeath,JohninheritstheNorlandestateinSusx,where

'swife,thegreedyandlfishFanny,

imparianne

issurroundedbyadeviousheartbreakerWilloughby,

becomesinterestedinEdwardFerrars,lBrandon,anolder

gentleman,doesn'inallyrejectedbyWilloughby."MarianneDashwood

borntodiscoverthefalhoodofherownopinions,and

tocounteract,byherconduct,hermostfavoritemaxims."

InallofAusten'ndPrejudicedescribedtheclash

betweenElisabethBennet,thedaughterofacountrygentlemanandanintelligentyoungwoman,

andFitzwilliamDarcy,elationshipstartsfromdislike,butDarcy

hadcompletedtheearlyversionofthestoryin1797underthetitle"FirstImpressions".Thebook

wenttothreeprintingsduringAusten'1998appearedaqueltothenovel,entitled

DesireandDuty,,owedtheideasJaneAustentoldherfamily.

begunthenovelinJanuary1814andcompleteditin

thestoryofEmma

Woodhou,awealthy,pretty,lf-satisfiedyoung

erness,MissTaylor,marriesa

neighbor,stoomuchtimeandshespendsitchoosingproperpartnersforher

esaprotégéeofHarrietSmith,an

illegitimategirlo,

ayoungclergyman,'sson.

WhenHarrietbecomesinterestedinGeorgeKnightley,aneighboringsquirewhohasbeenherfriend,

eenhermoraladvir,andcretlyloves

t,whoislefttodecideforherlf,

marriesRobertMartin,ayoungfarmer.

Ausictedminor

landedgentry,countryclergymenandtheirfamilies,inwhichmarriagemainlydeterminedwomen's

portantforherweretholittlematters,asEmmasays,"onwhichthedaily

happinessofprivatelifedepends."AlthoughAustenrestrictedtofamilymatters,andshepasdthe

historicaleventsoftheNapoleonicwars,herwitandobrvantnarrativetouchhasbeen

ixgreatnovels,fourwerepublishedanonymouslyduring

alsohadtroubleswithherpublisher,whowantedtomakealterationstoherlove

1811hewrotetoThomasEgerton:"Yousaythebookisindecent.

inthedepictionoflove,modestyisthefullnessoftruth;anddecency

frankness;andsoImustalsobefrankwithyou,andaskthatyouremovemynamefromthetitle

pageinallfutureprintings;'Alady'willdowellenough."AtherdeathonJuly18,1817in

Winchester,attheageofforty-one,aged

towritetwelvechaptersbeforestoppinginMarch18,duetoherpoorhealth.

AustenwasburiedinWinchesterCathedral,nearthecentreofthenorthaisle."Itisasatisfactionto

metothinkthat[sheis]tolieinaBuildingsheadmiredsomuch,"Austen'ssisterCassandrawrote

dradestroyedmanyofhersister'sletters;onehundredsixtysurvivedbutnonewritten

earlierthanhertentiethbirthday.

Austen'dbeenreviewed

favorablybySirWalterScott,whowroteinhisjournalofMarch14,1826:"[MissAusten]hada

talentfordescribingtheinvolvementsandfeelingsandcharactersofordinarylifewhichistome

Bow-WowstrainIcandomylflikeanynow

going;buttheexquisitetouch,whichrendersordinarycommonplacethingsandcharacters

interesting,fromthetruthofthedescriptionandthentiment,isdeniedtome."CharlotteBrontë

ngfoundherlimited,andElizabethHardwicksaid:"Idon'tthinkhersuperb

intelligencebroughtherhappiness."-Leigh'sMemoir

'sunfinishedSanditonwaspublishedin

1925.

Forfurtherreading:-Leigh(1870);JaneAustenandHerWorldbyMary

Lascelles(1939);les(1941);n

(1948);TheNovelsofJaneAustenbyRobertLiddell(1963);TheLanguageofJaneAustenbyN.

Page(1972);TheDoubleLifeofJaneAustenbyJaneHodge(1972);TheCriticalHeritage,

m(1987);n(1990);us

(1990);JaneAusten'sNovelsbyRogerGard(1992);TheCambridgeCompaniontoJaneAusten,

rdCopeland,JulietMcMaster(1997);JaneAusten,ObstinateHeartbyValerie

GrosvenorMyer(1997);JaneAusten:HerLifebyParkHonan(1997);JaneAusten:ALifebyDavid

Nokes(1998);JaneAusten:ALifebyClaireTomalin(1998);AHistoryofJaneAusten'sFamilyby

GeorgeHolbertTucker(1998);CriticalEssaysofJaneAusten,aMooneyham(1998);

JaneAustenbyDeirdreLeFaye(1998);TheAuthor'sInheritance:HenryFielding,JaneAusten,and

theEstablishmentoftheNovelbyJoAlysonParker(1998);Pride&Promiscuity:TheLostSex

ScenesofJaneAustenbyArielleEckstut,DennisAshton(2001);JaneAustenbyCarolShields

(2001)-Seealso:-Muum:JaneAusten'sHou,Chawton,Alton,GU34ISD.-Austen

wroteMansfieldPark,Emma,andPersuasionwhilelivinginthishou.