bombarded

TheParthenon,dedicatedbytheAthenianstoAthenaParthenos,

thepatron（保护者）oftheircity,isthemostmagnificent（宏伟的）creation

ofAtheniandemocracy（雅典民主）so

thefinestmonument（历史遗迹）ontheAcropolis（卫城）intermsofboth

conception（设想）andexecution（实施）.Builtbetween447and438BC,

aspartofthegreaterPerikleanbuildingproject,thisso-called

PerikleanParthenon(ParthenonIII)replacedanearliermarble（大理石

的）temple(ParthenonII),begunafterthevictoryatthebattleof

Marathonatapproximately490BCanddestroyedbythePersians（波

斯人）mplehadreplacedtheveryfirstParthenon

(ParthenonI)ikleanParthenonwasdesignedby

architectsIktinosandKallikrates,whilethesculptor（雕刻家）Pheidias

supervidtheentirebuildingprogram（建筑项目）andconceived（构

思）thetemple'ssculpturaldecoration（雕刻装饰）andchrylephantine

statue（用金和象牙做成的雕像）ofAthena.

TheParthenonisadoubleperipteralDoric（双排多利安式围柱）temple

withveraluniqueandinnovativearchitecturalfeatures（建筑特色）.

Thetempleproperisdividedintopronaos（门廊）,cella（内殿）and

opisthodomos（后殿）,withaparateroom（单间）atthewestend,and

issurroundedbyapteronwitheightcolumns（塔器）oneachoftheshort

sides（宽度）andventeencolumnsonthelongones（长度）.The

columnshadthesamewidth（宽度）asthoofParthenonII,sothatu

wasmadeofthematerialpreparedforit,eventhoughthenewtemple

wasmuchbroader(宽广)thanitspredecessor(前任).Theinterior(内

部)demonstratesaninnovativeapproach（新型方式）tobothnewandold

elements:insidethecellaadoublepi-shaped（圆周型）colonnade（柱

廊）establishedabackgroundforthegoldandivorystatueofAthena

Parthenos,whichshowedthegoddess（女神）infullarmour（盔甲）

carryingNike(Victory)t

room,wherethecity'streasureswerekept,hadfourIoniccolumns（爱

奥尼亚式塔器）.Thetwo-sloped（双斜式的）woodenroofhadmarbletiles

（大理石式面砖）,marblepalmette-shaped（扇状）falantefixes（伪造

屋瓦）alongtheedgeofitslongsidesandfalspouts（喷管）intheshape

oflionheadsatthecorners（拐角处）.Marblestatuesadorned（大理石

雕装饰的）thecornersofthepediments（山形墙）andlarge,ornate（华

丽的）palmettestheirapex（顶点）.Thepedimentsweredecoratedwith

sculpturalcompositions（雕塑艺术作品）inspiredfromthelifeofthe

tpedimentdepicted（描画）thebirthofthe

goddess,whosprangfrom（起源于）theheadofherfather,Zeus（宙斯）,

beforeanasmbly（集合）oftheOlympiangods,whilethewest

pedimentshowedAthenaandPoidon（海神波塞冬）disputingforthe

posssionofthecityofAthensbeforethegods,heroesandmythical

kingsofAttica（神话的阿提卡国王）.Ninety-twometopes（墙面）alternating

with（相间）triglyphs（三竖线花纹装饰）wereplacedabovetheepistyle

（柱顶过梁）oftheoutercolonnade（柱廊）andunderthearchitrave（楣

梁）.Allofthemwereadornedwithreliefs（用浮雕装饰）,theearliest

hemeswerederivedfrom（源于）

legendarybattles:theGigantomachy（巨人战争）wasdepictedonthe

easternside,theTrojanWar（特洛伊战争）onthenorthernside,the

Amazonomachy（族之战）onthewesternsideandtheCentauromachy

（马人族之战）eze,anelementoftheIonic

order（爱奥尼亚柱式）,brilliantlyaddedtothisDoric（多利安式）temple

alongthetopofthecella,pronaosandopisthodomos,depictedthe

splendidprocession（游行）ofthePanathinaia（泛雅典庆典）,thegreatest

festivalofAthensinhonourofAthena.

TheParthenonremainedunchanged（保持不变）untilthefifthcentury

AD,whenitwasconverted（改变信仰）intoachurchdedicatedfirstto

SaintSophia（圣索菲亚）andlatertothePanagia(VirginMary)（圣母玛

利亚）.UnderTurkishrule（土耳其统治）itbecameamosque（清真寺）.

In1687,duringthesiegeoftheAcropolis（围攻卫城）byMorozini,the

Parthenonwasbombarded（被炮轰）r

riousdamagewascaudintheearlynineteenthcenturybyLord

Elgin（尔金伯爵）,wholooted（抢劫）muchofthetemple'ssculptural

vationand

restoration（保护和修复）oftheParthenontookplacein1896-1900and

onrvationandrestorationprogramof

themonumentsoftheAcropolis,includingtheParthenon,iscurrently

underway（在进行中）since1975bytheServiceofRestorationofthe

MonumentsoftheAcropolisincollaboration（协作）withtheFirst

Ephorate（监督官）ofPrehistoricandClassicalAntiquities（史前和古典的

古物）,underthesupervisionoftheCommitteefortheConrvationof

theMonumentsoftheAcropolis（卫城历史遗迹保护委员会）.