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主旨的意思

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补课与不补课的区别-矩的组词


2022年12月3日发(作者:执子之手与子偕老的意思)

高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧

《普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版)》提出学生对语篇整体理解的要求。具体的语

言技能内容要求为:从语篇中提取主要信息和观点,理解语篇要义。区分、分析和概

括语篇中的主要观点和事实。

此项考查要求学生通过阅读文章,抓住文章的主旨大意所在,在理解文章内容的基础上,

找到文章大意或段落大意,主要考查学生归纳概括信息的能力。主旨大意题是高考阅读理

解中常考的题型之一,主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以选择文

章最佳标题(title/topic),概括文章中心大意(mainidea)、文章段落大意(topic)等形式出现。

主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题型,属于能力型题目。研究近几年课标地区的高考

阅读理解题可以发现,主旨大意题几乎年年都有,而且在大部分地区的阅读理解题中会有

1~3道此类题。其考查形式主要有以下几种:1标题概括类做此类试题时,要注意标题的三

个特性,即醒目性、概括性和针对性。解题时要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段的首尾句,要

注意贯穿文章始终的词语。常见设问形式有:Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?Whichof

thefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?What

mightbethebesttitleforthepassage?Thebesttitleofthepassageis______.Thesuitableheadline

ofthepassagemaybe______.2文章大意类每篇文章都有中心思想,可以通过找主题句来获

取文章中心思想。主题句通常在首段或结尾段,但有时也会出现在文章的中间段落。因

此,在阅读时要倍加关注文章的首段和结尾段及各个段落的主题句。常见设问形式有:

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethe

passage?Whatisthemessageconveyedinthestory?Whatdoesthepassagemainly

prent?Whatisthemainthemeofthestory?Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus?Whatdoesthe

passagemainlytalkabout?Thepassageismainlyabout______.Themainpurpoofthepassage

isto______.Thepassageismainlywrittento______.3段落大意类每个段落通常都有一个中

心思想,通常会在本段首句体现出来,即常说的段落主题句。一般来说,采用归纳法的段

落,细节表述在前,归纳概括在后。若主题句出现在段首,则文章多为说明文和议论文。

主题句也可能出现在段落的中间。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句,考生要学会根据段落

的内容概括出主题句。常见设问形式有:Whatisthemainideaofparagraph1/thelast

paragraph?Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytalkabout?Whatisthelastparagraphchieflyconcerned

with?Whatdoesthewritertrytoexpressinparagraph3?Whichofthefollowingcanbest

summarizeparagraph1?Whatisthemainideadiscusdinparagraph2?Themainideaofthe

condparagraphisprobablythat______.

应对策略

1标题概括类(1)快速浏览全文,了解文章梗概;(2)找到文章主旨句或关键句,去掉

修饰成分,保留中心词;(3)结合选项与中心词,选出能够全面概括文章内容的标题。解

答此类题目时,注意所选文章题目必须能概括全文的中心内容,即标题涵盖性强,能覆盖

全文;标题要体现主题,既不能“太大”,也不能过于片面,即标题所指的范围要恰当;标

题表意准确,与文章的感情色彩相同。避免以下四种错误:以偏概全(多表现为部分代替

整体);概括过度(多表现为扩大范围);以具体代抽象(多表现为以事实或细节代替抽

象概念的大意);偷换概念(多表现为混淆事件的对象)。

【分析】本文讲述了NASA的宇航员受到细菌问题的困扰,他们把该问题交给了NASA

HUNCH的高中生们,其目的是将科技与学校教育结合起来。根据第一段的“Howis

roorganisms(微生

物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalS

paceStation,

isNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturningtoabunch

pendingonNASAHU

NCHhighschoolclassrooms,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordona

ndDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYor

sdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengi

pasttwoyears,Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingways

tokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey’reclotoasolution

(解决方案).“Wedon’vetodoi

tjustlikeNASAengineers,”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.“There

arenotests,”Gordonsays.“lmost

arenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal?’Basically,

it’s‘I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendoftheyear,p

rentittoNASA.’Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,an

d…it’’sahardbusinessreviewofyour

product.”GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact(影响)oncolle

geadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“Thekidsaresoabsorbedinthei

’tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria?

GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersaboutt

heproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.

(2019全国II卷阅读D)

Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

:TheHomeofAstronauts

:TheFinalHomeworkFrontier

:AnOutdoorClassroom

:ACollegeAdmissionReform

NASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.”、

第三段的“Thereisnogradedhomework…attheendoftheyear,prentittoNASA.’”以

及最后一段的“Gordonsayshisstudents…readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.”

可知,本题的最佳答案为B项。A项信息文章未提及;C、D两项均是文章中部分段

落的主题,不能全面概括文章的主旨。

【分析】根据文章第一段中的“preparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget”,第二

段中的“howtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder£5perfamilyaday”,第三

段中的“howcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourlves”以及最后一段中的“lesxpensivebut

stilltastyrecipes”等信息可知,文章主要讲述如何用较少的钱做出好吃又营养的食物,所以

GoodMorningBritain’sSusannaReidisudtogrillingguestsonthesofaeve

rymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole—showingfamili

Mone

y:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchef

MattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrec

ipesforunder£GoodMorningBritainprentersay

sshe’sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe’slearntintopracticeinherownho

me,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,14,Finn,13,andJack,11.“WeloveMexic

anchurros,soIbuythemonmyphonefrommylocalMexicantakeawayresta

urant,”sheexplains.“Ipay£5foraportion(份),butMattmakesthemfor2

6paportion,becautheyareflour,water,odycanbuyt

akeawayfood,butsometimeswe’renotawarehowcheaplywecanmakethisf

oodourlves.”Theeight-partries(系列节目),SaveMoney:GoodFood,follo

wsinthefootstepsofITV’sSaveMoney:GoodHealth,whichgaveviewersadv

iceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.

Withfoodourbiggestweeklyhouholdexpen,SusannaandMattspendtime

ght’sEasterspecialtheycometothe

mtr

ansformsthefamily’slongweekendofcelebrationwithlesxpensivebutstill

tastyrecipes.

(2018全国I卷阅读B)

Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

gFitbyEatingSmart

ingOurDailyDiet

YourlfaPerfectChef

gWellforLess

“CookingWellforLess”是最佳标题。故选D项。A项和C项只概括了文章中的部分细节,

不全面。B项是针对文中“deliciousandnutritiousmeals”的主观臆造。2文章大意类

(1)通读全文,抓住每段或每个层次的主要含义;(2)将每段的主题和主旨句综合起

来,归纳出文章的中心。解答此类题目时,应特别注意把握文章的“三主”,即文章的主题

思想、结构主线和关键句的主谓结构。此外,甄别选项时,注意排除两类干扰项:一是以

细节代替主旨;二是以表面意思代替深层含义。

MarianBechtelsitsatWestPalmBeach’sBarLouiecounterbyherlf,quietlyr

shereading?Noneofyour

business!LunchisBechtel’s“me”emoreAmericans,she’snotalo

a

nhalf(53percent)havebreakfastaloneandnearlyhalf(46percent)havelunch

dinnertimeareweeatingtogetheranymore,74percent,ac

cordingtostatisticsfromthereport.“,butto

gether,youknow?”Bechtelsaid,l,whoworks

indowntownWestPalmBeach,haslunchwithco-workerssometimes,butlikem

anyofus,timeescapeallows

urnstoworkfeeling

energized.“Today,Ijustwantedsometimetomylf,”oatso

ver,AndrewMazoleny,alocalvideographer,

likesthathecansitandcheckhisphoneinpeaceorchatupthebarkeeperwith

whomhe’sonafirst-namebasisifhewantstohavealittleinteraction(交流).

“Ireflectonhowmyday’sgoneandthinkabouttherestoftheweek,”hesaid.

“It’urntoworkrechargedandwithaplan.”

asa

timewhenpeoplemayhavefeltawkwardaboutaskingforatableforone,but

,wehaveoursmartphonestokeepuscompanyatthet

able.“Itdoesn’tfeelasaloneasitmayhavebeforealltheadvancesintechnolo

gy,”saidLaurieDemeritt,whocompanyprovidedthestatisticsforthereport.

(2019全国II卷阅读C)

Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

ndofhavingmealsalone.

ortanceoflf-reflection.

essfromworkingovertime.

antageofwirelesstechnology.

【分析】本文通过一份调查结果显示,越来越多的人选择独自用餐,原因很多,比如

逃离工作环境,或者独自思考、享受独处时光。再结合文章最后一段前两句“That

freedomtochoois…butthodaysareover.”可以看出,以前独自用餐感觉尴尬的时

代已经结束了,也就是说独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势,故选A项。B、C、D三项

为文章中的细节信息,不能概括文章的主旨。

BenjaminWest,thefatherofAmericanpainting,showedhistalentforartwhenhe

idnotknowaboutbrushesbeforeavisitortold

edays,abrushwasmadefromcamel’

long,thecatbegantolookragged(蓬乱).Hisfa

inwasforcedtoadmitwhathehadbee

’ar,oneofBenjamin’scousins,

gton,mpresdwithBenjamin’

hewenthome,ntsi

xengravings(版画)erethefirstpicturesandfirstrealpainta

1747,whenBenjaminwasnineyearsold,M

mazedatwhatBenjaminhaddon

dBenjamin’sparentsifhemighttaketheboybacktoPhil

ity,gtongaveBenjaminmaterialsforcreating

beganalandscape(风景)ms,awell-known

painter,mswasimpresdwithBenjaminandgavehi

jamincouldreadonlyalittle,atersaid,“Thos

etwobooksweremycompanionsbyday,andundermypillowatnight.”Whileit

islikelythatheunderstoodverylittleofthebooks,theywerehisintroductionto

e-year-oldboydecidedthenthathewouldbeanartist.

(2017浙江卷阅读A)

Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

in’svisittoPhiladelphia.

ms’influenceonBenjamin.

inningofBenjamin’slifeasanartist.

endshipbetweenBenjaminandPennington.

【分析】本文讲述了美国画家BenjaminWest小时候的画画经历及他是如何立志成为

一名画家的,故选C项。A、B、D三项是主旨下的具体支撑信息,而非主旨。

3段落大意类(1)快速浏览设问所指段落,画出主题句,如果没有主题句,画出高频关键

词;(2)对比主题句或高频关键词,结合选项,找出能够概括段落大意的选项。一般来

说,主题句通常以三种形式出现:①开门见山:提出主题——细节支撑——阐明主题;②

段末点睛:细节描述——归纳要点——概括主题;③段中点旨:细节描述——归纳主题—

—进一步解释。在阅读非故事性文章如科普说明文或议论文时,主题句尤其明显。但有些

文章的主题句并不明显,而是隐含在段落之中,考生要注意辨别。

Prinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychology,sortsthepopularinto

twocategories:ables’play

s-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-sta

rtinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeveraft

ere’sthekindofpopularitythatappear

sinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavi

or.

(2019全国I卷阅读D)

Whatisthecondparagraphmainlyabout?

ssificationofthepopular.

racteristicsofadolescents.

ortanceofinterpersonalskills.

sofdishonorablebehavior.

【分析】根据第二段中的“MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychology,sortsthe

popularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusekers.”可知,临床心理学教授

MitchPrinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。此句是段落

主题句,本段内容分别对“thelikable”和“thestatusekers”做了解释,所以本段主要介

绍了受欢迎的人的两种分类,故选A项。B、C、D三项分别是针对原文中“adolescence”、

“interpersonalskills”和“dishonorablebehavior”这三个词臆造的选项,故排除。

Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—“bad”t

ables,crowding,highprices—don’atbadtables—nextt

othekitchendoor,say—

nbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot“beoverlyconcernedabout‘ba

d’tables”,giventhatthey’rowds,aHongKongstudyfou

ndthattheyincreadarestaurant’sreputation,suggestinggreatfoodatfairpri

blingabuffet’spriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11p

ercenttastier.

(2018江苏卷阅读B)

Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout?attractmorecustomers.

improverestaurants’reputat

misunderstandingsaboutrestaurants.

【分析】分析该段可以看出第一句是段落主题句。第一句意为“你认为可能抑制消费

的因素,如‘差’餐位、人群拥挤、价格高等不一定是对的”。下文举例证明作者的观点,

所以本段主要讲人们对于饭店的几个误解。故选D项。

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