高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧
《普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版)》提出学生对语篇整体理解的要求。具体的语
言技能内容要求为:从语篇中提取主要信息和观点,理解语篇要义。区分、分析和概
括语篇中的主要观点和事实。
此项考查要求学生通过阅读文章,抓住文章的主旨大意所在,在理解文章内容的基础上,
找到文章大意或段落大意,主要考查学生归纳概括信息的能力。主旨大意题是高考阅读理
解中常考的题型之一,主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以选择文
章最佳标题(title/topic),概括文章中心大意(mainidea)、文章段落大意(topic)等形式出现。
主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题型,属于能力型题目。研究近几年课标地区的高考
阅读理解题可以发现,主旨大意题几乎年年都有,而且在大部分地区的阅读理解题中会有
1~3道此类题。其考查形式主要有以下几种:1标题概括类做此类试题时,要注意标题的三
个特性,即醒目性、概括性和针对性。解题时要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段的首尾句,要
注意贯穿文章始终的词语。常见设问形式有:Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?Whichof
thefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?What
mightbethebesttitleforthepassage?Thebesttitleofthepassageis______.Thesuitableheadline
ofthepassagemaybe______.2文章大意类每篇文章都有中心思想,可以通过找主题句来获
取文章中心思想。主题句通常在首段或结尾段,但有时也会出现在文章的中间段落。因
此,在阅读时要倍加关注文章的首段和结尾段及各个段落的主题句。常见设问形式有:
Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethe
passage?Whatisthemessageconveyedinthestory?Whatdoesthepassagemainly
prent?Whatisthemainthemeofthestory?Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus?Whatdoesthe
passagemainlytalkabout?Thepassageismainlyabout______.Themainpurpoofthepassage
isto______.Thepassageismainlywrittento______.3段落大意类每个段落通常都有一个中
心思想,通常会在本段首句体现出来,即常说的段落主题句。一般来说,采用归纳法的段
落,细节表述在前,归纳概括在后。若主题句出现在段首,则文章多为说明文和议论文。
主题句也可能出现在段落的中间。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句,考生要学会根据段落
的内容概括出主题句。常见设问形式有:Whatisthemainideaofparagraph1/thelast
paragraph?Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytalkabout?Whatisthelastparagraphchieflyconcerned
with?Whatdoesthewritertrytoexpressinparagraph3?Whichofthefollowingcanbest
summarizeparagraph1?Whatisthemainideadiscusdinparagraph2?Themainideaofthe
condparagraphisprobablythat______.
应对策略
1标题概括类(1)快速浏览全文,了解文章梗概;(2)找到文章主旨句或关键句,去掉
修饰成分,保留中心词;(3)结合选项与中心词,选出能够全面概括文章内容的标题。解
答此类题目时,注意所选文章题目必须能概括全文的中心内容,即标题涵盖性强,能覆盖
全文;标题要体现主题,既不能“太大”,也不能过于片面,即标题所指的范围要恰当;标
题表意准确,与文章的感情色彩相同。避免以下四种错误:以偏概全(多表现为部分代替
整体);概括过度(多表现为扩大范围);以具体代抽象(多表现为以事实或细节代替抽
象概念的大意);偷换概念(多表现为混淆事件的对象)。
【分析】本文讲述了NASA的宇航员受到细菌问题的困扰,他们把该问题交给了NASA
HUNCH的高中生们,其目的是将科技与学校教育结合起来。根据第一段的“Howis
roorganisms(微生
物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalS
paceStation,
isNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturningtoabunch
pendingonNASAHU
NCHhighschoolclassrooms,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordona
ndDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYor
sdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengi
pasttwoyears,Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingways
tokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey’reclotoasolution
(解决方案).“Wedon’vetodoi
tjustlikeNASAengineers,”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.“There
arenotests,”Gordonsays.“lmost
arenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal?’Basically,
it’s‘I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendoftheyear,p
rentittoNASA.’Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,an
d…it’’sahardbusinessreviewofyour
product.”GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact(影响)oncolle
geadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“Thekidsaresoabsorbedinthei
’tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria?
GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersaboutt
heproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.
(2019全国II卷阅读D)
Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?
:TheHomeofAstronauts
:TheFinalHomeworkFrontier
:AnOutdoorClassroom
:ACollegeAdmissionReform
NASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.”、
第三段的“Thereisnogradedhomework…attheendoftheyear,prentittoNASA.’”以
及最后一段的“Gordonsayshisstudents…readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.”
可知,本题的最佳答案为B项。A项信息文章未提及;C、D两项均是文章中部分段
落的主题,不能全面概括文章的主旨。
【分析】根据文章第一段中的“preparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget”,第二
段中的“howtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder£5perfamilyaday”,第三
段中的“howcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourlves”以及最后一段中的“lesxpensivebut
stilltastyrecipes”等信息可知,文章主要讲述如何用较少的钱做出好吃又营养的食物,所以
GoodMorningBritain’sSusannaReidisudtogrillingguestsonthesofaeve
rymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole—showingfamili
Mone
y:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchef
MattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrec
ipesforunder£GoodMorningBritainprentersay
sshe’sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe’slearntintopracticeinherownho
me,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,14,Finn,13,andJack,11.“WeloveMexic
anchurros,soIbuythemonmyphonefrommylocalMexicantakeawayresta
urant,”sheexplains.“Ipay£5foraportion(份),butMattmakesthemfor2
6paportion,becautheyareflour,water,odycanbuyt
akeawayfood,butsometimeswe’renotawarehowcheaplywecanmakethisf
oodourlves.”Theeight-partries(系列节目),SaveMoney:GoodFood,follo
wsinthefootstepsofITV’sSaveMoney:GoodHealth,whichgaveviewersadv
iceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.
Withfoodourbiggestweeklyhouholdexpen,SusannaandMattspendtime
ght’sEasterspecialtheycometothe
mtr
ansformsthefamily’slongweekendofcelebrationwithlesxpensivebutstill
tastyrecipes.
(2018全国I卷阅读B)
Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?
gFitbyEatingSmart
ingOurDailyDiet
YourlfaPerfectChef
gWellforLess
“CookingWellforLess”是最佳标题。故选D项。A项和C项只概括了文章中的部分细节,
不全面。B项是针对文中“deliciousandnutritiousmeals”的主观臆造。2文章大意类
(1)通读全文,抓住每段或每个层次的主要含义;(2)将每段的主题和主旨句综合起
来,归纳出文章的中心。解答此类题目时,应特别注意把握文章的“三主”,即文章的主题
思想、结构主线和关键句的主谓结构。此外,甄别选项时,注意排除两类干扰项:一是以
细节代替主旨;二是以表面意思代替深层含义。
MarianBechtelsitsatWestPalmBeach’sBarLouiecounterbyherlf,quietlyr
shereading?Noneofyour
business!LunchisBechtel’s“me”emoreAmericans,she’snotalo
a
nhalf(53percent)havebreakfastaloneandnearlyhalf(46percent)havelunch
dinnertimeareweeatingtogetheranymore,74percent,ac
cordingtostatisticsfromthereport.“,butto
gether,youknow?”Bechtelsaid,l,whoworks
indowntownWestPalmBeach,haslunchwithco-workerssometimes,butlikem
anyofus,timeescapeallows
urnstoworkfeeling
energized.“Today,Ijustwantedsometimetomylf,”oatso
ver,AndrewMazoleny,alocalvideographer,
likesthathecansitandcheckhisphoneinpeaceorchatupthebarkeeperwith
whomhe’sonafirst-namebasisifhewantstohavealittleinteraction(交流).
“Ireflectonhowmyday’sgoneandthinkabouttherestoftheweek,”hesaid.
“It’urntoworkrechargedandwithaplan.”
asa
timewhenpeoplemayhavefeltawkwardaboutaskingforatableforone,but
,wehaveoursmartphonestokeepuscompanyatthet
able.“Itdoesn’tfeelasaloneasitmayhavebeforealltheadvancesintechnolo
gy,”saidLaurieDemeritt,whocompanyprovidedthestatisticsforthereport.
(2019全国II卷阅读C)
Whatisthetextmainlyabout?
ndofhavingmealsalone.
ortanceoflf-reflection.
essfromworkingovertime.
antageofwirelesstechnology.
【分析】本文通过一份调查结果显示,越来越多的人选择独自用餐,原因很多,比如
逃离工作环境,或者独自思考、享受独处时光。再结合文章最后一段前两句“That
freedomtochoois…butthodaysareover.”可以看出,以前独自用餐感觉尴尬的时
代已经结束了,也就是说独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势,故选A项。B、C、D三项
为文章中的细节信息,不能概括文章的主旨。
BenjaminWest,thefatherofAmericanpainting,showedhistalentforartwhenhe
idnotknowaboutbrushesbeforeavisitortold
edays,abrushwasmadefromcamel’
long,thecatbegantolookragged(蓬乱).Hisfa
inwasforcedtoadmitwhathehadbee
’ar,oneofBenjamin’scousins,
gton,mpresdwithBenjamin’
hewenthome,ntsi
xengravings(版画)erethefirstpicturesandfirstrealpainta
1747,whenBenjaminwasnineyearsold,M
mazedatwhatBenjaminhaddon
dBenjamin’sparentsifhemighttaketheboybacktoPhil
ity,gtongaveBenjaminmaterialsforcreating
beganalandscape(风景)ms,awell-known
painter,mswasimpresdwithBenjaminandgavehi
jamincouldreadonlyalittle,atersaid,“Thos
etwobooksweremycompanionsbyday,andundermypillowatnight.”Whileit
islikelythatheunderstoodverylittleofthebooks,theywerehisintroductionto
e-year-oldboydecidedthenthathewouldbeanartist.
(2017浙江卷阅读A)
Whatisthetextmainlyabout?
in’svisittoPhiladelphia.
ms’influenceonBenjamin.
inningofBenjamin’slifeasanartist.
endshipbetweenBenjaminandPennington.
【分析】本文讲述了美国画家BenjaminWest小时候的画画经历及他是如何立志成为
一名画家的,故选C项。A、B、D三项是主旨下的具体支撑信息,而非主旨。
3段落大意类(1)快速浏览设问所指段落,画出主题句,如果没有主题句,画出高频关键
词;(2)对比主题句或高频关键词,结合选项,找出能够概括段落大意的选项。一般来
说,主题句通常以三种形式出现:①开门见山:提出主题——细节支撑——阐明主题;②
段末点睛:细节描述——归纳要点——概括主题;③段中点旨:细节描述——归纳主题—
—进一步解释。在阅读非故事性文章如科普说明文或议论文时,主题句尤其明显。但有些
文章的主题句并不明显,而是隐含在段落之中,考生要注意辨别。
Prinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychology,sortsthepopularinto
twocategories:ables’play
s-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-sta
rtinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeveraft
ere’sthekindofpopularitythatappear
sinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavi
or.
(2019全国I卷阅读D)
Whatisthecondparagraphmainlyabout?
ssificationofthepopular.
racteristicsofadolescents.
ortanceofinterpersonalskills.
sofdishonorablebehavior.
【分析】根据第二段中的“MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychology,sortsthe
popularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusekers.”可知,临床心理学教授
MitchPrinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。此句是段落
主题句,本段内容分别对“thelikable”和“thestatusekers”做了解释,所以本段主要介
绍了受欢迎的人的两种分类,故选A项。B、C、D三项分别是针对原文中“adolescence”、
“interpersonalskills”和“dishonorablebehavior”这三个词臆造的选项,故排除。
Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—“bad”t
ables,crowding,highprices—don’atbadtables—nextt
othekitchendoor,say—
nbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot“beoverlyconcernedabout‘ba
d’tables”,giventhatthey’rowds,aHongKongstudyfou
ndthattheyincreadarestaurant’sreputation,suggestinggreatfoodatfairpri
blingabuffet’spriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11p
ercenttastier.
(2018江苏卷阅读B)
Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout?attractmorecustomers.
improverestaurants’reputat
misunderstandingsaboutrestaurants.
【分析】分析该段可以看出第一句是段落主题句。第一句意为“你认为可能抑制消费
的因素,如‘差’餐位、人群拥挤、价格高等不一定是对的”。下文举例证明作者的观点,
所以本段主要讲人们对于饭店的几个误解。故选D项。
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