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九年级数学方程式题目-丽的组词


2022年12月2日发(作者:拜年词)

meaning怎么读

篇一:如何才能读得快

如何才能读得快

如何才能读得快

阅读速度是按每分钟阅读的词数来权衡的。一般中学生阅读英语的速度应

该是每分钟100个词。如何测算阅读速度,如何才能读得快,是有必定方法的。

请你依据自己阅读英语的实践和领会写一篇文章,回答上述两个问题。Howto

ReadFast

veragemiddleschoolstudent,

ate①yourWPM,youneed

,countorestimate②thetotalnumberofwords

,keepanaccuraterecordofthetimeyou

etwomeasurements,youcanmakeany

lowingmay

behelpfultoimproveyourreadingspeed:

owsyoudown.

usingyoureyestoscan③thepage.

yourfingertopointtothewordsorlinesasyouare

ndcannotmoveasfastasyoureyes.

erdistractions④,thebetter

yourconcentration⑤.

,forcontextclues⑥,togetthemeaningofnewwords.

toreadparatewordsbut

groupsofwords.

estimatingthenumberof

wordsinapassageandcalculateyourreadingspeed.

allowsyoutoreadfaster,yetyouwillstillcatchtheimportantwords

1

togetthegeneralideaofthepassage.

①calculate[‘k$lkjuleit]v.计算;展望

②estimate[‘estimeit]v.预计;估计

③scan[sk$n]v.阅读;扫描

④distraction[dis’tr$kMn]n.分心;精神松散

⑤concentration[?knsn’treiMn]n.集中;专心

⑥contextclue[‘kntekstklu:]上下文线索

本文谈阅读,一谈如何计算阅读速度,二谈如何进行阅读实践。前者用序

数词first,cond表示次序,后者用阿拉伯数字表示次序。这两种次序实质上

不必定分先后,有些次序能够前后调动。

篇二:学习资料1-阅读技巧-GuessWordMeaning-Withkey

Inordertopracticeyourskillsinunderstandingwordsincontext,findthe

meaningoftheunderlinedwords(Wordsin1-10areimaginary)inthe

ntences.

edupaheavydogjub,carefullyinrteditbetween

thetiretherim,andafterthrowinghisfullweightagainstthetool

managedtobreakthetightal.

ewassogreatthathisfacebecametwistedwithangerand

hischeeksturnedrorten.

ly

ddogssavagelyruggeyedthestraysheepleavingtheuneaten

carcasstorot.

ted.

sonlysourceofincomegone,theoldmanbecamealtute,

onlybuyingnecessaryitemsoffoods.

drovefrumilytryingtogethispregnantwifeto

thehospitalin

2

time.

ywouldhavebeenenjoyableiftheactorshadspoken

morepogily;itwasimpossibletohearthempastthefifthrow.

ethespeakeroftheeveningwassoabacent,theauditoriumwas

completelyfull.

rmed

yeraskedthecourtforanimperatsincehisclientwas

illandinthehospital.

roughstormwascoming.

ndloud

tanding

emaltogetherinabundle,wrappedthemupwithnewspapers,

tiedthemcurely.

edpiecesoutoftheloafandrippedravenouslyatthe

chbite,Icastsideglanceslikeaguiltything,nobodyshould

ethewayIate.

erpasngersbegantonodtheirheads,eachout-snoring

theotherintheirthicksleep.

aloudernoithanothers

ringlouderthanothers

ng

eisuredquietnesswhisperedintheair.

3

asinthemthatsurettledlookofthowhobelong

totheworldinwhichtheywereborn.

ringlightsonpassingboats,thefloatingvoicesofyoung

people.

’tgetcreditinanyother

cour

unlessyousatisfythisrequirement.

ble

emejumpoverthehurdlesIbumpedscratchedmyknees

onthebarofthehurdles.

les

mylfontheground,beatingwithmyfistsagainst

theendlesssorrowsofmylife.

theyemed,erhurtemed

togrowsmalldropaway.

ptianking,orpharaoh,ashe’sknown,wasconsidered

divine.

childrencouldnotgetitfromhim.

eeachanswer

camesoeasilyneatly,herstorysoundedtooperfect.

ss

ensityofthecoldsoonnumbedhisnoandcheek.

4

ss

icprentationoftenarousaudiencerespon.

ul

llawnecessitatesthatcitizenspayanincometax.

ut

eofherexperiencesuccessinthecourtroom,shewassought

asaconsultantbyveralcompanies.

al

rtoleapintotheshark-filledwatersortoclingtothe

rapidly

burningboat,thiswashisdilemma.

blemsofautonomyaredifferentfromthoofcolonies.

rd

emadehersuggestion,thegroupintoderisivelaughter.

She

rentedbeingmadefunofandcried.

hetic

7

56

5

理解更重要,特别语言学这门课,比较抽象,不理解就背,成效不好,不简单背

会。

北语没有供给考纲之类的东西,只告诉语言学参照书是胡壮麟的《语言学教程

(订正版)》。(09年不知能否会换成该书的第三版)因此能知道该书哪些章节是

要点,能让我们有的放矢。我这里所说的三星级要点,即最重要的章节是该书的

前五章。不知道外校的考生,他们学校开过这门课没有!我们北语大三放学期讲

前五章,大四上学期讲的6,7,8,9,12这几章。下边,我们先说说前五

章该如何复习。Chapter1:Invitationstolinguistics;Chapter2:Speech

Sounds;Chapter3:Lexicon;Chapter4:Syntax(新版中,这章改成FromWord

toText,是变化最大的一章,变化的结果是比从前的简单了);Chapter5:

Meaning。这五章能够说是语言学的基础和考试的要点。我们必定要频频看,理

解此中的定义等知识点。必定要在理解的基础上记忆。

Chapter1:Invitationstolinguistics

这章是该书的开篇,目的是让大家对语言学这门课有个初步的认识,为后

面几章作个铺垫。或许你会说这类章节必定不重要。错!奇异的是这一章竟然很

重要。由于考点还许多!

Designfeaturesoflanguage:Arbitrariness,duality,creativity,

displacement.这四个特点要求理解,切记,能背出定义。能举出代表性的例子

来支持定义。总之是特别重要。

Functionsoflanguage:informative,interpersonalfunction,

performative,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunction,

metalingualfunction.这7个功能也得记着,并且理解。能举出例子。填空容

易考此中一个。Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics:descriptive/

prescriptive,synchronic/diachronic,langue/parole,competence/

/Emic.5对差别特点也特别重要,特别前四对差别特点,

他们几乎是学语言学的必备知识,连这个都不知道,此后就无法学习了!并且有

俩对差别特点都是语言学的首创人索绪尔最初提出的。因此这些差别特点的定义

等有关知识点都需要记着。最后那个差别特点Etic/Emic不是特别重要,而

且我看到新版《语言学教程》已经把这个特点删除了!

6

Chapter2:SpeechSounds

第一对Phonetics(语音学)和phonology(音系学)俩个观点要划分下。语

音学部分:发音器官仍是要熟习,也有助于后边语音描绘的学习。此外,

声带(vocalcard)的三个地点(apart,clodtogether,totallyclod),

分别产生清音(voiceless),浊音(voived)和喉塞音(glottalstop).这部分

最重要的还算辅音和元音了。辅音要熟记发音部位和发音方法,能娴熟的依据描绘,

写出对应的语音,或许能描绘给出的辅音,这应当是必考得!元音的观察

方式跟辅音同样。但元音考得个数少。

10个小题里,可能是3个元音描绘,7

个辅音描绘。最后就是coarticulation

的定义和理解,举出例子。对什么是宽

式标音(broadtranscription)和窄式标音(narrowtranscription)

也应当熟

悉。

音系学部分:理解经过最小对峙体的剖析,得出的音位

(phonemes)的观点.

记着音位phoneme的定义;音位变体(allophones)的定义;互补散布

(complementarydistribution)的定义.音位过程(phonologicalprocess)只

要熟习Nasalization,Dentalization,

Velarization,Devoicing

这四个便可

以了,自己记几个例子,以防万一!大家也看过书了,音位过程这部分还有些其

它知识,挺难的。关于你自己认为很晦涩难懂的东西,其实考试考得可能也不大。

这是我们语言学任课老师说的。最后,剩下音节(syllables)了,固然这个知

识点放在本章的最后,从前我认为不重要,但08年,我们有个5分的定义题

(definition),就考了syllables的定义!因此大家对音节构造那块仍是熟记下。

Chapter3:Lexicon

这章的第二节:Theformationofword和第三节thelexicalchange重

要。对词素(morphemem)的定义,分类要熟记。Word形成的俩种方式复合

(compound)和派生(derivation)也要熟习。此外语素变体(Allomorph)的定

义等也要熟习。词汇变化(thelexicalchange)这部分,介绍了7种词汇演

变的方式,只需记着这7种方式,能给每个方式举个例子就能够了。最后的语义

变化(manticchange)这部分,我感觉broadening,narrowing,meaningshift,

classshift需要认识下。

Chapter4:Syntax

7

这一章能够说是全书最难的章节。但新版的《语言学教程》把这章进行了

完全的改变!难度降落了好多。因此假如09年参照书改成新版的话,考生仍是

比较好运的!!!这里,我把新旧俩版的第四章对照一下:

旧版:

Thetraditionalapproach:number,gender,ca,ten和aspect要

差别清楚。几个重要观点要背会:Concord,Government.

Thestructuralapproach:

索绪尔提出的俩个重要观点:组合关系

(syntagmaticrelation)和聚合关系(paradigmaticrelation)

,他们的定义

必定要在理解的基础上记着。索绪尔的此外俩个观点:能指(

signified

)和所

指(signifier)也很重要。注意划分structure和system.

由于前者表现了组

合关系(syntagmaticrelation);后者体现了聚合关系(paradigmatic

relation)。本章的另一个要点是直接成分剖析法(ICanalysis)。直接成分

(immediateconstitute

)的定义应当记着。假如给你个句子,你要能够用

IC

analysis剖析。08年我们就考了这样一道题!这部分的另一个要点是向心构造

(endocentricconstructions)和离心构造(exocentricconstruction)。理

解这两种构造,能够举出典型的例子。

Thegenerativeapproach:第一个要点是deepstructure和surface

structure.要背会它们的定义。第二个要点是Chomsky?s的变换生成语法理

论。这部分特别抽象,理解难度大。那么同学们必定要问,关于书里的这类知识,

该掌握到什么程度呢?其实考试不会波及这类特别难的东西。因此,变换生成理

论这部分,大家只需背会thestandardtheory和extendedstandardtheory

的图表。第三就是背会government和binding的定义。理解c-command就能够

了。Chomsky的理论这部分知识难度大,一般都不是要点,由于我们老师说特别

难的不考。而08年,最后一道大题,就是考的extendedstandardtheory。整个卷

子也有好几处考了Chomsky的理论。因此我们考生昨年考完都感觉语言学

很偏,原由也就在此。

Thefunctionalapproach:认识布拉格学派(Pragueschool),和系统

功能语法(systemic-functionalgrammar).要点是主位(theme)和述位(rheme).

他们的观点,以及句子中哪部分是主位,哪部分是述位。另一个知识点是社交动

8

力(communicativedynamism).

新版:Chapter4:FromWordtoText.

第一节Syntacticrelation:

第二节Grammaticalconstructionanditsconstituents

第三节Syntacticfunction

第四节Category

第五节Phraclauandntence

第六节Recursiveness

第七节Beyondthentence

大家能够看到,新版和旧版已经完整不一样了。

Chapter5:Meaning(mantics-语义学)

Meaningsof“meaning”:第一个要点是Leech?sventypesofmeaning:

conceptualmeaning,connotativemeaning,socialmeaning,affective

meaning,reflectedmeaning,collocativemeaning,themanticmeaning.第

二个要点是thereferentialtheory的观点,mantictriangle,nand

reference的定义。第三个要点是nrelations:synonymy,antonymy,

hyponymy.着三种关系应当说很重要。这章后边一部分内容认识即可。比方

ntencemeaning那部分。

二、二星级要点章节

Chapter7language,cultureandsociety

Languageandculture:语言与文化这部分实质上是人类语言学。需要记着:

contextofsituation的构成部分。要点是Sapir-Whorfhypothes的定义

和理解。特别是语言相对论linuisticrelativity和语言决定论linguistic

determinism。Languageandsociety:语言与社会这部分就是社会语言学。会

写社会语言学这个词:sociolinguistic.这部分注意下communicative

competence,linguisticxism,womenregister.

Chapter8:languageinu(pragmatics语用学)

这章的要点就是俩个理论:speechacttheory和thetheoryof

conversationalimplicature.此中thetheoryoftheillocutionaryact,

9

cooperativeprincipleanditsfourmaxims要熟记。知道theviolationof

themaxims,thecharacteristicsofimplicature.在post-gricean

development部分,比较重要的是relavencetheory.后边的内容认识即可。

三、一星级要点章节

Chapter6:languageprocessinginmind

这章是心理语言学,考的几率很小。但又不可以不复习这一章。谁也不可以肯

定这章必定不考。比较重要的知识点:cohorttheory,frequencyeffect,recency

effects,gardenpathntence,minimalattachmenttheory,schemata.

tiontolinguistics

Naturalvsartificiallanguages

initionofLanguage

featuresoflanguage

onsoflanguage

initionoflinguistics:

anchesoflinguistics

Phonetics:Phonology:Morphology:Syntax:Semantics:Pragmatics:Macrolingu

istics:Psycholinguistics:Sociolinguistics:Anthropologicallinguistics:

Computationallinguistics:antdistinctionsinlinguistics

Descriptivevsprescriptivestudies

Synchronicvsdiachronicstudies

LanguevsparoleSaussure

CompetencevsperformanceChomsky

(CommunicativeCompetence:.)

Eticvmic

Syntagmaticvsparadiamaticrelations

Chapter2SpeechSounds

eebranchesofphonetics

10

organs

vocalfolds(cords)声带:glottis声门:apart(voiceless:/p/),

clodtogether(voiced:/b/),totallyclod(glottalstop:/?/)

ts,divergence,andphonetic

ants

1)Mannersof

Cardinalvowels:

Monophthongvsdiphthongorpurevowelsvsglidings:/a/,

/au/Schwa

culationandphonetictranscription

Coarticulation共同发音:Anticipatorycoarticulation逆化共同发音:

Perverativecoarticulation接续性协同发音:Broadandnarrow

transcriptions宽式和紧式音标:aspiratedDiacritics:

ogicalanalysis

Phonemes音位:

minimalpairs最小对峙体:contrastivedistribution对峙散布:

Allophones音位变体:complementarydistribution互补散布:

phoneticsimilarity语音相像性:

patterncongruity模式一致性:

Phonologicalprocess

Assimilation同化:regressiveassimilation逆同化:progressive

assimilation顺同化:Phonologicalprocess:

Voicedsound→voiceless/voiceless_________

Epenthesis:

Sibilant:

Underlyingform:

TheElwhereCondition:

ctivefeatures

11

nts

egmentalphonology超切分音系学

Syllable

Syllabicstructures:ont;rhyme;nucleusorpeak;coda

opensyllable:Sentencestress:Pitch:Tones:Intonation:

Chapter3Lexicon

word

Threensofword

Identificationofword

Lexeme:

ficationofwordsVariable

vsinvariablewordsGrammatical

vslexicalwordsClod-classvs

open-classwordsWordclass:

Newwordclassidentified

Particles:Auxiliaries:Pro-forms:

pro-adjectives:Pro-verbs:Pro-adverbs:

Determiners:Pre-diterminers:Centraldeterminers:Post-determiners:

ionofwords

Morphemeand

morphologyMorphemes:

Typesofmorphemes:

freemorphemes:boundmorphemes:

roots:

freeroots:boundroots:affixes:prefixes:suffixes:infixes:

stems:

Differencesbetweeninflectionalaffixesandderivational

affixesInflectionandwordformation

12

Compound:

endocentric(向心的)andexocentric(离心的)

Derivation

Phonologyandmorphology

morphemeandphoneme

2)morphemicstructureandphonologicalstructure

3)allomorph

morphophonologyormorphophonemics:

Theconditionsofmorphemechange

phonologicallyconditioned

morphologicallyconditione

lchanges

pro-locative:

Newwords(neologisms,coinages)arecreatedinthefollowingways:

ogicalchange

icchange

Chapter4Syntax

ditionalapproach

Categories:Number:Gender:Ca:Ten:Aspect:Degree:Concord:

Government:

ucturalapproach

Structuresandsystems

Immediateconstituent

analysisLinearstructures:

Hierarchicalstructures:

Construction:

Constituent:

Immediateconstituents:

ICAnalysis:

13

Advantagesanddisadvantages

Endocentricandexocentricconstructions:

Exocentricconstructions

Chapter5Meaning

gsof‘meaning’

Leech’sventypesofmeaning:

aningThe

referentialtheory:

Problems:

Themantic

triangleSen

referenceSen

relationsSynonymy:

Antonymy:

Gradableantonymy:threefeatures:

Complementaryantonymy:threefeatures

Converantonymy

Hyponymy:ure(superordinate)–desk,sofa,bed,chair,(hyponymsor

co-hyponyms)

Componentialanalysis:

woman:HUMAN,ADULT,-MALE.

Father:PARENT(x,y)MALE(x)=xistheparentofyandxismale.

Kill:CAUSE(x,(BECOME(y,(-ALIVE(y))))=xcausytobecomedead

Problemswithmanticcomponentialanalysis:

Semanticfieldtheory(lexicalfieldtheory)

cemeaning

Predicatelogic,predicatecalculus

Proposition:apropositionhastwoparts:

Truthvalue

14

Propositionallogic

compositeproposition

NegationConjunctionDisjunctionImplicationEquivalenceEntailment:

Anintegratedtheory

cupboard,etc.

15

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