meaning怎么读
篇一:如何才能读得快
如何才能读得快
如何才能读得快
阅读速度是按每分钟阅读的词数来权衡的。一般中学生阅读英语的速度应
该是每分钟100个词。如何测算阅读速度,如何才能读得快,是有必定方法的。
请你依据自己阅读英语的实践和领会写一篇文章,回答上述两个问题。Howto
ReadFast
veragemiddleschoolstudent,
ate①yourWPM,youneed
,countorestimate②thetotalnumberofwords
,keepanaccuraterecordofthetimeyou
etwomeasurements,youcanmakeany
lowingmay
behelpfultoimproveyourreadingspeed:
owsyoudown.
usingyoureyestoscan③thepage.
yourfingertopointtothewordsorlinesasyouare
ndcannotmoveasfastasyoureyes.
erdistractions④,thebetter
yourconcentration⑤.
,forcontextclues⑥,togetthemeaningofnewwords.
toreadparatewordsbut
groupsofwords.
estimatingthenumberof
wordsinapassageandcalculateyourreadingspeed.
allowsyoutoreadfaster,yetyouwillstillcatchtheimportantwords
1
togetthegeneralideaofthepassage.
①calculate[‘k$lkjuleit]v.计算;展望
②estimate[‘estimeit]v.预计;估计
③scan[sk$n]v.阅读;扫描
④distraction[dis’tr$kMn]n.分心;精神松散
⑤concentration[?knsn’treiMn]n.集中;专心
⑥contextclue[‘kntekstklu:]上下文线索
本文谈阅读,一谈如何计算阅读速度,二谈如何进行阅读实践。前者用序
数词first,cond表示次序,后者用阿拉伯数字表示次序。这两种次序实质上
不必定分先后,有些次序能够前后调动。
篇二:学习资料1-阅读技巧-GuessWordMeaning-Withkey
Inordertopracticeyourskillsinunderstandingwordsincontext,findthe
meaningoftheunderlinedwords(Wordsin1-10areimaginary)inthe
ntences.
edupaheavydogjub,carefullyinrteditbetween
thetiretherim,andafterthrowinghisfullweightagainstthetool
managedtobreakthetightal.
ewassogreatthathisfacebecametwistedwithangerand
hischeeksturnedrorten.
ly
ddogssavagelyruggeyedthestraysheepleavingtheuneaten
carcasstorot.
ted.
sonlysourceofincomegone,theoldmanbecamealtute,
onlybuyingnecessaryitemsoffoods.
drovefrumilytryingtogethispregnantwifeto
thehospitalin
2
time.
ywouldhavebeenenjoyableiftheactorshadspoken
morepogily;itwasimpossibletohearthempastthefifthrow.
ethespeakeroftheeveningwassoabacent,theauditoriumwas
completelyfull.
rmed
yeraskedthecourtforanimperatsincehisclientwas
illandinthehospital.
roughstormwascoming.
ndloud
tanding
emaltogetherinabundle,wrappedthemupwithnewspapers,
tiedthemcurely.
edpiecesoutoftheloafandrippedravenouslyatthe
chbite,Icastsideglanceslikeaguiltything,nobodyshould
ethewayIate.
erpasngersbegantonodtheirheads,eachout-snoring
theotherintheirthicksleep.
aloudernoithanothers
ringlouderthanothers
ng
eisuredquietnesswhisperedintheair.
3
asinthemthatsurettledlookofthowhobelong
totheworldinwhichtheywereborn.
ringlightsonpassingboats,thefloatingvoicesofyoung
people.
’tgetcreditinanyother
cour
unlessyousatisfythisrequirement.
ble
emejumpoverthehurdlesIbumpedscratchedmyknees
onthebarofthehurdles.
les
mylfontheground,beatingwithmyfistsagainst
theendlesssorrowsofmylife.
theyemed,erhurtemed
togrowsmalldropaway.
ptianking,orpharaoh,ashe’sknown,wasconsidered
divine.
childrencouldnotgetitfromhim.
eeachanswer
camesoeasilyneatly,herstorysoundedtooperfect.
ss
ensityofthecoldsoonnumbedhisnoandcheek.
4
ss
icprentationoftenarousaudiencerespon.
ul
llawnecessitatesthatcitizenspayanincometax.
ut
eofherexperiencesuccessinthecourtroom,shewassought
asaconsultantbyveralcompanies.
al
rtoleapintotheshark-filledwatersortoclingtothe
rapidly
burningboat,thiswashisdilemma.
blemsofautonomyaredifferentfromthoofcolonies.
rd
emadehersuggestion,thegroupintoderisivelaughter.
She
rentedbeingmadefunofandcried.
hetic
7
56
5
理解更重要,特别语言学这门课,比较抽象,不理解就背,成效不好,不简单背
会。
北语没有供给考纲之类的东西,只告诉语言学参照书是胡壮麟的《语言学教程
(订正版)》。(09年不知能否会换成该书的第三版)因此能知道该书哪些章节是
要点,能让我们有的放矢。我这里所说的三星级要点,即最重要的章节是该书的
前五章。不知道外校的考生,他们学校开过这门课没有!我们北语大三放学期讲
前五章,大四上学期讲的6,7,8,9,12这几章。下边,我们先说说前五
章该如何复习。Chapter1:Invitationstolinguistics;Chapter2:Speech
Sounds;Chapter3:Lexicon;Chapter4:Syntax(新版中,这章改成FromWord
toText,是变化最大的一章,变化的结果是比从前的简单了);Chapter5:
Meaning。这五章能够说是语言学的基础和考试的要点。我们必定要频频看,理
解此中的定义等知识点。必定要在理解的基础上记忆。
Chapter1:Invitationstolinguistics
这章是该书的开篇,目的是让大家对语言学这门课有个初步的认识,为后
面几章作个铺垫。或许你会说这类章节必定不重要。错!奇异的是这一章竟然很
重要。由于考点还许多!
Designfeaturesoflanguage:Arbitrariness,duality,creativity,
displacement.这四个特点要求理解,切记,能背出定义。能举出代表性的例子
来支持定义。总之是特别重要。
Functionsoflanguage:informative,interpersonalfunction,
performative,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunction,
metalingualfunction.这7个功能也得记着,并且理解。能举出例子。填空容
易考此中一个。Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics:descriptive/
prescriptive,synchronic/diachronic,langue/parole,competence/
/Emic.5对差别特点也特别重要,特别前四对差别特点,
他们几乎是学语言学的必备知识,连这个都不知道,此后就无法学习了!并且有
俩对差别特点都是语言学的首创人索绪尔最初提出的。因此这些差别特点的定义
等有关知识点都需要记着。最后那个差别特点Etic/Emic不是特别重要,而
且我看到新版《语言学教程》已经把这个特点删除了!
6
Chapter2:SpeechSounds
第一对Phonetics(语音学)和phonology(音系学)俩个观点要划分下。语
音学部分:发音器官仍是要熟习,也有助于后边语音描绘的学习。此外,
声带(vocalcard)的三个地点(apart,clodtogether,totallyclod),
分别产生清音(voiceless),浊音(voived)和喉塞音(glottalstop).这部分
最重要的还算辅音和元音了。辅音要熟记发音部位和发音方法,能娴熟的依据描绘,
写出对应的语音,或许能描绘给出的辅音,这应当是必考得!元音的观察
方式跟辅音同样。但元音考得个数少。
10个小题里,可能是3个元音描绘,7
个辅音描绘。最后就是coarticulation
的定义和理解,举出例子。对什么是宽
式标音(broadtranscription)和窄式标音(narrowtranscription)
也应当熟
悉。
音系学部分:理解经过最小对峙体的剖析,得出的音位
(phonemes)的观点.
记着音位phoneme的定义;音位变体(allophones)的定义;互补散布
(complementarydistribution)的定义.音位过程(phonologicalprocess)只
要熟习Nasalization,Dentalization,
Velarization,Devoicing
这四个便可
以了,自己记几个例子,以防万一!大家也看过书了,音位过程这部分还有些其
它知识,挺难的。关于你自己认为很晦涩难懂的东西,其实考试考得可能也不大。
这是我们语言学任课老师说的。最后,剩下音节(syllables)了,固然这个知
识点放在本章的最后,从前我认为不重要,但08年,我们有个5分的定义题
(definition),就考了syllables的定义!因此大家对音节构造那块仍是熟记下。
Chapter3:Lexicon
这章的第二节:Theformationofword和第三节thelexicalchange重
要。对词素(morphemem)的定义,分类要熟记。Word形成的俩种方式复合
(compound)和派生(derivation)也要熟习。此外语素变体(Allomorph)的定
义等也要熟习。词汇变化(thelexicalchange)这部分,介绍了7种词汇演
变的方式,只需记着这7种方式,能给每个方式举个例子就能够了。最后的语义
变化(manticchange)这部分,我感觉broadening,narrowing,meaningshift,
classshift需要认识下。
Chapter4:Syntax
7
这一章能够说是全书最难的章节。但新版的《语言学教程》把这章进行了
完全的改变!难度降落了好多。因此假如09年参照书改成新版的话,考生仍是
比较好运的!!!这里,我把新旧俩版的第四章对照一下:
旧版:
Thetraditionalapproach:number,gender,ca,ten和aspect要
差别清楚。几个重要观点要背会:Concord,Government.
Thestructuralapproach:
索绪尔提出的俩个重要观点:组合关系
(syntagmaticrelation)和聚合关系(paradigmaticrelation)
,他们的定义
必定要在理解的基础上记着。索绪尔的此外俩个观点:能指(
signified
)和所
指(signifier)也很重要。注意划分structure和system.
由于前者表现了组
合关系(syntagmaticrelation);后者体现了聚合关系(paradigmatic
relation)。本章的另一个要点是直接成分剖析法(ICanalysis)。直接成分
(immediateconstitute
)的定义应当记着。假如给你个句子,你要能够用
IC
analysis剖析。08年我们就考了这样一道题!这部分的另一个要点是向心构造
(endocentricconstructions)和离心构造(exocentricconstruction)。理
解这两种构造,能够举出典型的例子。
Thegenerativeapproach:第一个要点是deepstructure和surface
structure.要背会它们的定义。第二个要点是Chomsky?s的变换生成语法理
论。这部分特别抽象,理解难度大。那么同学们必定要问,关于书里的这类知识,
该掌握到什么程度呢?其实考试不会波及这类特别难的东西。因此,变换生成理
论这部分,大家只需背会thestandardtheory和extendedstandardtheory
的图表。第三就是背会government和binding的定义。理解c-command就能够
了。Chomsky的理论这部分知识难度大,一般都不是要点,由于我们老师说特别
难的不考。而08年,最后一道大题,就是考的extendedstandardtheory。整个卷
子也有好几处考了Chomsky的理论。因此我们考生昨年考完都感觉语言学
很偏,原由也就在此。
Thefunctionalapproach:认识布拉格学派(Pragueschool),和系统
功能语法(systemic-functionalgrammar).要点是主位(theme)和述位(rheme).
他们的观点,以及句子中哪部分是主位,哪部分是述位。另一个知识点是社交动
8
力(communicativedynamism).
新版:Chapter4:FromWordtoText.
第一节Syntacticrelation:
第二节Grammaticalconstructionanditsconstituents
第三节Syntacticfunction
第四节Category
第五节Phraclauandntence
第六节Recursiveness
第七节Beyondthentence
大家能够看到,新版和旧版已经完整不一样了。
Chapter5:Meaning(mantics-语义学)
Meaningsof“meaning”:第一个要点是Leech?sventypesofmeaning:
conceptualmeaning,connotativemeaning,socialmeaning,affective
meaning,reflectedmeaning,collocativemeaning,themanticmeaning.第
二个要点是thereferentialtheory的观点,mantictriangle,nand
reference的定义。第三个要点是nrelations:synonymy,antonymy,
hyponymy.着三种关系应当说很重要。这章后边一部分内容认识即可。比方
ntencemeaning那部分。
二、二星级要点章节
Chapter7language,cultureandsociety
Languageandculture:语言与文化这部分实质上是人类语言学。需要记着:
contextofsituation的构成部分。要点是Sapir-Whorfhypothes的定义
和理解。特别是语言相对论linuisticrelativity和语言决定论linguistic
determinism。Languageandsociety:语言与社会这部分就是社会语言学。会
写社会语言学这个词:sociolinguistic.这部分注意下communicative
competence,linguisticxism,womenregister.
Chapter8:languageinu(pragmatics语用学)
这章的要点就是俩个理论:speechacttheory和thetheoryof
conversationalimplicature.此中thetheoryoftheillocutionaryact,
9
cooperativeprincipleanditsfourmaxims要熟记。知道theviolationof
themaxims,thecharacteristicsofimplicature.在post-gricean
development部分,比较重要的是relavencetheory.后边的内容认识即可。
三、一星级要点章节
Chapter6:languageprocessinginmind
这章是心理语言学,考的几率很小。但又不可以不复习这一章。谁也不可以肯
定这章必定不考。比较重要的知识点:cohorttheory,frequencyeffect,recency
effects,gardenpathntence,minimalattachmenttheory,schemata.
tiontolinguistics
Naturalvsartificiallanguages
initionofLanguage
featuresoflanguage
onsoflanguage
initionoflinguistics:
anchesoflinguistics
Phonetics:Phonology:Morphology:Syntax:Semantics:Pragmatics:Macrolingu
istics:Psycholinguistics:Sociolinguistics:Anthropologicallinguistics:
Computationallinguistics:antdistinctionsinlinguistics
Descriptivevsprescriptivestudies
Synchronicvsdiachronicstudies
LanguevsparoleSaussure
CompetencevsperformanceChomsky
(CommunicativeCompetence:.)
Eticvmic
Syntagmaticvsparadiamaticrelations
Chapter2SpeechSounds
eebranchesofphonetics
10
organs
vocalfolds(cords)声带:glottis声门:apart(voiceless:/p/),
clodtogether(voiced:/b/),totallyclod(glottalstop:/?/)
ts,divergence,andphonetic
ants
1)Mannersof
Cardinalvowels:
Monophthongvsdiphthongorpurevowelsvsglidings:/a/,
/au/Schwa
culationandphonetictranscription
Coarticulation共同发音:Anticipatorycoarticulation逆化共同发音:
Perverativecoarticulation接续性协同发音:Broadandnarrow
transcriptions宽式和紧式音标:aspiratedDiacritics:
ogicalanalysis
Phonemes音位:
minimalpairs最小对峙体:contrastivedistribution对峙散布:
Allophones音位变体:complementarydistribution互补散布:
phoneticsimilarity语音相像性:
patterncongruity模式一致性:
Phonologicalprocess
Assimilation同化:regressiveassimilation逆同化:progressive
assimilation顺同化:Phonologicalprocess:
Voicedsound→voiceless/voiceless_________
Epenthesis:
Sibilant:
Underlyingform:
TheElwhereCondition:
ctivefeatures
11
nts
egmentalphonology超切分音系学
Syllable
Syllabicstructures:ont;rhyme;nucleusorpeak;coda
opensyllable:Sentencestress:Pitch:Tones:Intonation:
Chapter3Lexicon
word
Threensofword
Identificationofword
Lexeme:
ficationofwordsVariable
vsinvariablewordsGrammatical
vslexicalwordsClod-classvs
open-classwordsWordclass:
Newwordclassidentified
Particles:Auxiliaries:Pro-forms:
pro-adjectives:Pro-verbs:Pro-adverbs:
Determiners:Pre-diterminers:Centraldeterminers:Post-determiners:
ionofwords
Morphemeand
morphologyMorphemes:
Typesofmorphemes:
freemorphemes:boundmorphemes:
roots:
freeroots:boundroots:affixes:prefixes:suffixes:infixes:
stems:
Differencesbetweeninflectionalaffixesandderivational
affixesInflectionandwordformation
12
Compound:
endocentric(向心的)andexocentric(离心的)
Derivation
Phonologyandmorphology
morphemeandphoneme
2)morphemicstructureandphonologicalstructure
3)allomorph
morphophonologyormorphophonemics:
Theconditionsofmorphemechange
phonologicallyconditioned
morphologicallyconditione
lchanges
pro-locative:
Newwords(neologisms,coinages)arecreatedinthefollowingways:
ogicalchange
icchange
Chapter4Syntax
ditionalapproach
Categories:Number:Gender:Ca:Ten:Aspect:Degree:Concord:
Government:
ucturalapproach
Structuresandsystems
Immediateconstituent
analysisLinearstructures:
Hierarchicalstructures:
Construction:
Constituent:
Immediateconstituents:
ICAnalysis:
13
Advantagesanddisadvantages
Endocentricandexocentricconstructions:
Exocentricconstructions
Chapter5Meaning
gsof‘meaning’
Leech’sventypesofmeaning:
aningThe
referentialtheory:
Problems:
Themantic
triangleSen
referenceSen
relationsSynonymy:
Antonymy:
Gradableantonymy:threefeatures:
Complementaryantonymy:threefeatures
Converantonymy
Hyponymy:ure(superordinate)–desk,sofa,bed,chair,(hyponymsor
co-hyponyms)
Componentialanalysis:
woman:HUMAN,ADULT,-MALE.
Father:PARENT(x,y)MALE(x)=xistheparentofyandxismale.
Kill:CAUSE(x,(BECOME(y,(-ALIVE(y))))=xcausytobecomedead
Problemswithmanticcomponentialanalysis:
Semanticfieldtheory(lexicalfieldtheory)
cemeaning
Predicatelogic,predicatecalculus
Proposition:apropositionhastwoparts:
Truthvalue
14
Propositionallogic
compositeproposition
NegationConjunctionDisjunctionImplicationEquivalenceEntailment:
Anintegratedtheory
cupboard,etc.
15
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