surely

新视野三版读写B2U6TextA

Doorclor,areyou?

1Thenexttimeyou'redecidingbetweenrivaloptions,onewhichisprimary

andtheotherwhichiscondary,askyourlfthisquestion:What

wouldXiangYudo?

2XiangYuwasaChineimperialgeneralinthethirdcenturyBCwhotook

roops'

astonishment,heorderedtheircookingpotscrushedandtheirsailingships

burned.

3Heexplainedthathewasimposingonthemanecessityforattainingvictory

saidwassurelymotivating,butitwasn'treally

appreciatedbymanyofhisloyalsoldiersastheywatchedtheirveslsgoup

geniusofGeneralXiangYu'sconvictionwould

bevalidatedbothonthebattlefieldandinmodernsocialscience

lXiangYuwasarareexceptiontothenorm,

aveteranleaderwhowashighlyrespectedforhismanyconquestsandwho

achievedthesummitofsuccess.

4HeisfeaturedinDan

Ariely'nlighteningnewpublication,PredictablyIrrational,a

fascinatinginvestigationofeminglyirrationalhumanbehavior,suchasthe

oplecan'tmarshalthewill

forpainfulchoices,notevenstudentsattheMassachuttsInstituteof

Technology(MIT),

experimentthatinvestigateddecision-making,hundredsofstudentscouldn't

beartolettheiroptionsvanish,eventhoughitwascleartheywouldprofitfrom

doingso.

5Theexperimentrevolvedaroundagamethateliminatedtheexcuswe

ealworld,wecanalwayssay,"It's

goodtoprerveouroptions."Wantagoodexample?Ateenageris

exhaustedfromsoccer,ballet,piano,andChinelessons,butherparents

won'tstopanyoneofthembecautheymightcomeinhandysomeday!

6Intheexperimentssions,studentsplayedacomputergamethatprovided

ewasthemore

moneyyouearned,thebetterplayeryouwere,givenatotalof100

imethestudentsopenedadoorbyclickingonit,theywouldu

uponeclickbutwouldn'r,eachsubquentclickon

thatdoorwouldearnafluctuatingsumofmoney,withonedooralways

ortantpartoftherulewaach

doorswitch,thoughhavingnocashvalue,wouldalsouuponeofthe100

ore,thewinningstrategywastoquicklycheckallthedoorsand

keepclickingontheonewiththeeminglyhighestrewards.

7Whileplayingthegame,studentsnoticedamodifiedvisualelement:Any

theyalreadyunderstoodthegame,theyshouldhaveignoredthevanishing

heless,theyhurriedtoclickonthelesrdoorsbeforethey

vanished,ult,theywastedsomanyclicks

e

thestudentssoattachedtothelesrdoors?Theywouldprobablyprotestthat

theywereclingingtothedoorstokeepfutureoptionsopen,but,accordingto

,thatisn'tthetruefactor.

8Insteadoftheexcutomaintainfutureoptionsopen,underneathitallthe

students'desirewastoavoidtheimmediate,thoughtemporary,painof

watchingoptionsclo."Closingadooronanoptionixperiencedasaloss,

andpeoplearewillingtopayabigpricetoavoidtheemotionofloss,"

xperiment,,the

correspondingcostsareoftenlessobvioussuchaswastedtimeormisd

opportunities.

9"Sometimesthedoorsareclosingtooslowlyforustoethemvanishing,"

writes."Wemayworkmorehoursatourjobswithoutrealizingthat

thechildhoodofoursonsanddaughtersisslippingaway."

10So,whatcanbedonetorestorebalanceinourlives?Oneanswer,Dr.

Arielysays,orkto

reduceoptionsonourown,delegatingtaskstoothersandevengivingaway

tstomarriageasanexample,"Inmarriage,

wecreateasituationwherewepromiourlvesnottokeepoptionsopen.

Weclodoorsandannouncetootherswe'vecloddoors."

11Sinceconductingthedoorexperiment,sayshehasmadea

stherestofustoresignfrom

committees,pruneholidaycardlists,rethinkhobbiesandrememberthe

lessonsofdoorclorslikeXiangYu.

12Inotherwords,incouragingustodiscardthothingsthat

emtohaveoutwardmeritinfavorofthothingsthatactuallyenrichour

aturallyprejudicedtobelievethatmoreisbetter,'s

rearchprovidesadoofrealitythatstronglysuggestsotherwi.

13Whatpricedowepayfortryingtohavemoreandmoreinlife?What

pleasureandsatisfactioncanbederivedfromfocusingourenergyand

attentioninamoreconcentratedfashion?Surely,wewillhave

ourrespectiveanswers.

14Considertheimportantquestions:Willwehavemorebyalways

increasingoptionsorwillwehavemorewithfewer,carefullychon

options?Whatdoorsshouldwecloinordertoallowtherightwindowsof

opportunityandhappinesstoopen?

LanguagePoints:

1Thenexttimeyou’redecidingbetweenrivaloptions,onewhichisprimaryandthe

otherwhichiscondary,askyourlfthisquestion:WhatwouldXiangYudo?

(Para.1)

Meaning:Thenexttimewhenyouaretomakeachoicebetweentwocompetingoptions,

enlightened,youcanaskyourlfwhatoptionXiangYuwouldchoo.

Meaningbeyondwords:ItsuggeststhatXiangYuwasawonderfuldecision-maker.

Note:Thephrarivaloptionsmeansthatbothoptionsemlikegoodchoices,butone

ca,itistheonethatXiangYuchoto

implement.

2XiangYuwasaChineimperialgeneralinthethirdcenturyBCwhotookhis

troopsacrosstheZhangRiveronaraidintoenemyterritory.(Para.2)

Meaning:is

troopsacrosstheZhangRivertoattacktheenemyinitsterritory.

3Tohistroops’astonishment,heorderedtheircookingpotscrushedandtheir

sailingshipsburned.(Para.2)

Meaningbeyondwords:Tomakesurehistroopswouldwinthebattlequickly,XiangYu

orderedthesoldierstocrushtheircookingpotsandburntheirsailingboatsafterheledhis

y,heclodthedoorfor

retreatingfromtheenemy’sterritoryandntoutaclearmessagetohismenthatthey

onlyhadtwochoices:r,hisdecisionwas

obviouslyagainstnormalpractice,whichgreatlyshockedhistroops.

4Heexplainedthathewasimposingonthemanecessityforattainingvictoryover

theiropponents.(Para.3)

Meaningbeyondwords:Byhavingtheircookingpotscrushedandtheirsailingships

burned,XiangYuputhistroopsinsuchadesperateconditionthattheywouldn’thaveany

rwords,XiangYu

gavehistroopsonlyoneoption.

Usagenote:rival,opponent

rival和opponent都可以用作名词，都可以表示“对手”，但两者有区别。

1rival指在同一领域中为相同目标相竞争或相匹敌的对手。例如：

TheUnitedStates’biggestrivalintechnologicaladvancementisJapan.在技术进步方面，

美国最大的对手是日本。

2opponent指在某次竞赛或某个场合直接面对的对手。例如：

He’sthebestopponentI’vecomeacrossthisason,agreatplayer.他是我本赛季遇到的

最出色的对手，一位了不起的运动员。

比较：

TheLosAngelesLakers’biggestrivalistheBostonCeltics.洛杉矶湖人队最大的对手是波

士顿凯尔特人队。（指湖人队一直与凯尔特人队在争高低，其竞争对手多年来一直是凯尔特

人队。）

TheLosAngelesLakers’opponentinthe2010NBAFinalsistheBostonCeltics.洛杉矶

湖人队在2010年NBA总决赛中的对手是波士顿凯尔特人队。（指在2010年NBA决赛中

湖人队的竞争对手是凯尔特人队。）

3opponent不能用作动词，rival可用作动词，表示“竞争；与…相匹敌”。例如：

Shipscan’trivalaircraftforspeed.轮船在速度方面无法与飞机匹敌。

5Whathesaidwassurelymotivating,butitwasn’treallyappreciatedbymanyof

hisloyalsoldiersastheywatchedtheirveslsgoupinflames.(Para.3)

Meaning:XiangYu’sorderofcrushingthecookingpotsandburningthesailingshipswas

definitelyinspiringtohistroops,butitwashardlyvaluedbyhisfaithfulsoldiers,who

watchedtheirboatsburning.

goupinflames:suddenlybeginburninginawaythatisdifficulttocontrol突然着火

Thefactorywentupinflameslastnight.昨晚工厂突然着火了。

6ButthegeniusofGeneralXiangYu’sconvictionwouldbevalidatedbothonthe

battlefieldandinmodernsocialsciencerearch.(Para.3)

Meaning:However,thehighlevelofintelligenceexpresdinhisstrongbeliefwould

provetobecorrectonthebattlefieldaswellasinmodernsocialsciencerearch.

Note:Thewordbattlefieldisacompoundword,whichisthecombinationoftwo

nouns:remoreexamplesofthiskindofcompound

words:armchair,bedtime,birdhou,birthplace,bookstore,ningofmany

wordsfromsuchacombinationiasytoguess:battlefield—aplacewhereabattleis

mple:

Theycarriedthewoundedsoldiersfromthebattlefield.他们把伤员从战场上抬了下来。

7GeneralXiangYuwasarareexceptiontothenorm,aveteranleaderwhowas

highlyrespectedforhismanyconquestsandwhoachievedthesummitofsuccess.

(Para.3)

Meaning:

experiencedleader,hewasverymuchrespectedbyhissoldiersforhismanyamazing

accomplishments,andhishighestlevelofsuccess.

Note:Thewordnormmeans“theusualornormalsituation,wayofdoingsth.,etc.”.Here

itreferstoasituationinwhichothercommanderswouldsurelydo:Keepmoreoptions.

anexceptionto:notincludedinageneralstatement,ordoesnotfollow

aruleorpattern对…例外

Mostbasketballplayersareverytall,buthe’sanexceptiontothatrule;he’srelatively

short.大多数篮球运动员都非常高大，但他是一个例外，他比较矮。

8HeisfeaturedinDanAriely’nlighteningnewpublication,PredictablyIrrational,

afascinatinginvestigationofeminglyirrationalhumanbehavior,suchasthe

tendencyforkeepingmultipleoptionsopen.(Para.4)

Meaning:GeneralXiangYu,togetherwithhisboatburningstrategy,wasintroducedin

DanAriely’sinspirationalnewpublication,whichexaminesunreasonablehumanbehavior

suchastheunintentionaldesiretokeepmanyoptionsopen.

Note:ThetitleofthebookPredictablyIrrationaldescribesanunreasonableorillogical

odowiththe

hiddenforcesthatshapepeople’sometimesmakedecisionsbadon

irrationalthought,andthat’swhyweehowcertainmistakesaremadeagainandagain.

9Mostpeoplecan’tmarshalthewillforpainfulchoices,notevenstudentsatthe

MassachuttsInstituteofTechnology(MIT),teachesbehavioral

economics.(Para.4)

Meaning:Mostpeople,includingthestudentslearningbehavioraleconomicswithDr.

ArielyatMIT,can’tthinklogicallyandmakerationaldecisionswhenfacingpainful

choices.

10Inanexperimentthatinvestigateddecision-making,hundredsofstudents

couldn’tbeartolettheiroptionsvanish,eventhoughitwascleartheywouldprofit

fromdoingso.(Para.4)

Meaning:Inanexperimentaboutdecision-making,hundredsofstudentscouldn’ttolerate

thepainofeingtheiroptionsdisappear,eventhoughtheyknewthattheywouldbenefit

inthelongruniftheyletthemgo.

Meaningbeyondwords:Thisisaspecificexampleof“predictablyirrational”behaviorof

humanbeingsmentionedearlier.

11Theexperimentrevolvedaroundagamethateliminatedtheexcusweusually

haveforrefusingtoletgo.(Para.5)

Meaning:Theexperimentwasfocudonagamethatrejectedtheexcuswenormally

havefornotlettingoptionsgo.

12Intherealworld,wecanalwayssay,“It’sgoodtoprerveouroptions.”(Para.5)

Meaningbeyondwords:Intherealworld,itisalwaysreasonableforpeopletokeep

optionsforthefuture,soitemedit’snotamistaketokeepdoorsopeninthe

experiment.

13Ateenagerixhaustedfromsoccer,ballet,piano,andChinelessons,buther

parentswon’tstopanyoneofthembecautheymightcomeinhandysomeday!

(Para.5)

Meaning:Ateenagegirliswornoutfromattendingclassofsoccer,ballet,piano,and

Chine,butherparentswon’tallowhertostopanyoneofthembecautheymightbe

ufuloneday.

Meaningbeyondwords:Itreflectshumanbeings’nature:Themore,thebetter,though

it’snotnecessarilytrueinreallife.

14Intheexperimentssions,studentsplayedacomputergamethatprovided

cashbehindthreedoorsappearingonthescreen.(Para.6)

Meaning:Duringtheperiodoftheexperiment,studentsatMITplayedagameonthe

computer,chclickon

adoor,studentswereabletofindsomecashbehindit.

15Therulewasthemoremoneyyouearned,thebetterplayeryouwere,givena

totalof100clicks.(Para.6)

Meaning:Theruleforthegamewasthateachplayercouldtotallyclick100timestoget

themoneythatwasbehindthedoors,andattheendofthegamethepersonwhoearned

themostmoneywasthebestplayer.

Sentencestructurenote:“Themore…,themore…”句型

1“Themore…,themore…”句型表示“越…，（就）越…”，是一个复合句，其中第一个

themore引出的句子是条件状语从句，后面的句子是主句。比较部分本身在从句中可以是

宾语、状语、表语，也可以是主语。例如：

Themorecaloriestheyburnup,theleanertheywillbecome.他们燃烧的卡路里越多就会

越瘦。（比较部分themorecalories在从句中是宾语。）

ThemoreIobrved,themoredifferentcategoriesIdiscovered.我对鸟观察得越多，发现

的不同类别就越多。（比较部分themore在从句中是状语。）

Clearly,themoresuccessfulandpopulartheartistis,thegreaterdemandstherearefrom

TV,radioandthepress.显然，越成功越受欢迎的艺术家，越受电视、电台和报刊的青睐。

（比较部分themoresuccessfulandpopular在从句中是表语。）

Themoreairthereisinsidethetire,thegreaterpressurethereisinit.轮胎里空气越多，

承受的压力就越大。（比较部分themoreair在从句中是主语。）

2若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，从句是条件状语从句，其谓语动词要用一般现在时表

示将来。例如：

Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.你越用功，进步就越大。

3“Themore…,themore…”句型的变化。若表示“越…，越不…”时，常用“themore…,

theless…”句型；若表示“越不…，就越…”时,常用“theless…，themore…”句型。

例如：

Themoresheflattersme,thelessIlikeher.她越奉承我，我就越不喜欢她。

Thelessheworried,thebetterheworked.他越不担心，工作就干得越好。

16Everytimethestudentsopenedadoorbyclickingonit,theywoulduupone

clickbutwouldn’r,eachsubquentclickonthatdoor

wouldearnafluctuatingsumofmoney,withonedooralwaysrevealingmore

moneythantheothers.(Para.6)

Meaningbeyondwords:Eventhoughtheclickonanydoortoopenitwouldn’tearnany

money,eachclickafterwardwouldgiveacertainamountofmoney,withonedooralways

ewinnerofthegame,thestudentsshould

quicklycheckallthedoorsfirstandthenkeepclickingontheonewiththehighest

rewards.

17Whileplayingthegame,studentsnoticedamodifiedvisualelement:Anydoor

leftun-clickedforashortwhilewouldshrinkinsizeandvanish.(Para.7)

Meaning:Intheprocessofthegame,studentsnoticedsomethingchangedonthescreen:

Iftheydidn’tclickadoorforashortwhile,thedoorwouldbecomesmalleranddisappear

eventually.

Meaningbeyondwords:Inthegame,anun-clickeddoorwouldbecomesmallerand

finallydisappear—ananalogybetweencloddoorsinthegameandclodfuture

optionsinlife.

18Sincetheyalreadyunderstoodthegame,theyshouldhaveignoredthe

heless,theyhurriedtoclickonthelesrdoorsbeforethey

vanished,tryingtokeepthemopen.(Para.7)

Meaningbeyondwords:Sincestudentsunderstoodthegame,theywereexpectedto

heless,studentsrushedtoclickthelessimportant

dicatestheycouldn’tbearthepaintoloanyopportunitiesandhada

strongdesiretokeepalltheoptionsopen.

lesr:a.(fml.)(onlybeforenoun)notaslarge,asimportant,更

小的；次要的；更少的

I’llspendimportantholidayswithfamilymembersandaskotherstojoinmeforlesr

holidays.我会与家人一起过重要的节日，并请其他人和我一起过不甚重要的节日。

19Asaresult,theywastedsomanyclicksrushingbacktothevanishingdoorsthat

ethestudentssoattachedtothelesrdoors?

(Para.7)

Meaning:Justbecaustudentsudupsomanyclicksweretryingtokeepthe

vanishingdoorsopen,estudentsso

unabletoetheirfutureoptionsvanish?

20Theywouldprobablyprotestthattheywereclingingtothedoorstokeepfuture

optionsopen,but,,thatisn’tthetruefactor.(Para.7)

Meaning:Thestudentswouldprobablyarguethattheyweretryingtoholdthedoorsto

keepfutureoptionsopen,but,,thatwasn’ttherealreason.

Note:protest在表示“公开反对；抗议”时，常用作不及物动词，后接about/against/at。在

美语中，protest在表示“公开反对；抗议”时，也可用作及物动词。例如：

Heprotestedtheactioninatelephonecalltothepresident.他在打电话给总统时，抗议了

该行动。

21Insteadoftheexcutomaintainfutureoptionsopen,underneathitallthe

students’desirewastoavoidtheimmediate,thoughtemporary,painofwatching

optionsclo.(Para.8)

Meaning:udentscouldn’t

bearwastheimmediatebutmomentarypainofwatchingoptionsdisappear.

22“Closingadooronanoptionixperiencedasaloss,andpeoplearewillingto

payabigpricetoavoidtheemotionofloss,”says.(Para.8)

Meaningbeyondwords:,closingadooronanoptionisfeltasa

dsuchanemotionalloss,peoplewouldratherpaythehighcosttokeepall

thedoorsofopportunityopen.

23Intheexperiment,,the

correspondingcostsareoftenlessobvioussuchaswastedtimeormisd

opportunities.(Para.8)

Meaningbeyondwords:Intheexperiment,thecostofkeepingoptionsopencouldbe

easilycountedinlostcash,whileinlifethecostcannotbeeasilymeasured.

24“Sometimesthedoorsareclosingtooslowlyforustoethemvanishing,”Dr.

Arielywrites.“Wemayworkmorehoursatourjobswithoutrealizingthatthe

childhoodofoursonsanddaughtersisslippingaway.”(Para.9)

Meaning:,sometimesthedoorsinreallifeareclosingslowly,so

wedon’justlikewhen

weworklonghours,wehardlynoticethatthechildhoodofoursonsanddaughtersis

disappearing.

Meaningbeyondwords:Peopleareindifferenttothethingswhichemtobeintangible

epthemlvesbusyallthetime,buttheyactuallyloalotin

life.

25So,whatcanbedonetorestorebalanceinourlives?(Para.10)

Meaning:Thetendencytokeepallourdoorsopenmighthavedamagedourlifealready,

butwhatcanwedotomakeourlifebalancedagain?

26Oneanswer,says,istoimplementmoreprohibitionsonoverbooking.

(Para.10)

Meaningbeyondwords:’sopinion,onewayistotakeactiontolimitthe

amountofthingswescheduleinourdailylivesandtoreducetheamountofthingswe

ldsimplifyourlives.

overbook:reticketsthanyouhaveavailable超额预订；超额订出

Planesarecrowded,airlinesoverbook,anddeparturesarealmostneverontime.飞机拥

挤不堪，航空公司超额售票，起飞时间几乎从未准点过。

Unfortunately,therehasbeenamajorproblemwithoverbookingroomsamongthehotels

here.不幸的是，超额预订房间一直是这里的酒店一个主要的问题。

Note:Thewordoverbookisacompoundverbfromthecombinationofoverandbook.

ormedinthiswayindicatean

actionisdonetoatoolargeextent.

27Wecanworktoreduceoptionsonourown,delegatingtaskstoothersandeven

givingawayideasforotherstopursue.(Para.10)

Meaning:Wecantaketheinitiativetocloourdoorswithtoomanyoptions:Askothers

todoourtasksandevengiveothersourideastoletthemcarryoutourideas.

28Hepointstomarriageasanexample,“Inmarriage,wecreateasituationwhere

edoorsandannounceto

otherswe’vecloddoors.”(Para.10)

Meaningbeyondword:Marriageisagoodexamplewhentalkingaboutclosingdoorsof

othersthatwearemarriedand

omakesourmarriagesuccessful.

29Sinceconductingthedoorexperiment,sayshehasmadeaconscious

stherestofustoresignfromcommittees,prune

holidaycardlists,rethinkhobbiesandrememberthelessonsofdoorclorslike

XiangYu.(Para.11)

Meaning:Sincethedoorexperiment,

urgespeopletoquitcommittees,cutholidayactivities,reconsiderhobbiesandlearnthe

lessonsfromdoorclorslikeGeneralXiangYu.

30Inotherwords,incouragingustodiscardthothingsthatemto

haveoutwardmeritinfavorofthothingsthatactuallyenrichourlives.(Para.12)

Meaning:Thatistosay,urgesustogetridofthingsthatemtohaveonly

surfacevalueandtoengageinthothatcanactuallymakeourlivesbetter.

31Wearenaturallyprejudicedtobelievethatmoreisbetter,’s

rearchprovidesadoofrealitythatstronglysuggestsotherwi.(Para.12)

Meaning:Wearebiadbynaturetobelievethatitisbettertokeepmoredoorsopen,

’srearchtellsusthatinrealitytheoppositeistrue:Moreisnotnecessarily

better.

32Whatpricedowepayfortryingtohavemoreandmoreinlife?Whatpleasure

andsatisfactioncanbederivedfromfocusingourenergyandattentioninamore

concentratedfashion?Surely,wewillhaveourrespectiveanswers.(Para.13)

Meaning:Wehavepaidabigpricetokeepmoreoptionsandmorematerialthings,butI

believewecangetgreaterpleasureandmoresatisfactionbyfocusingourenergyand

,eachoneofuswillhaveadifferent

opinion.

33Considertheimportantquestions:Willwehavemorebyalwaysincreasing

optionsorwillwehavemorewithfewer,carefullychonoptions?Whatdoors

shouldwecloinordertoallowtherightwindowsofopportunityandhappiness

toopen?(Para.14)

Meaningbeyondwords:Closingdoorsinordertoopenwindowsofopportunityor

readoor

clor,thenextquestioniswhatdoorsyoushouldcloinordertoallowfortheright

windowsofopportunityandhappinesstoopen.

Note:Theexpressionwindowsofopportunityisahigh-frequencycollocationmeaning“an

llonlybeavailabletoyouforashorttime”,whichimplies

tindicatesthatclosingthe

doorsofirrelevantoptionsistoopenthewindowsofopportunityforsuccessand

happiness,butleavingtoomanydoorsopenresultsinthewindowsofopportunitybeing

clod.